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3B Scientific Physics Electrochemistry 1002719

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3B Scientific Physics Electrochemistry 1002719 ® 3B SCIENTIFIC PHYSICS ... going one step further ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1002719 ALF 06/18 Practical experiments for secondary levels I and II Contents Page Preface 4 Contents of the Electrochemistry case 5 Assembly and cleaning of the battery block 6 Description of the meter 7 Measuring the voltage of galvanic cells - teacher's instructions 8 Measuring the voltage of galvanic cells - student instructions 9 Measuring the voltage of a Daniell cell - teacher's instructions 10 Measuring the voltage of a Daniell cell - student instructions 11 Measuring the voltage of three Daniell cells connected in parallel - teacher's instructions 12 Measuring the voltage of three Daniell cells connected in parallel - student instructions 13 Measuring the voltage of three Daniell cells connected in series - teacher's instructions 14 Measuring the voltage of three Daniell cells connected in series - student instructions 15 Measuring the standard electrochemical potential of various metals - teacher's instructions 16 Measuring the standard electrochemical potential of various metals - student instructions 17 Measuring the standard electrochemical potential of various non-metals - teacher's instructions 18 Measuring the standard electrochemical potential of various non-metals - student instructions 19 Measuring the voltage of a zinc-carbon (Leclanché) cell - teacher's instructions 20 Measuring the voltage of a zinc-carbon (Leclanché) cell - student instructions 21 Measuring the voltage for various electrolyte concentrations - teacher's instructions 22 Measuring the voltage for various electrolyte concentrations - student instructions 23 Measuring the voltage for various electrolyte temperatures - teacher's instructions 24 Measuring the voltage for various electrolyte temperatures - student instructions 25 Design, charging and discharging of a steel accumulator - teacher's instructions 26 Design, charging and discharging of a steel accumulator - student instructions 27 Experiment - measuring pH - teacher's instructions 28 Experiment - measuring pH - student instructions 29 Standard electrochemical potential series 30 Notes on performing experiments and disposing of materials 31 3 Preface The electrochemistry case is a teaching aid exclusively designed for chemistry and physics experiments in schools. The fact that students can perform experiments themselves deepens their understanding of the subjects being treated. The experiments should be performed in small groups of not more than two or three students. Thus the teacher is only required to supervise and may also give suitable advice on specific questions that students are unable to answer themselves. Careful organization of workgroups can therefore add to the achievement, understanding and enjoyment of all students. The accompanying literature reduces to a minimum the teacher's preparation time, which may for school experiments in particular be quite lengthy. With each experiment there are instructions for both teacher and students. The teacher's instructions include descriptions of all the facts required for the conduct of the experiment. The expected results for each experiment can be found in the teacher's instructions. (These may differ slightly from the theoretical results given in text books.) The teacher is also given instructions on how to prepare suitable electrolyte solutions. The student instructions can be copied by the teacher and distributed to the students. This means that there is no need to go to the extra lengths of writing down an experiment procedure, freeing the student to concentrate on the essentials of the experiments themselves. To ensure safety, German R (Risk) and S (Safety) phrases and hazard symbols are included for all chemicals used. At the end of the instructions, notes can be found on the disposal of chemicals. In order to prevent wastage on chemicals, we recommend that once an experiment is finished, the electrolyte solutions that have been used should be removed from the chambers of the trough using the supplied pipette and stored in a labelled container for use in subsequent experiments. This also makes a contribution to the environment. We would be grateful for comments and modifications (or notification of any errors) pertaining to the experiments. Please contact your supplier for the Electrochemistry case. We wish you success in carrying out the experiments. 4 Contents of the Electrochemistry case 1 Meter for electrochemical and pH experiments, powered by battery or mains power supply. 