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Primates of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania

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Primates of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Greystoke Mahale Camp Primates of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Thomas M. Butynski & Yvonne A. de Jong Drawings by Stephen Nash May 2009 1 2 Contents Mahale Mountains National Park 5 Primates of the Mahale Mountains National Park 6 Greystoke Mahale Primate Walk 8 Southern Lesser Galago 10 Silver Greater Galago 15 Vervet Monkey 20 Silver Monkey 25 Red-tailed Monkey 30 Yellow Baboon 35 Angolan Colobus Monkey 40 Red Colobus Monkey 45 Robust Chimpanzee 50 Checklist, Primates of the Mahale Mountains National Park 57 Cover drawing: Ashy red colobus Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles. Unless otherwise stated, all photographs were taken by Thomas M. Butynski and Yvonne A. de Jong in Mahale Mountains National Park. 3 4 Mahale Mountains National Park peak – Mt Nkungwe – is 2520 m above sea level. Mean annual rainfall at In 1985, the Mahale Mountains National Park became the 11th national park Greystoke Mahale Camp is roughly 1500 mm. There is one wet season of Tanzania. This Park was created for the purpose of protecting a part of (November – April) and one dry season (May – October). It rarely rains the Albertine (Western) Rift Ecosystem and its globally significant during June, July and August. Temperatures are highest during the wet biodiversity, in particular the primates, endemic fish and the mosaic of season. Average monthly maximum daily temperatures range from 25º C to vegetation and habitat types. Mahale Mountains National Park is 1613 km² 29º C. Average monthly daily minimum temperature range from about 18º C in size and is located on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, about 130 to 21º C . km south of the town of Kigoma. The Park includes the Mahale Mountains, the pristine beaches of Lake Tanganyika and a sizable part of Lake The list of bird species known to occur with the Park stands at 355 (see Tanganyika itself (out to 1.6 km from the shoreline). Nomad’s Checklist of the Birds of Mahale Mountains National Park), while the list of mammal species now totals 81 (see Nomad’s Checklist of the Five main vegetation types are found in the Mahale Mountains National Mammals of Mahale Mountains National Park). There are 1174 species of Park. About 75% of the Park is covered with ‘miombo’ woodland (which is plants known for the Park but the actual number present is thought to be at dominated by Brachystegia spp, Isoberlinia angolensis and Julbernardia least twice this. Many of the plant and animal species present in Mahale spp). Lowland evergreen forest (locally called ‘Kasoge’) covers the flat to Mountains National Park are threatened with extinction. As such, this Park is hilly area between Lake Tanganyika and the mountains (780 to 1300 m extremely important for their long-term survival. above sea level). Rivers and streams throughout the lower, drier, parts of the Park hold strips of riverine forest. The slopes of the mountains hold a mix of Primates of Mahale Mountains National Park bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica bushland and montane forest (which is The Order Primates is comprised of an interesting, charismatic, diverse and dominated by Podocarpus milanjianus , Bersama abyssinica, Nuxia successful group of species that are, with few exceptions, confined to the congesta, Macaranga capensis and Croton spp). The highest areas (> 2300 tropics and subtropics. Primates occur in a wide variety of habitats, m above sea level) are covered by grassland and montane bushland. including forests, woodlands, savannahs and even deserts and mangroves. There are about 175 species and subspecies of primates recognized for Lake Tanganyika is 780 m above sea level and is the longest (673 km) and Africa at this time. Tanzania is known to have 23 species of primates, second deepest (1470 m) lake in the world and, as such, holds about 17% of making it one of the most important countries in Africa for the conservation the world’s fresh water. A total of 128 species of fish are known for Lake of primates. Tanganyika. Of these, 96 % are found nowhere else, making Lake Tanganyika of great importance to the conservation of Africa’s fish species The main characteristics that make a primate a primate are: diversity. Although the terrain of Mahale Mountains National Park is flat to hilly near 1. Eyes that face forward for binocular vision. This enables depth perception the Lake, the interior is extremely rugged with numerous cliffs. The highest (three dimensional views). 