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• Pinus Sylvestris Can Be Killed by Hylurgus Ligniperda, Hylastes

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• Pinus Sylvestris Can Be Killed by Hylurgus Ligniperda, Hylastes Forster, B.; Knizek, M.; Grodzki, W. (eds.) 1999: Methodology of Forest Insect and Disease Survey in Central Europe. Proceedings ofthe Second Workshop ofthe IUFRO WP 7.03.10, April20-23, 1999, Sion-Chateauneuf, Switzerland. Birrnensdorf, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) 248-249. BARK BEETLES ON PINE IN lillNGARY F. Lakatos University ofSopron, Institute ofForest- and Wood Protection H-9400 Sopron, Ady E. u. 5. Introduction The forest cover of Hungary is 18.6% (Hungarian Forest Service, 1998). Besides the most important broad leaves tree species (Quercus spp., Robinia, Populus, Fagus and Carpinus) 15.1% offorested land is coniferous tree species. Two pine species, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Black pine (P. nigra) are the most important ones for the Hungarian forestry. Pine forest is often found under limited climate and soil condition (marginal stands) and therefore the frequency of defoliator and xylophagous insect outbreaks is higher than in other stands. In the last decade the mass outbreak of different bark beetle species occurred enormous economic loss in the Hungarian coniferous forest. Materials and methods • The spatial and volume analysis of bark beetle damages was done for the last 10 years using GIS and ARCVIEW with the data given by the Hungarian Forest Service. • 18 study plots were chosen for more year investigations. The P. sylvestris plots (14) are as follows: Bak (BA), Bugac (BU), Fenyofo (FE), Hahip (HA), Ivan (IV), Kemenes (KM), Labod (LA), Nagybajom (NB), Nagydorg (ND), 6rseg (OR), Porn6apati (PO) and Sopron (SO). The P. nigra plots (4) are the following: Budapest (BP), Bugac (BU), Herend (HE) and Kerekegyhaza (KE). • Trap trees were felled in early spring to induce bark beetle attack. Attacked trees were taken for laboratory studies. Species composition and abundance were determinated. Results • Spatial and volume analysis of bark beetle damages: The available data from the Hungarian Forest Research Institute shows the trend of bark beetle infestation (attacked area in ha). No subdivision into bark beetle species or even into host tree species can be made. The attacked area varied from 2000 to 7500 ha. The data of the Hungarian Forest Service maintain the whole cutted wood volume after sanitary cutting including biotic (insect and pathogene infestation) and abiotic (snow and wind) factors as well. The wood mass varied 15 000 to 177 000 m3 in the case of Scotch pine and from 2 000 to 45 000 m3 in the case of Black pine. • Bark beetle species abundance: From the felled trap trees the following bark beetle species were reared (Table 1., Table 2.). • Pinus sylvestris Primary species (primary species are able to kill healthy trees): On older Scoth pine stands only Ips sexdentatus is able to kill trees. Young trees (till the age 3-5 years) can be killed by Hylurgus ligniperda, Hylastes opacus and Hylastes ater. All of the last three species is feeding on very young trees and the feeding are very similar to Hylobius abietis. Secondary species (these species are able to kill trees only under special conditions): Tomicus piniperda, Hylurgops palliatus and Orthotomicus laricis make their galleries on trunks. Pityophthorus pityographus, Pityogenes chalcographus (secundary only on pines, but not on spruce) and P. bistridentatusfeed on branches. 248 From these species T. piniperda and P. bistridentatus is able to attack healthy trees and if the necessary ,preasure" is reached, to kill them. Tertiary species (living on dying and died trees): Crypturgus cinereus and Orthotomicus proximus. • Pinus nigra Primary species: Besides 1 sexdentatus, which were not found on the study plots H ligniperda and H opacus are the most dangerous bark beetles for this tree species. Secondary and tertiary species: All other in Table 2. listed species belong to this group. Because dying and died trees are permanently present on this stands, these species could be found overall. The species abundance of bark beetles varied strongly on the studied areas. In some cases no (KM) or only one species with low individual number (IV) were found. More typical is, that several species with different number of individuals are present. The species abundance seems to be depend on the region and not on the health or climate conditions of the study plot. Table 1. Bark beetle species on Pinus sylvestris (1998) Studv plot species KM BU NB OR FE ND so HA IV BA PO LA Tomicus piniperda 38 24 8 6 2 13 7 2 Hylastes ater 1 2 1 2 Hylastes opacus 1 1 Hylurgops palliatus 1 95 338 Hylurgus ligniperda 2 Pityophthorus pityographus 40 Pityogenes ·chalcographus 1 32 10 Pityogenes bistridentatus 5 Crypturgus cinereus 1 Ips sexdentatus 206 Orthotomicus laricis 1 4 1 63 Orthotomicus proximus 38 31 Table 2. Bark beetle on Pinus nigra(1998) Stud ·plot species HE BP KE BU Hylastes opacus 3 Hylurg()psp_alliatus 3 Hylurgus ligniperda 17 Pity_o_phthorus glabratus 4 Pityogenes bistridentatus 92 192 49 Crypturgus cinereus 35 164 85 Orthotomicus robustus 84 Orthotomicus laricis 27 36 This work was supported by the FKFP 1233/1997 project and by the OMFB foundation. 249 .
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