Section 2.1 Complex

The Imaginary Unit i The Imaginary Unit i The imaginary unit i is defined as ii= -1, where 2  1. Complex Numbers and Imaginary Numbers The set of all numbers in the form a+bi with real numbers a and b, and i, the imaginary unit, is called the set of complex numbers. The real a is called the real part and the b is called the imaginary part of the a+bi . If b 0, then the complex number is called an . An imaginary number in the form bi is called a pure imaginary number. Equity of Complex Numbers a+bii =c+d if and only if a=c and b=d. Example Express as a multiple of i:

16

7i2 Operations with Complex Numbers Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers 1.  a+bi  c  d i = a+c   b+d i This says that you add complex numbers by adding their real parts, adding their imaginary parts, and expressing the sum as a complex number. 2.  a+bi  c+d i  a-c   b -d i This says that you subtract complex numbers by subtracting their real parts, subtracting their imaginary parts, and expressing the difference as a complex number. Example Perform the indicated operation: 7 4ii  9  5 

8 3ii  17  7  of complex numbers is performed the same way as multiplication of , using the distributive property and the FOIL method. Example Perform the indicated operation: 3 5ii 6 2  Complex Conjugates and Division Conjugate of a Complex Number The of the number a+bi is a-bi, and the complex conjugate of a - bi is a bi . The multiplication of complex conjugates gives a real number. a bi a  bi  a22  b a bia bi  a22  b Example:

Find the product: (2 + 7i)(2 – 7i) Using complex conjugates to divide complex numbers Example Divide and express the result in standard form:

76 i 59 i Example Divide and express the result in standard form: 23 i 45 i Roots of Negative Numbers Principal Root of a Negative Number For any positive real number b, the principal of the negative number -b is defined by -b  ib

Because the product rule for radicals only applies to real numbers, multiplying radicands is incorrect. When performing operations with square roots of negative numbers, begin by expressing all square roots in terms of i. Then perform the indicated operation.

Example Perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form:

54  7  24 Example Perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form:

2 47 Example Perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form: 8   48 4 Find the product. 9ii 5 3 

(a) 45 27i (b) 45i  27 (c) 45 27i (d) 45i  27 Perform the indicated operation. 20  3  45

(a) 2 5 9 (b) 11i 5 (c) 55 (d) 75i