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La Limpieza De Sangre. Problemas De Interpretación: Acercamientos Históricos Y Metodológicos Historia Crítica, Núm

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La Limpieza De Sangre. Problemas De Interpretación: Acercamientos Históricos Y Metodológicos Historia Crítica, Núm Historia Crítica ISSN: 0121-1617 [email protected] Universidad de Los Andes Colombia Hering Torres, Max S. La limpieza de sangre. Problemas de interpretación: acercamientos históricos y metodológicos Historia Crítica, núm. 45, septiembre-diciembre, 2011, pp. 32-55 Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81122477003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto 32 La limpieza de sangre. Problemas de interpretación: acercamientos históricos y metodológicos ARTÍCULO RECIBIDO: 31 La limpieza de sangre. Problemas de Purity of blood. Problems of DE ENERO DE 2011; interpretación: acercamientos históricos interpretation: historical and APROBADO: 7 DE JULIO DE y metodológicos methodological approaches 2011; MODIFICADO: 1 DE AGOSTO DE 2011. RESUMEN ABSTRACT Este artículo presenta un acercamiento histórico This article provides both an historical basis as y una propuesta teórico-metodológica para el well as a theoretical-methodological proposal with análisis de procesos de racialización previos which to analyze processes of racialization before a la modernidad. Para cumplir con esta meta the modern period. To do so, the proposal is la propuesta se inserta en el debate sobre el framed within the debate about the possible racial- posible carácter racializado de la limpieza de ized character of the purity of blood laws, taking sangre, teniendo en cuenta el poder del discurso into account the power of discourse and everyday y las prácticas cotidianas. Después de hacer un practices. After an historical overview both in Spain recorrido histórico tanto en España como en el and in the New Kingdom of Granada (fifteenth Nuevo Reino de Granada (XV-XVIII), se concluye que to eighteenth centuries), the article argues that, a partir de un antijudaísmo-racial peninsular, la starting from a racial antisemitism in the Iberian limpieza de sangre en Hispanoamérica se convirtió peninsula, the purity of blood became, in Hispanic en una estrategia de racialización colonial, porque America, a strategy of colonial racialization because codificó las relaciones sociales de forma jerárquica it codified social relations hierarchially through mediante símbolos corporales y culturales. corporeal and cultural symbols. PALABRAS CLAVE KEY WORDS Raza, sangre, calidad, color, España, Nuevo Reino Race, blood, quality, color, Spain, New Kingdom of de Granada, siglos XV-XVIII. Granada, fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Profesor Asociado y coordinador del posgrado del Departamento de Historia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia). Minor (Nebenfach) en Etnología y Magíster Artium (M.A.) en Historia por la Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (Munich, Alemania) y Dr. phil. en Historia de la Universidad de Viena (Viena, Austria). Director del grupo de investigación Prácticas Culturales, Imaginarios y Representaciones (Categoría A1 en Colciencias). Sus Max S. publicaciones recientes son: “La limpieza de sangre en España: un modelo de interpretación”, Hering en El peso de la sangre. Limpios, Mestizos y Nobles en el Mundo Hispánico, eds. Nikolaus Böttcher, Bernd Hausberger y Max S. Hering Torres (México: El Colegio de México, 2011), 23-54 y Cuerpos Torres Anómalos (Bogotá: Editorial Universidad Nacional, 2008). [email protected] HISTORIA CRITICA NO. 45, BOGOTÁ, SEPTIEMBRE-DICIEMBRE 2011, 244 PP. ISSN 0121-1617 PP 32-55 Max S. Hering Torres 33 La limpieza de sangre. Problemas de interpretación: acercamientos históricos y metodológicosÏ INTRODUCCIÓN La limpieza de sangre ha sido interpretada desde múltiples perspectivas y no existe con- senso sobre su significado en el marco de la historia del racismo. Esta tensión argumentativa es reflejo de una polémica más amplia, que gira en torno a la historicidad del racismo y a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Es el racismo un fenómeno exclusivamente moderno o es el racismo un fenómeno transhistórico? En términos históricos, ¿se manifiesta el imaginario de la ‘raza’ y la discriminación “racial” en múltiples formas o sólo en singular? Los objetivos de este artículo son primero, precisar el problema mediante algunas anotaciones historiográficas; segundo, desarrollar un acercamiento histórico al problema; y tercero presentar una abstracción con- ceptual y teórica para proponer formas de indagación ante el problema de interpretación. Ï Este artículo es resultado del 1. PROBLEMA trabajo de investigación realizado A continuación no se pretende presentar un balance historiográfico por el autor como Profesor Aso- ciado