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Web Quality 2.2MB Background photo: Ben Beiske/Flickr Positive alternatives, and the different governance they require Large-scale biosequestration ecosystems, sequestering carbon on forefront of climate mitigation schemes, in practice and as many different scales. Supporting strategies. envisaged, are seriously problematic these practices should be at the and more often than not default to monoculture tree plantations. At the Community forest resoration in Nepal root of this is poor governance, with Community forest management in how soil erosion, landslides and Plantations cause conflicts with communities. an emphasis on private-sector Nepal is a unique example of a floods in the Panchase region have Carbon Violence involvement and top-down rights-based approach to forest been significantly reduced by approaches. conservation and restoration. It has community conservation. [15] The been a cornerstone for forest customary rights of communities to Community mangrove restoration in Samoa, There are, however, different ways to conservation and restoration in manage their own forests for the restoring damaged ecosystems. OLSSIN sequester carbon in natural many areas, and is a key ecosystem- production of timber and non- Agro-ecology systems can put carbon back into terrestrial ecosystems that are based adaptation strategy for the timber forest products are explicitly soils and forests. Simone Lovera beneficial to both the people that live country. Approximately 35% of recognised in the 1993 Forest Act, in and depend on them and for the forest land is under a community- although community access rights to planet, in terms of contributing based forest management system. forest resources remains one of the towards the ecosystems themselves Community forest user groups, most contentious policy issues in and efforts to meet global warming including some of the poorest and Nepal. There is obviously still much targets. But to be effective, they most vulnerable communities in the room for improvement, especially in require a substantially different form mountain ecosystems of Nepal, areas without community-based Plantations intensify and spread forest fires. Plantations replace natural forests and Margus Kurvitis/GFC grasslands. Mathias Rittgerott of governance, with a much greater have played a central role in halting forest management systems, and in emphasis on rights-holders and forest loss and promoting forest strengthening the roles and avoiding corporate-capture of climate restoration, and the associated positions of women in these The Paris Agreement and support for bioenergy and policies. enhanced ecosystem-based climate systems. But the success of monoculture tree plantations resilience. The Ministry of Forests community-based forest Rights-based and community-lead and Soil Conservation for example management in Nepal shows that The Paris Agreement has set an BECCS is referred to as a “negative the raw materials for BECCS, are biosequestration could, in theory, has acknowledged that community rights-based, bottom up and ambitious target of limiting global emissions” technology, and growing rapidly, globally. With a involve many positive schemes that, conserved forests have contributed community-led ecosystem temperature rise to 1.5°C. But the implementing it at the scale growing interest to engage and put together, would help to mitigate significantly to controlling forest restoration is possible on a large explicit reference to achieving "a envisaged would require a significant leverage funds from the private climate change on a large scale. encroachment and subsequent scale, without the need for private- balance between anthropogenic increase in global bioenergy use. sector, the first plantation projects There are vast areas of deforested ecosystems restoration. [14] The sector involvement and emissions by sources and removals There is significant support for BECCS supported by climate finance are and degraded lands and that could United Nations Development monoculture tree plantations. by sinks of greenhouse gases" has and afforestation. Both are envisaged emerging, including through the be restored through bottom up, Programme has also highlighted put a strong focus on Carbon Dioxide to play key roles in compensating for voluntary forest carbon offset market gender sensitive approaches. In Removal (CDR) as a mitigation carbon budget overshoots, as and the Forest Investment Program many parts of the world such approach. According to the countries globally struggle to reduce (FIP). Any policy support for BECCS schemes are already being practiced Intergovernmental Panel on Climate greenhouse gas emissions. However, and afforestation could therefore by people in their every day lives. Change (IPCC), the primary CDR the IPCC has concluded that these translate into a significant gearing-up Natural ecosystem regeneration, methods are bioenergy with