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The Geography of the Ozark Highland of Missouri the University of Chicago Press Chicago

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The Geography of the Ozark Highland of Missouri the University of Chicago Press Chicago Class Jl47^ Cojfyrigta V." Ci)PUUGHT EEPCSIT. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE OZARK HIGHLAND OF MISSOURI THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO. ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW TORE THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FTIKUOKA, SENDAI THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY SHANOHAI THE GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF CHICAGO BULLETIN No. 7 THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE OZARK HIGHLAND OF MISSOURI By CARL O. SAUER PUBLISHED FOR THE GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF CHICAGO By THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Wonosraoli r4-7.Z Copyright 1920 By The University of Chicago All Rights Reserved Published January 1920 m 23 \m' Composed and Printed By The University of Chicagfo Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. ©CI.A559486 v« I THIS BOOK IS INSCRIBED TO THE GENTLE MEMORY OF MY FATHER, AT WHOSE SIDE I FORMED MY FIRST APPRECIATION OF THE THINGS THAT CONSTITUTE THE LIVING WORLD PREFACE field This volume is a study in regional geography, the most urgent of geographic inquiry. Geography is among the youngest of the sciences. must It is not ready, therefore, to announce many generalizations, but concentrate on the systematic and comprehensive scrutiny of individual areas, inquiring into the conditions of the past as well as into those now existing. The collection of facts in this manner, and in this manner only, will lead to the establishment of the principles of geography. Such a study implies the attitude of the judge of conditions rather than of the advocate of theories. It is concerned with the impartial analysis of the conditions of life in a region, not with the enunciation of a theory for which evidence is to be adduced. It does not attempt to make out a case for the potency of any particular element of the environment, but contents itself with asking, What are the advantages and handicaps that are inherent in the region in question? The purposes of such a study are to furnish an adequate explanation of the conditions of hfe in a given area and to contribute proved statements which will aid in working out fundamental principles. The preparation of regional monographs, numerously represented in European countries, has hardly commenced in America. A century ago the conditions and resources of various parts of our country engaged the attention of many observant writers. These accounts of early travelers constitute in fact the greater part of our geographic literature to this day. As faciUties for observation increased, their number was reduced, until at present there is almost no contemporary geographic Hterature other than brief papers. If the curiosity which attaches to the unknown has disappeared, the need of correlated information about the parts of our country has increased as its parts have become settled and developed. This it is the province and the duty of the geographer to supply. The present paper considers a single geographic unit. The Ozark Highland of Missouri was selected because of its unusual wealth of geographic responses and because little is known concerning its con- ditions and possibiHties. The size of the area, larger than Scotland and as large as Ireland, has precluded an exhaustive treatment of the subject. It is rather a reconnaissance, which, it is hoped, may lead to more detailed studies. Vlll PREFACE The topic is treated in three parts. The first is an outline of the environment, that is, a sketch of the region and a statement of the geographic factors. Only those things which are pertinent to an under- standing of the conditions under which the people live are introduced. Rock formations are of significance in this connection in so far as they have determined topographic features, soils, and mineral resources, and in so far only. No attempt is made to sketch the physiographic history except as it contributes to the explanation of surface features, drainage conditions, and soils. The mineral resources need discussion only in so far as they have been a factor in the development of the region. Whatever is more than this may be of geologic, physiographic, or mineralogic interest, but is not pertinent to geography. The various factors of the environment differ in importance in different parts of the area. By evaluating them singly and collectively it is possible to estab- lish contrasts between parts of the highland and thus to determine a number of smaller unit areas. Each of these subdivisions has internal unity of geographic conditions, and is set off from its neighbors by impor- tant points of contrast. These natural subregions become the units of observation in the sections that follow, in which their past and present utilization is observed and compared.' The second part considers the influences of