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Miaailms International INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, ihe quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or not .jns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “ target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adiace't pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has b en followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. UniversiV Miaailms International Skirbunt, Peter Daniel PROLOGUE TO REFORM: THE "GERMANIZATION" O F THE UNITED STATES ARMY, 1865-1898 The Ohio State University Ph.D. University Microfilms I nternStion&l 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Skirbunt, Peter Daniel All Rights Reserved PROLOGUE TO REFORM: THE "GERMÀNIZÀTION" OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, 1865-1898 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by P e te r D. S k irb u n t, ] The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved by: Paul C. Bowers A llan R. M ille t t Williamson Murray A dviser Department of History The best reason for studying the past is to somehow better the future. With that in mind, this of work is dedicated to the two most important and precious people in my life: my wife, Rebecca, and my daughter, Christine, who have filled my life with love and vitality and who are my inspiration for the present and my hope for the future. In the fervent hope that someday soon the world will be a safe place for Rebecca and Christine to live, I refer the reader and the governments of the world to a statement made long ago, and yet so appropriate for our time: Europeans call for peace, but maintain huge armies, claiming that this is t’e best deterrent to war .The older nations of Europe are wearing themselves out faster than need be with their hostile and costly armaments, when the revenues might be more usefully employed in fostering the national vitality and bettering the condition of the people. Lieutenant Colonel William Ludlow, Military Attache to the Court of St. James, London, January 1895: 19 years prior to the War to End A ll Wars. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many years and miles beyond count have gone into the compilation and writing of this dissertation, and a great many people have been of assistance in its completion. There are several who are deserving of special mention and gratitude: Ify a d v is e r, A llan R. M i ll e tt , has shown a g re a t d e a l o f understanding, patience, and encouragement throughout some tough years, during which I showed mild discouragement and little productiv ity. Donald Berthrong of the Department of History at Purdue University saw fit to hire me as a Visiting Instructor, thus giving me the opportunity to return to academic life and have the inspiration, atmosphere, and facilities for finally completing this work. Gary Reichard and Richard Hopkins of Ohio State University deserve special mention for their willingness to rehire me as a GTA at a key point in my career - when I was an unemployed historian - thus making it possible for me to begin work in earnest on the first chapter. Paul Bayless of the Purdue Affirmative Action Office provided me with the facilities to type the final drafts myself on a word processor. He was also very generous with vacations and leaves of absence, which enabled me to complete the final stages of my research. Mrs. Mary Ann Woerner of the Purdue Comptroller's Office helped me out of my difficulties with the word processor. The Center of M ilitary History in Washington granted me a Dissertation Year Fellowship, which gave me the much-needed financial ability to devote an additional year for research and revision. The Center's personnel, as well as the good people at Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania, deserve my sincere thanks. Dr. Arnold Fisch, Dr. Dale Floyd, and the librarians at CMH, and Colonel Donald Shaw, Dr. John Slonaker, Dr. Jay Luvass, and Mr. Bob Boots of Carlisle were especially helpful. The Staffs of the State Department and the Old M ilitary History Branches of the National Archives were extremely helpful. I especially wish to thank Dr. Timothy Nenninger and Dr. Mike Musick. The staffs of the Library of Congress and the Ohio Historical Society were all extremely courteous and very helpful in locating several pieces of obscure material. My sister and brother-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Watson, have put me up (and put up with me) on nonerous occasions, providing food, shelter, and an inspirational, historical atmosphere in which to work. They have done this since 1972. On several occasions they have merited a Medal of Honor: in 1980, Paulette twice drove over 140 miles in order to pick me up and drop me off at the Balt imore-Washington Airport when I flew in on a research trip from California. On another occasion, she and Frank spent one of their precious few days off to drive to the Library of Congress in order to locate a manuscript - which they xeroxed in its entirety, despite the howls of protest from other researchers. The whole experience cost them one hundred miles in gasoline, a day off, and frayed nerves. My father and mother have aided me in one way or another throughout the lean years of transient employment, during which this work was sporadically compiled, and my father struggled with an ancient manual typewriter in beginning to chum out the first draft. My sister Mary Lou, meanvAiile, has been sending her energies my way fo r some tim e now, which I know has helped a g re a t d e a l; my own energies have pretty much expired by now. Joe Marko, who has been my friend since 1964, has followed me (or I him) back and forth across the country and has helped me in many ways. To him and his new wife Mary Jo I extend the sincere wish that this thesis may help wind us up in warmer climates within driving distance of each other. If one may indeed count his true friends on one hand, then Joe is c e r t a i n l y my index fin g e r : Number One. Finally, the true inspirations for all of this are my lovely wife and daughter. I hope that the future may provide me with the opportunity to dedicate several more works to each of them. I met Becki when she worked as a page at the Ohio Historical Society when I began my research, so this paper is inextricably linked with our m a rria g e . December 20, 1950 ...............................Born - Cleveland, Ohio 197 2 ........................................................... B. S. in Education, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 197 3 ........................................................... B. A. with Distinction in History, Ohio State University. 1974-1978, 1979-1 980 .......................... Teaching Associate, De^rtment of History, Ohio State University. 1975 ........................................................... M. A., History, Ohio State University. 1978-1979 ................................................Chief of Service - History, Iroquois Research Institute, Fairfax, Virginia 1980-1982................................................Visiting Instructor, Department of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 1982-1 983................................................ Visiting Research Fellow, Center of M ilitary History, Department of the Army, W ashington, D. C. 1982-1983................................................ Affirmative Action Research Specialist, Office of the President, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Studies in American M ilitary History. Professor Allan M illett Studies in American Colonial History. Professor Paul Bowers Studies in American Social Thought. Professor Robert Bremner Studies in Twentieth Century Europe. Professor John Rothney TABIE OF CONTENTS œ DICAT ION........................................................................................................................... i i ACKNOWIEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................. i i i LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................v i i i INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 1 C hapter I . AMERICAN INTEREST IN EUROPEAN MILITARY METHODS, 1789-1865.. 12 The Influence of John C. Calhoun ......................................................... 16 Observers Following Calhoun : Interest in the French System 23 Jefferson Davis and the Delafield Commission........................... 28 European Interest in the American Civil War...............................
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