del Departamento de Histo- exhaustivo, sino simplemente comentar algunas voces para explicitar el ria de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia). No problema. Se trata de una vieja polémica, sólo parcialmente superada, que contó con fuentes de financiación recientemente volvió a ser impulsada. Cecil Roth denominó —en los años específicas para el proyecto. cuarenta del siglo XX— el pensamiento español de la limpieza de sangre 1. Cecil Roth, “Marranos and Racial Anti-Semitism: A Study in Paral- como “racial antisemitsm” y como “fifteenth century precedent for the lels”, Jewish Social Studies 2: 3 Aryan legislation of the twentieth”1. Albert Sicroff, en los años sesenta, (1940): 243. no vaciló en denominar los pogromos de 1391 como un “sentimiento 2. Albert Sicroff, Los estatutos de lim- pieza de sangre. Controversias entre 2 racista” , y el célebre historiador español Antonio Domínguez Ortiz consi- los siglos XV y XVII (Madrid: Taurus, deró la doctrina de la limpieza de sangre como “puro racismo”3. 1985), 47. 3. Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Los judeoconversos en España moderna (Madrid: MAPFRE, 1993), 138. HIST. CRIT. NO. 45, BOGOTÁ, SEPTIEMBRE-DICIEMBRE 2011, 244 PP. ISSN 0121-1617 PP 32-55 34 La limpieza de sangre. Problemas de interpretación: acercamientos históricos y metodológicos Sin embargo, otro grupo de historiadores se distanciaron de la ante- 4. Guido Kisch “Nationalism and rior postura. En los años cuarenta, Guido Kisch contradecía a Cecil Roth y Race in Medieval Law”, Seminar: An Annual Extraordinary Number of afirmaba: “The racial concept and doctrine have no foundation in medie- ‘The Jurist’ 1 (1943): 71-73. val law either ecclesiastical or secular”4. Márquez Villanueva refutaba en 5. Francisco Márquez Villanueva, el mismo tenor cualquier significado racista de la limpieza por no basarse “The Converso Problem: An Assessment”, en Collected Studies en biologismos indelebles; por el contrario, señalaba su carácter social y in Honour of Américo Castro’s Eighti- religioso5. A estas posturas se han sumado en los últimos años plantea- eth Year, ed. M. Hornik (Oxford: Lincombe Lodge Research mientos novedosos que han intentado matizar la argumentación histórica Library, 1965), 324. con relación a la Edad Moderna. Por ejemplo, los trabajos de Walz con su 6. Rainer Walz, “Der vormoderne Antisemitismus: Religiöser propuesta sobre el racismo genealógico, los de Yerushalmi y su plantea- Fanatismus oder Rassenwahn?”, miento del protorracismo, las investigaciones de Nirenberg en las que se Historische Zeitschrift 260 (1995): 719-748¸ Josef Hayim Yerushalmi, reconstruyen significaciones de la ‘raza’ de la Baja Edad Media, las nuevas Assimilation and Racial Anti-Semitism: interpretaciones de Sicroff en las que consigna el “giro racismo religioso”, The Iberian and the German Models (New York: Leo Back Institute 1982); la investigación de Kathryn Burns sobre el “racismo castellano” y, por mi David Nirenberg, “Was there race parte, presenté hace algunos años la hipótesis sobre los racismos como before modernity? The example of ‘Jewish’ blood in late medieval “variables camaleónicas” 6. Spain”, en The Origins of Racism in the West, eds. Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Aunque los anteriores planteamientos abrieron nuevas perspectivas Benjamin Isaac y Joseph Ziegler interpretativas, su desventaja radica en la falta de diálogo con el pasado (Cambridge University Press, 2009), 232-264; Albert Sicroff, “Spanish americano, falencia que se ha venido compensando recientemente gracias Anti-Judaism: Anti-Judaism: A Case a los trabajos de Martínez. Pero mientras estos historiadores ignoraron of Religious Racism”, en Encuentros Desencuentros. Spanish Jewish Cultural la perspectiva transatlántica, en la historiografía hispanoamericana Interaction Throughout History, eds. Carlos Carrete Parrondo et al. (Tel también se desconoció la perspectiva peninsular. En el reciente trabajo Aviv: University Publishing Projects, editado por María Eugenia Chaves, Genealogías de la Diferencia, la editora 2000), 592; Kathryn Burns, “Deses- tabilizando la raza”, en Formaciones se pregunta: ¿es posible identificar el saber que sobre los africanos escla- de indianidad. Articulaciones raciales, vizados se construye en el mundo colonial con los conceptos de raza y de mestizaje y nación en América Latina, ed. Marisol de la Cadena (Popayán: relaciones raciales? A esta curiosidad responde: Envión Editores, 2007), 38; Max S. “Si aceptamos que el marco de significación de las diferencias Hering Torres, “Limpieza de sangre ¿Racismo en la Edad Moderna?”, anclado en los conceptos de raza y de diferencias raciales emerge Tiempos Modernos. Revista Electrónica desde mediados del siglo XVIII en el contexto de la decadencia del de Historia Moderna 9 (2003) y Rassis-
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