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Hamondo Vargonai. Žymiausi Atlikėjai Ir Interpretacijos Kryptys

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Hamondo Vargonai. Žymiausi Atlikėjai Ir Interpretacijos Kryptys LIETUVOS MUZIKOS IR TEATRO AKADEMIJA MUZIKOS FAKULTETAS KAMERINIO ANSAMBLIO KATEDRA Greta Garmašaitė HAMONDO VARGONAI. ŽYMIAUSI ATLIKĖJAI IR INTERPRETACIJOS KRYPTYS Studijų programa: muzikos atlikimas (šiuolaikinė muzika, vargonai) Magistro darbas Darbo autorius: Greta Garmašaitė ................................... (parašas) Darbo vadovas: doc. dr. Indrė Baikštytė ............................................... (parašas) Vilnius, 2019 LIETUVOS MUZIKOS IR TEATRO AKADEMIJA BAIGIAMOJO DARBO SĄŽININGUMO DEKLARACIJA 2019m. gegužės 6d. Patvirtinu, kad mano baigiamasis darbas (tema) „Hamondo vargonai. Žymiausi atlikėjai ir interpretacijos kryptys“ yra parengtas savarankiškai. 1. Šiame darbe pateikta medžiaga nėra plagijuota, tyrimų duomenys yra autentiški ir nesuklastoti. 2. Tiesiogiai ar netiesiogiai panaudotos kitų šaltinių ir/ar autorių citatos ir/ar kita medžiaga pažymėta literatūros nuorodose arba įvardinta kitais būdais. 3. Kitų asmenų indėlio į parengtą baigiamąjį darbą nėra. 4. Jokių įstatymų nenumatytų piniginių sumų už šį darbą niekam nesu mokėjęs (-usi). 5. Su pasekmėmis, nustačius plagijavimo ar duomenų klastojimo atvejus, esu susipažinęs(- usi) ir joms neprieštarauju. GRETA GARMAŠAITĖ (Parašas) (Vardas, pavardė) 2 SANTRAUKA Šis baigiamasis magistro darbas nagrinėja muzikos instrumentą – Hamondo vargonus. Apžvelgiamos atsiradimo istorijos priežastys, aplinkybės; apibrėžiama instrumento specifika bei ypatumai; analizuojamos vargonų rinkodaros organizavimo subtilybės ir išryškinama žymiausių Hamondo atlikėjų svarba, parengiant jų atlikimo būdų interpretacijos analizę. Darbą sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai, išvados, literatūros ir šaltinių sąrašas bei priedai. Įvade nurodomas temos aktualumas, tyrimo tikslas, objektas, uždaviniai bei naudojami metodai. Pirmame skyriuje pristatomas Hamondo vargonų išradėjas Laurensas Hammondas ir jo instrumentas. Pateikiami pagrindiniai šių vargonų tipai ir išskiriami jų esminiai veikimo principai. Antrame skyriuje kalbama apie rinkodaros priemones, padidinusias Hamondo vargonų pardavimų skaičių. Garsių Hamondo atlikėjų kūrybos kelio apžvalga atsispindi trečiajame skyriuje, kur taip pat aptariamos skirtingos atlikimo interpretacijos, jų lyginimas bei analizavimas. SUMMARY This final master thesis examines the musical instrument - Hammond organ. The causes and circumstances of the occurrence history are reviewed; defined the specifics and peculiarities of the instrument; analyzed the subtleties of organ marketing and highlighted the importance of the most prominent Hammond performers in developing an analysis of their interpretation. The thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion list of literature and sources, and appendix. The introduction refers to the relevance of the topic, the purpose of the research, the object, the tasks and the used methods. The first chapter presents Laurens Hammond and his instrument. The main types of these organs are presented and their essential operating principles are distinguished. The second section deals with marketing tools that have increased the number of Hamond's organ sales. The review of the famous Hamond performers track is reflected in the third chapter, which also discusses different interpretations of the performance, their comparison and analysis. 3 TURINYS ĮVADAS ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1. HAMONDO VARGONŲ EVOLIUCIJA .................................................................... 8 1.1. Vamzdinių vargonų ypatumai ....................................................................................... 8 1.2. Laurensas Hammondas: didysis išradimas ................................................................... 9 1.3. Vargonų esminiai veikimo principai ir modeliai ........................................................ 12 2. RINKODARA. VARGONŲ REKLAMOS IR PARDAVIMŲ STRATEGIJOS ...... 19 2.1. Ekonominė ir socialinė instrumento raida................................................................... 19 2.2. Skirtingų rinkodaros modelių taikymo galimybės ...................................................... 21 3. ŽYMIAUSI VARGONININKAI IR ATLIKIMO TENDENCIJOS .......................... 25 3.1. Skirtingi vargonininkų tipai ........................................................................................ 26 3.2. Žymiausi atlikėjai ir interpretacijos kryptys ............................................................... 29 IŠVADOS ................................................................................................................................. 40 LITERATŪROS IR ŠALTINIŲ SĄRAŠAS ........................................................................... 