carbon approaches involve a high level of of new industrial tree plantations. agro-ecology, and indeed many capture and storage (BECCS) and uncertainty and significant risks. [2] This could happen regardless of the forms of peasant agriculture do afforestation, [1] both falling under likelihood of technologies like BECCS restore and conserve terrestrial Members of community forest user groups managing their community forest in Nawalparasi the category of “large-scale bio- Whilst BECCS implementation is still actually being rolled out district, Nepal. Nawalparsi/FECOFUN sequestration”. The majority of the in a state of infancy and discussions commercially, or large-scale scenarios modeled by the IPCC that relating to CDR as a climate biosequestration successfully References September 2017] public_document-_august_2016.pdf [ Last https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/ keep global temperature increases to mitigation strategy are similarly in mitigating future greenhouse gas [1] IPCC, 2014. 5th Assessment Report 2014. [4] Searchinger et al, 2017. Does the world have Accessed on 30th September 2017] default/files/meeting- https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment- low-carbon bioenergy potential from the [8] Common Format for Project/Program documents/fip_cote_d_ivoire_ip.pdf [Last 2°C rely on BECCS to one extent or their initial stages, industrial tree emissions. report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf [Last dedicated use of land. Energy Policy 110 Concept Note for the Use of Resources from the Accessed on 30th September 2017] Accessed on 30th September 2017] 434–446 FIP Competitive Set – Aside, 2012. [12] Funding Proposal Package F055 PROEZA another. plantations, which would produce [2] The availability and scale of these and other [5] Gerber, J., 2011. Conflicts over industrial tree http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/d http://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/2018 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies plantations in the South: Who, how and why? efault/files/meeting- 2/820027/GCF_B.18_04_Add.10_Rev.01_- and methods are uncertain and CDR Global Environmental Change 21 (2011) documents/ifc_proposal_fip_set_aside_public.pd _Funding_proposal_package_for_FP055.pdf/111e technologies and methods are, to varying 165–176 f [Last Accessed on 30th September 2017] 9560-113f-4753-9b59-e93115039a0a [Last degrees, associated with challenges and risks [6] Charnley, S., 2005. Industrial Plantation [9] http://www.swedwatch.org/en/2015/11/ Accessed on 30th September 2017] This document has been produced (high confidence). Source: Forestry, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 21:4, 05/lessons-learned-kachung [13] Lovera-Bilderbeek. S, 2017. Agents, Read the full working paper: The risks of with the financial contribution by the https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment- 35-57 [10] Investment Plan for Forest Investment Assumptions and Motivations behind REDD+. report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for- [7] Forest Investment Program Ghana: Program in Mozambique, 2016: https://www- UvA-DARE, University of Amsterdam. 242 pp. large-scale biosequestration in the context Swedish International Development policymakers.pdf Public.Private Partnership for the restoration of cif.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/file [14] Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Co-operation Agency (SIDA) through [3] Williamson, 2016. Emissions reduction: degraded forest reserve though VCS and FSC s/meeting- documents/mozambique_fip_ 2016. Conservation Landscapes of Nepal, of Carbon Dioxide Removal the Swedish Society for Nature Scrutinize CO2 removal methods. certified Plantations, 2016. investment_plan.pdf [Last Accessed on 30th Kathmandu, Nepal https://www.nature.com/news/emissions- https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/ September 2017] [15] UNDP Nepal 2015, Ecosystem-based globalforestcoalition.org/ Conservation, (SSNC). The views reduction-scrutinize-co2-removal-methods- default/files/meeting-documents/fip_- [11] Investment Plan for Forest Investment Adaptation in Mountain Region in Nepal, Annual This publication was made possible due herein shall not necessarily be taken 1.19318 [Last Accessed on 30th _form_ghana_project_proposal_- Program in Ivory Coast, 2016: Progress Report 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal risks-of-large-scale-biosequestration to generous support from the Heinrich to reflect the official opinion of SSNC Böll Foundation or its donors. Background photo: Stuart Demmer/Flickr The negative ecological and social impacts of monoculture tree plantations The reality of large-scale biosequestration: Climate finance for large-scale tree plantations If implemented at the scales planting, with plantations being Indigenous Peoples are
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