5 6 2. A long period of development before and after birth. The mother invests smallest species of the Mahale primate community (the unidentified much time and energy in her (usually one) offspring and there is a long Galagoides sp.) weighs about 150 g, has a body that is about 150 mm long socialization period. and a tail that is about 230 mm in length. The largest species of primate at Mahale is the chimpanzee; adult males weigh about 42 kg and have a body 3. Large brain relative to body size. length of about 82 cm. Chimpanzees, being ‘apes’, have no tails. More than any other group of animals, it is the primates that make the Mahale 4. Fingers and toes that have flat nails (as opposed to claws). The skin of the Mountains National Park such a special and unique place. fingers and hands is hairless and has fingerprints. Greystoke Mahale Primate Walk 5. A shortened snout and, therefore, a reduction in the sense of smell. Besides ‘chimpanzee tracking’, Greystoke Mahale Camp offers ‘primate walks’ along trails that pass through the area’s various ‘primate hotspots’. 6. An opposable thumb that enables a precise, firm grip (although the The ‘Primate Walk’ (see map below) was designed primarily to increase the colobus monkeys do not have thumbs). chance of encountering the area’s two most difficult to find diurnal primates- --the silver monkey and the red colobus monkey---but also to take visitors In spite of the above ‘specialized’ features, anatomically, primates are through a diversity of forest types were a large number of species of birds, among the least specialized of today’s mammals. butterflies, wild flowers, trees, etc., can also be observed. A boat takes the visitors and their guides from Greystoke Mahale Camp to the Kasiha Primates play an important role in the survival of the natural habitats in TANAPA Camp (about a 10 minutes boat ride). From there the visitors walk which they live. For example, they comprise a high proportion of the slowly back to Greystoke Mahale Camp. The Primate Walk is about 5 km mammalian biomass in many habitats and are excellent dispersers of long and takes most visitors 4 to 5 hours to complete. This walk can be seeds. They are good indicators of the quality and health of an ecosystem, made shorter or longer if necessary. especially forest ecosystems. If primates were to disappear from the forest, the ecological community would greatly change and the viability of those forests would be seriously threatened. When forests are degraded or lost, humans loose numerous crucial benefits such as water catchment and soil protection, climate regulation, timber, firewood, foods and medicines. The diversity of primates in the Mahale Mountains is high, with at least 10 species of eight genera present. Nine of the species are profiled here. One kind of dwarf galago or bushbaby (Galagoides sp.) is present but has yet to be identified as to species. Mahale Mountains National Park has several major habitats, all of which support one or more species of primate. The 7 8 Southern Lesser Galago Galago moholi Kiswahili: Komba Kitongwe: Mung'anya Taxonomy: The subspecies found in Mahale Mountains National Park is the moholi lesser galago Galago moholi moholi. Photograph by Simon K. Bearder Description: Medium-sized galago with white nose stripe. Ears large. Eyes orange. Body and tail mostly grey. Body weight: Adult females = 155 (range 126 - 176) g. Adult males = 177 (range 145 - 212) g. 9 10 Distribution: From west Namibia, north into Angola and east through Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, western and southern Tanzania, Mozambique, to northeastern South Africa. Food: Eats mostly insects (insectivorous) and gum (gummivorous). They visit their favorite trees to forage by using specific trails which they mark with their scent. Their ears are mobile, eyes are big and they have a good sense of smell which helps to locate food. Habitat: Mainly semi-arid, open woodland, riverine bush, scrub and forest fringe. Abundance: From 13 to 31 individuals/km² Activity pattern: Nocturnal and arboreal. They sleep alone or in small groups in tree holes or in dense and thorny bush. Distance moved per night: About 2 km. Size of area used (home range): Females: 4 to 12 ha. Males 9 to 23 ha. Group size: From 1 to 3 individuals. Age at sexual maturity: Females: 6 to 7 months. Males 10 to 11 months. Gestation: 125 - 130 days Birth weight: About 12 g 11 12 Social organization: Dispersed social network. The adult male’s territory Longevity: About 16 years. overlaps the territories of one to five adult females. Males leave their natal range to avoid inbreeding and sexual competition. Other: They are able to move rapidly through dense thorn bushes with ease. Conservation status: Common and wide spread. Not threatened except locally. Conservation threats: Major threat to this species is destruction of habitat. Best viewing at Greystoke Mahale Camp: The southern lesser galago has not been encountered at Greystoke Mahale Camp. This species can be found in the woodlands of the lower Mahale Mountains. Vocalizations: Since galagos are nocturnal and have limited vision, vocalizations are a highly important means of communication. Calls give information about location, sex, age, condition, behavioral intentions, etc. The southern lesser galago has at least 19 different calls.
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