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They are ideal as bedding dahlias. Planted in Spring. Flower all season long. As illustrations show they have a row of outer petals and the center of the blooms are filled with tufts of petals that are tube-like, for a lovely effect. Ideal for cutting and table arrangements. For gar­ den planting space 9 inches apart. Planted one clump to a six inch pot, they make beautiful pot specimens for decorating the patio, around the pool, close to the garden seats, etc. Average height 18-22 inches. Very little care required, just water thoroughly once a week. To assure continuous flowering, old blooms must be removed as they fade. Varieties BRIDESMAID BRIDESMAID. White, tufts lemon. HONEY. Apricot, tufts lemon. GRANATO. Orange-scarlet. GUINEA. All Yellow. Any of above priced at: $7.00 for 3; $20.00 for 10; $40.00 for 25.

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Place your order now, we will ship at proper time for planting in your climate. Full planting and cultural instructions included with each order.

HONEY Our spring catalog " Beauty from Bulbs" listing other superior Dahlias, as well as Gladioli, Lilies, Montbretias, Begonias and other spring planting items, will be sent upon receipt of your order, or by special request: Cata- 10g is color illustrated. NOTE: Residents N.Y. State please include applicable sales tax with remittance. Delivery Charges Billed After Shipment Is Made JOHN SCHEEPERS, INC. 7Lo(l.TE'l. !Bua~ ~/2~ciaLi1t1 63A Wall Street, New York, N.Y. 10005 GUINEA "Serving America's Finest Gardens for over 65 years" Telephone 212-422·1177 212-422·2299 American H.rticulturist Volume 57 Number 1 February, 1978

Editor: Murray Keene Editorial Assistant: Jane Steffey and Anthea DeVaughan Horticultural Consultant: Donald Wyman Art Directors: MaryJourdan and Re­ becca McClimans, Grafik Book Department: Tom Stevenson Production Coordination: John Simmons Publisher: The American Horticul­ tural Society, Mount Vernon, Vir­ ginia 22121. 703/768-5700 For United Horticulture. . . the particular objects and business of the American Horticultural Society are to promote and encourage na­ tional interest in scientific research Cover Photo: A fro s ted and education in horticulture in all Ponderosa pine bough by of its branches. Guy Burgess. AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is the official publication of The American Horticultural Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexan­ 2 dria, Virginia 22308, and is issued An Editorial in February, April, June, August, October and December. Member­ Education ship in the Society automatically in­ cludes a subscription to American 8 Quotables-Tom Stevenson Horti culturist and $1.50 is desig­ 12 Fastigiate Trees-Clarence E. Lewis nated for each issue of this publica­ tion. Membership dues start at 18 Air Pollution Effects on Ornamental Plants-Donald D. Davis and $15 .00 a year. John B. Coppolino Editorial Matters: Refer to Murray Keene, American Horticulturist, 20 Puzzle for a Winter Evening-Martha Prince Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 38 A Model for Corporate Landscaping-Joan Jones Advertising Matters: Refer to Pub­ lisher Services, Inc. , 621 Duke Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314 Travelog AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is devoted to the dissemination of 3 Middleton Place-Murray Keene knowledge in the science and art of 34 New Mexico Deserts in Bloom-Bob J. Reeves; Fred B. Widmoyer; growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Darrell T. Sullivan Original papers which increase knowledge 0'£ plant materials of Gardener's Notebook economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For manuscript specifi­ 6 The Dove Tree-Dr. Donald Wyman cations please address the editor, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121. 10 Evergreens Are Many Different Colors-Guy Burgess Replacement Issues of AMERICAN 14 Ever Try Espaliers?-Dr. Donald Wyman HORTICULTURIST are available at a cost of $2.50 per copy, but not be­ 22 . .. And the Mania Continues-Lorraine Marshall Burgess yond twelve months prior to date of 26 A Few Dwarf Deciduous Shrubs-Dr. Donald Wyman current issue. The opinions expressed in the arti­ 36 Screening Vines on Walls and Buildings-J. Robert Nuss cles which appear in AMERICAN HORTfCULTURIST are those of the Favorite Plant authors and are not necessarily My those of the Society. They are p re­ 5 Enjoying Herbs-Carol Hammond sented as contributions to contem­ porary thought. 30 Sex and the Single Tuli p-Carla Wallach Second class postage paid at Alexandria, Virginia and at ad­ ditional mailing offices. Copyright © 1978 by The American Horticul­ tural Society. Color separ al,ons by CHROMA·G RAPHICS INC An Editorial