environment on the settlement and development of the different parts of the highland. Cer- tain portions have had continuous advantages, as others have been permanently retarded in development. In some parts certain geographic opportunities resulted in a period of early growth, soon arrested, whereas other sections, later in securing a start, have forged to the front rapidly. Three racial groups have possessed a part of the area in turn, with curious contrasts in their fortunes under the same environing conditions. This historical portion develops its argument by the fullest possible use of source materials. Wherever possible, statements from original sources are employed to bring out the thread of geographic influences that runs through the history of the region. Finally, economic conditions are represented as they exist today, together with their explanation in so far as they are not merely the con- tinuation of institutions the beginnings of which were traced in the historical section. In conclusion, a forecast is offered of the lines along which the future of the region will be worked out. The study here submitted is the outgrowth of long acquaintance with the area and of deep affection for it. It is, in fact, a study in home geography, a study of the old home with its many and vivid associations. PREFACE IX Later residence outside of Missouri has supplied a more objective view- point without destroying the old familiarity. Systematic field work in the fall of 1 9 14 and summer of 191 5 has supplemented the earher acquaintance. To consider the region as an outsider has been impossible and will always be. With the increasing distance interposed by time and space there yet remain forever green the scenes of early years. The old white church, astride its rocky point, overtopped by cedars that grow on the warm rock ledges, forever looks forth upon the fairest valley. The lower slopes are abloom with red clover, or golden with wheat. Wide fields of blue-green corn border the shaded stream, where the bass lurk in transparent pools. In the distance forests of oak mantle the hillsides, up which, past spacious farmhouses, the country roads wind. are homefolks The people who move upon the scene of this account ^ one and all. Some have succeeded better than others, some give greater promise than others, but they are all well worth knowing, and in all cases an understanding of their various problems of making a living goes far to explain their contrasted conditions. In this spirit the study is undertaken. The first draft of the manuscript was presented before the Seminar in Geography at the University of Chicago in 191 5 and there subjected to much helpful discussion. The several parts have profited by intensive reading and criticism at the hands of Professors W. S. Tower, H. H, difficult for to express in any Barrows, and J. Paul Goode. It is me adequate way the great debt I owe to my old teacher and friendly counselor. Professor R. D. SaHsbury, in the carrying out of this work. From its first planning to its publication his aid has been freely given in many ways. Grateful acknowledgments are due also to the Geo- graphic Society of Chicago for making possible the publication of this volume, a study in a field in which avenues of publication have not yet been established. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ^^ List of Illustrations PART I. THE ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I. Introduction 3 Location 3 General Character of the Ozark Highland 5 Soil 8 11. Rock Formations; Their Influence on Topography and Structure of the Area ^ CrystaUine Core ^° Sedimentary Formations 12 Physiographic Significance of the Chert 16 Solubility as Affecting Underground Drainage and Topo- graphic Forms ^° 21 III. Erosion Cycles and Their Topographic Results . Grade-Levels ^^ Present Stage of Dissection 22 Characteristics of Streams and Their Valleys .... 23 IV. Climate 27 Winds and Storms 27 Temperature Conditions 28 Humidity and Precipitation 31 V. Material Resources 3^ SoUs 36 Residual Soils 36 Cherty Limestone Soils 3^ Non-cherty Limestone Soils 3 8 Sandstone Soils 39 *. Igneous Rock Soils . 4° Transported Soils 4° Loess 40 Alluvial Soils 40 Ridge-top and Prairie SoUs of Uncertain Origin . 41 Influence of Slope and Exposure 4i Land Values ^ • 43 xi Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS Minerals 45 Lead and Zinc Ores; Baryte; Copper 45 Iron Ore 47 Stone 47 Clay 48 Tripoli 48 Salt 48 Coal 48 Variety of Mineral Resources 49 Waters 49 Streams 49 Springs and Underground Waters SI Ponds 52 Native Life 52 Distribution of Woodland and Prairie 52 Forest Associations 56 Game and Fish . 59 VI. Geographic Regions .... 61 Bases of Subdivision 61 Missouri River Border . 62 Mississippi River Border 65 Springfield Plain .... 66 St. Francois Knob and Basin Region 67 Courtois HUls 68 Osage- Gasconade Hills . 68 White River Hills .... 69 Central Plateau .... 70 PART II. SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT VII. French Colonization 73 Beginnings of Settlement 73 Settlement of Ste. Genevieve and Adjacent Region 77 Occupations in the Ste.
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