1 3V adapter for electrolyzing platinum gauze electrode 1 Mains power supply prim: 115..240VAC , 50-60Hz sec: 12V–500mA 1 Combined probe for measuring pH, electrode in storage vessel 2 Plastic beakers 25 ml 2 Pipettes 1 Storage box with: 2 silver electrodes, 4 zinc electrodes, 2 iron electrodes, 2 carbon electrodes, 2 aluminum electrodes, 2 nickel electrodes, 4 copper electrodes, 1 magnesium electrode (magnesium strip to wrap around a plastic plate), 1 platinum gauze electrode 2 half cells for 4 electrodes each, 1 set of filter paper strips, 1 set of cables for electrochemistry (consisting of: 3 cables with crocodile clips, red, each 20 cm long, 1 cable with crocodile clip and plug, red, 30 cm long, 3 cables with crocodile clips, blue, each 20 cm long, 1 cable with crocodile clip and plug, blue, 30 cm long), 1 emery stone 1 set of instructions for experiments 5 Assembly and cleaning of the battery block The battery block is supplied fully assembled and can be used for experiments immediately. It is stored in the storage box inside the case. If the battery block is used, it must be disassembled after the experiment is finished by undoing the knurled screws to completely separate the two half cells so that the electrolyte can be sucked out and the electrolytes removed. After removing the filter paper, the two half cells should be rinsed out with water and then thoroughly dried. Reassemble the battery block for use in subsequent experiments. This involves placing one of the supplied filter paper strips flush between the two half cells. When this is done, first one and then the second knurled screw should be poked through the filter paper and the two half cells should then be screwed firmly together. (Note: The four openings on the inside must all face the filter paper (as in the illustration). The 8 chambers are electrically connected via the filter paper, which becomes wet when the chambers are filled with electrolyte. Please take care: After the set is used, all the components employed must be thoroughly cleaned and dried. Remove the filter paper between the battery blocks and dry both the knurled screws. The electrodes used should be cleaned under running water and dried in order to avoid corrosion. It is recommended that the electrodes be rubbed with the emery stone after use in order to thoroughly remove any chemical residues that may have been deposited. If you follow these instructions, you should get plenty of enjoyment from your case. 6 Meter Front <―――――― LCD display Range display/ battery charge ――――――> Off/range switch ―――――> <― Zero point adjuster (for pH ) Terminal sockets ―――――> Rear Mains power supply socket ―> <――――――― pH socket Brief instructions for voltage measurements ―――> <― Brief instructions for pH measurement The meter is battery powered but can also be used with the power supply unit provided. The battery is recharged completely when the device is used with the power supply and overcharging is impossible. The power supply is plugged in to the bottom of the instrument. In addition to voltage measurement, pH can also be measured with the meter. 1. Voltage measurement To perform voltage measurement, the meter is turned on via the range switch and is then initially configured for the range 0 - 2V. If higher voltages are to be measured, the instrument can be reconfigured for 20 V by using the range switch again. Electrodes are connected to the meter via 2 mm sockets (red/blue) in order to take measurements. 2. pH measurement If pH is to be measured, the supplied combined pH electrode is connected to the pH socket at the bottom. Set the range switch to “pH”. To calibrate the combined pH electrode, a buffer solution is employed (either pH 4 or pH 9). This is a single-point calibration. After the pH electrode is immersed in the relevant buffer solution, the zero point adjuster is altered until the displayed pH value matches that of the buffer solution. It is now possible to conduct pH measurements. However, no further changes should be made to the adjustment knobs. 7 Experiment 1 - Measuring voltage Teacher's instructions Measuring the voltage of galvanic cells - teacher's instructions Chemicals Hazard R phrases S phrases Equipment symbols Copper (II)-sulfate-(5 H2O) 22-36/38-50/53 22-60-61 Meter Zinc sulfate-(7H2O) 36/38-50/53 22-25-60-61 Electrodes: 1 Cu, 1 Zn,1 Ag, 1 Fe, 1 Ni Silver nitrate 34-50/53 26-45-60-61 2 Experiment cables Iron (II)-sulfate-(7 H2O) 22-36/38 24/25 2 Pipettes Nickel sulfate-(6H2O) 22-40-42/43- 22-36/37-60- 50/53 61 Distilled water --- --- Warning: Please take care: Salts of heavy metals are poisonous! Experiment procedure: 1. The prepared 1.0 and 0.1 molar electrolyte solutions should be given to the students. Students require no more than 10 ml of the relevant solution each. 2. Assemble the battery block as described. 3. Fill the chambers with electrolyte using the pipette (included in the case) and insert the appropriate electrodes. Clean the pipette thoroughly before using it add the next electrolyte. 4. After the chambers (at least 2, at most 8) have been prepared for the experiment as described, start measuring voltages. In this experiment, each of 5 chambers is filled with a separate electrolyte and the corresponding electrode is inserted to make up a galvanic cell: Cu / CuSO4 , Zn / ZnSO4 , Ag / AgNO3 , Fe / FeSO4 , Ni / NiSO4 5. To measure voltage, two experiment cables (red/blue with 2mm plugs - included in case) should be connected to the voltmeter.
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