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Trehalulose and Multiple Day Flight in the Physiology and Ecology of Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius)

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Trehalulose and Multiple Day Flight in the Physiology and Ecology of Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) Trehalulose and Multiple Day Flight in the Physiology and Ecology of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Hardin, Jesse Andrew Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 22:56:14 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195980 TREHALULOSE AND MULTIPLE DAY FLIGHT IN THE PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS) by Jesse Andrew Hardin _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Jesse Andrew Hardin entitled “Trehalulose and Multiple Day Flight in the Physiology and Ecology of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/17/09 David N. Byrne _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/17/09 Martha (Molly) S. Hunter _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/17/09 Daniel R. Papaj _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/17/09 Michael E. Salvucci _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 4/17/09 Dissertation Director: David N. Byrne 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Jesse Andrew Hardin 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must first give thanks and acknowledgement for the support of my wife, Kari, whose hard work and sacrifice have contributed as much to my successes in this endeavor as my own. Her patience and confidence have been my inspiration, and I hope to return her contributions as we share a life of learning together. Our son Jaxon has been the delight of my life and the greatest gift I could ask for. The steady and loving guidance I received from my parents has been a legacy I hope to bestow on my children in return. I could not have achieved this without my parents’ support. I must gratefully appreciate all the contributions of David Byrne, who has been a mentor in every sense of the word: an academic advisor, coach, and cheerleader. He has been a role model for commitment, perseverance, and passion for science and knowledge. I especially want to acknowledge his sense of humor and appreciation for the esoteric. In the Byrne laboratory, I met two of the best friends I could ask for in life: Mark Asplen and David Bellamy. A merry band of musketeers were we, and what magic we did discover together shall not be forgotten. Chris Schmidt and Alex Swanson have also been true friends and companions during my time here, and I am deeply indebted to all these fellows for the intellectual stimulation and wisdom they have shared with me over the years. There are many other friends I have made here and each has touched me personally, but I have not the space to thank them all and so my sincere gratitude must suffice. Many others have helped me along the path through discovery, especially my committee of Mike Salvucci, Molly Hunter and Dan Papaj, and I greatly appreciate their contributions and service. Others have helped with my research directly: Joshua Garcia, Suzanne Kelley, Heather Ferguson, Erich Draeger, Thann Grundy, Catherine Bartlett and Vanessa Jacobs-Lorena; I am deeply grateful for their assistance. I also want to thank Bruce Patterson for his devotion to teaching and his efforts to improve mine. The Entomology Department staff and faculty have been instrumental in their support and investments toward my graduate career here. In particular the office staff and the administration have been very kind in lending assistance and support whenever called upon for help. I have also supported by the EEB and MCB departments with many teaching assistantships, and also with funding from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the Graduate College, Bio5, NSF, and USDA-NRI. 5 DEDICATION Dedicated in memoriam to the strong women in my family and life: my grandmother, Corrine Hein; my aunt, Deborah Champagne (née Hein); and committee member Dr. Jacqueline L. Blackmer. Each lived with dignity and grace, touched us with warmth, inspired us with courage in the face of cancer and left us too soon. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................9 1.1.Whitefly as pests .....................................................................................................9 1.2. Methods of whitefly management ........................................................................10 1.3. Feeding by parasitoids on whitefly honeydew ....................................................11 1.4. Nutritional physiology of whitefly feeding ..........................................................11 1.5. Whitefly migration...............................................................................................17 1.6. Current study summary .......................................................................................21 1.7. Explanation of dissertation format......................................................................22 CHAPTER 2. PRESENT STUDY ...................................................................................23 2.1. Parasitoid feeding on trehalulose, a component of B. tabaci honeydew ............23 2.2. Trehalulose production under thermal stress .....................................................24 2.3. Flight studies .......................................................................................................25 2.4. Conclusions .........................................................................................................27 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................29 APPENDIX A: THE LONGEVITY EFFECTS OF TREHALULOSE FEEDING BY WHITEFLY PARASITOIDS.....................................................................................35 APPENDIX B: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF TREHALULOSE AND SORBITOL IN THERMAL TOLERANCE BY BEMISIA TABACI ........................................................43 APPENDIX C: MULTIPLE DAY FLIGHTS BY BEMISIA TABACI (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) ............................................................................................................77 7 ABSTRACT Physiological factors that might influence ecological dynamics were investigated to better explain the biology of Bemisia tabaci in the desert southwest. Trehalulose, a unique disaccharide only found in unusually large quantities in B. tabaci honeydew, was shown not to be different from sucrose in promoting longevity in honeydew-consuming parasitoids, indicating this insect-modified sugar does not affect the nutritional quality of aleyrodid excreta. Trehalulose is not believed to function as a feeding deterrent to natural enemies. Experiments were designed to examine the effect of temperature on sorbitol and trehalulose production by the whitefly. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of honeydew and whole body extractions revealed a negative relationship between amounts of trehalulose in the honeydew and sorbitol accumulation in the whitefly body, linking these two molecules as important to the nutritional ecology of whiteflies. In another experiment to better understand the dispersal of whiteflies across the landscape, studies of flight over multiple days were conducted to describe the role of prior flight experience on dispersal and migratory flight. Flight performance traits were measured over multiple days of flight to compare two groups of B. tabaci, those trapped moving outside of planted fields with those collected within fields. Trap-caught individuals exhibited flights of significantly shorter duration in a
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