43 PRIEDAI .................................................................................................................................. 46 4 ĮVADAS Hamondo vargonai1 yra autentiškas ir reikšmingas muzikos instrumentas, daręs įtaką ne tik Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų, bet ir viso pasaulio muzikos vystymuisi. Iš Afrikos kilę muzikantai, gausiausiai gyvenę JAV pietuose, skleidė amerikietišku fenomenu tapusią religinę gospelo muziką (angl. gospel music – evangeliškoji muzika). Šis žanras netruko išplisti į kitas šalis, o tai paskatino ir gospelo kūrinių pritariamojo instrumento – Hamondo vargonų migraciją. Tai padarė didelę įtaką muzikantams iš Misisipės, Memfio, tokių šiaurės miesto zonų kaip Niujorkas, Čikaga, Filadelfija ir Detroitas. Susidomėjimo augimas šiuo instrumentu įrodė, kokia populiaria ir prasminga muzikinio meno išraiškos priemone tapo šie vargonai Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose. Šiuolaikinėje amerikiečių kūryboje šio instrumento vaidmuo yra toks pat svarbus kaip ir gitaros ar fortepijono. Kiekviena nauja muzikantų karta išgirdusi Hamondo vargonus, atranda juos iš naujo – unikalus ir iškart atpažįstamas garsas, atsiliepiantis ramiu, slenkančiu, netgi magišku balsu geba spontaniškai pereiti į kriokiantį ir perkusinį skambesį. Pasak Hencho B. Aldridge‘o (1943) „šiandien, kaip ir prieš keliasdešimt metų, Hamondo vargonai išlieka šlovingiausiu muzikos balsu.“2 Vargonų kūrimo pradžioje muzikos kritikų prognozuota sėkmė buvo mažai tikėtina. Instrumento kaina, tuo metu prilygusi naujo automobilio vertei, dėl nepalankių išorės veiksnių (tokių, kaip Didžioji depresija3) įspėjo apie galimas nepalankias pasekmes. Nepaisant to, Hamondo vargonai tapo legenda tiek dėl savo plačių galimybių atliekant muziką, tiek dėl neįtikėtinai veiksmingo rinkodaros strategijos parinkimo. Iš pradžių, kai kurie muzikos kritikai svarstė ar jie gali teisiškai vadintis instrumentu, o ypač vargonais - klasikinės muzikos atstovams tai kėlė didžiausią susirūpinimą. Tačiau visuomenė Hamondą pripažino iš karto, o daugelis žinomų asmenybių, tokių kaip Henry Fordas4 ir George‘as Gershwinas5 - nieko nelaukdami įsigijo pirmuosius modelius. 1935 metais, kuomet buvo pristatytas pirmasis Hamondo prototipas, vamzdiniai vargonai vis dar buvo plačiai naudojami ne tik bažnyčiose, bet ir teatruose, auditorijose ar viešuose pastatuose. Kai kurie jų buvo žinomi tarptautiniu mastu ir turėjo 1Elektriniai vargonai, išrasti Laurenso Hammondo 1935m. The Hammond Organ Company. Hammond T-series Owner's Manual, 2013. 2 Hench B. Aldridge, The Journal Of American Culture ,1996. 3Angl. Great Depression. 1929–1933 m. pasaulinė ekonomikos krizė. Rūta Vainienė, Ekonomikos terminų žodynas, 2005. 4 Henry Fordas (angl. Henry Ford, 1863 m. liepos 30 d. – 1947 m. balandžio 7 d.) – pramonininkas, automobilių gamyklos “Ford Motor Company” savininkas, Enciklopedija.lt 5 George‘as Gershwinas (angl. George Gershwin, 1898 m. rugsėjo 26 d. – 1937 m. liepos 11 d.) – amerikiečių kompozitorius, vienas žymiausių ir populiariausių XX a. muzikų, www.encyclopedia.com/people/ 5 išskirtinius pavadinimus. Be to, koncertų salėse visų tipų vargoninė klasikinė muzika buvo daug plačiau atliekama ir klausoma negu šiandien. Mobilaus instrumento atsiradimas ir egzistavimas, sėkmingai aplenkęs įprastų vargonų kainą dešimtadaliu, didino konkurenciją ir kėlė grėsmę įmonėms, užsiimančioms vamzdinių vargonų gamyba. Išsamių straipsnių bei studijų, analizuojančių Hamondo vargonus yra labai mažai, o lietuvių kalba – nėra išvis. Užsienio šalyse šis instrumentas yra tyrinėtas, tačiau reikia pabrėžti, kad jokie lietuvių kūrėjai nėra išleidę savo autorinių leidinių, metodinių priemonių, informacinių straipsnių, recenzijų ar paruošę tyrimų šia tema. Tai sąlygoja šio darbo temos naujumą. Darbo tematikos nagrinėjimas yra aktualus džiazo ir improvizacinės muzikos atlikėjams, siekiantiems kaupti bei nagrinėti kuo platesnį repertuarą, susipažinti su skirtinga šalių muzika ir instrumentais. Įsigilinimas į šio instrumento atsiradimo ir raidos aplinkybes yra svarbus atlikėjo rengimosi viešam atlikimui aspektas, todėl šio darbo objektu ir buvo pasirinktas šis Laurenso Hammondo išradimas – vargonai. Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas yra nagrinėti muzikos instrumentą - Hamondo vargonus: • apžvelgti atsiradimo istoriją ir aplinkybes; • apibrėžti instrumento ypatumus ir specifiką; • įvertinti vargonų rinkodaros organizavimą; • atskleisti žymiausių Hamondo vargonininkų svarbą, parengiant jų atlikimo būdų interpretacijos analizę. Tikslų įgyvendinimo planui vykdyti, pasirinkti šie tyrimo uždaviniai: • trumpai apžvelgti Hamondo vargonų istoriją; • pristatyti Laurenso Hammondo biografiją; • išskirti geriausius instrumento modelius bei nustatyti stipriuosius ir tobulintinus jų veikimo aspektus; • susisteminti rinkodaros strategijos principus ir metodus; • apibūdinti
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