"Gardening for Food and Fun"

Early in October 1977 a package came across my desk fe w exceptions due to wartime suspensions. from our friends at the USDA. With eager anticipation I Some of the annual Year Books are at best boring. The removed the wrappings and-behold!-an advance 1976 issue, " Face of Rural America", is a crime against copy of the Year Book of Agriculture plopped on my nature. Its editors should volunteer for Forestry Service lap. to compensate for all the trees turned to pulp b y its pro­ Its title was intriguing: " Gardening for Food and duction. Fun". Inside the cover a small green card said: " AD­ Of all the Year Books in print, the leader in sales is VANCE COPY. Please make no public men tion of this book " Consumers All", 1965, with a total distribution of before its publication dat e, which is 6:30 a.m. EDT OC­ 750,000 copies. Another excellent issue is "Shoppers' TOBER 19". I could hardly contain myself. I took the Guide", the 1974 Year Book. book home, laid "Trinity" on the shelf, and placed the But back to " Gardening for Food and Fun" . We highly Year Book on my bedside table. After a quick review I recommend it, particularly at this dormant time of year was impressed. By four in the morning I was " sold". I when one should be thumbing through seed catalogs just had to tell someone, despite the 6:30 a.m. EDT Oc­ and preparing for spring. Cecil Blackwell, Executive Di­ tober 19 warning. My roommate, a dog, was hardly in­ rector of the American Society for Horticultural Science, terested, so I turned out the light and dreamed of com­ wrote the lead article, "Why Folks Garden and What post, broccoli and home-canned tomatoes. They Face". If for no other reason than this, the book is " Gardening for Food and Fun" is practical and infor­ worth the price. mative for both the novice and experienced gardener. It You can obtain a copy at Government Book Stores for has 432 pages, including an impressive color photo sec­ $6.50, or send a check in that amount to the Superinten­ tion. A total of 84 authors wrote or co-authored its 56 dent of Documents, U .S. Government Printing Office, chapters. It is divided into four parts: Introduction to Washington, D.C. 20402 . Order by Stock Number 001- Gardening; Home Garden Vegetables; Fruits and Nuts; 000-03679-3. In addition to the copies on sale, each and Home Food Preservation. A number of chapters end Member of Congress gets a limited number for free dis­ with a section of suggested further reading. The book tribution to constituents. has a 6-page index. You should acquire a copy. Mine now occupies a "Food and Fun" is the 78th volume to carry the title of prominent place in my study, where I understand vis­ " Year Book". This designation formally began in 1894, itors prefer it 3 to lover back issues of BASSmaster and a " Book" has been issued annually ever since, with a !I1agazine! Murray Keene

2 A Charleston Preview

For those of you planning to join the American Horti­ ing outdoor museum, the "behind the scenes" story is cultural Society's First Annual Spring Symposium in told with animals, artifacts and crafts of the 18th and Charleston, South Carolina, April 9-12, 1978, here is a 19th centuries. Horses and mules, hogs and cattle, sheep look at one of the gardens we will be visiting. and goats, chickens and ducks, rabbits and peacocks are all at home in the stableyards. Blacksmithing and car­ The landscaped gardens at Middleton Place are the pen try, coopering and tanning, corn grinding and oldest in America. Laid out by Henry Middleton in candlemaking, pottery and shinglemaking, spinning 1741, the terraces, allees and ornamental lakes reflect and weaving-crafts so vital to early America-are the symmetry and elegance of earlier French and English displayed in working exhibits. On a busy day you might gardens. A hundred slaves labored for a decade to com­ help feed the peacocks and grind corn, take a mule­ plete the work. Beginning in the winter months camel­ drawn wagon ride, and try your hand at milking a cow. lias create floral tunnels throughout the original gar­ The stableyard experience at Middleton Place is unique, dens. Here Andre Michaux planted four of the first informative and just plain fun . camellias in the New World nearly two centuries ago. The Society's visit to this unique property will occur Allees lead from the tomb of Arthur Middleton, signer on the second day of our Symposium and will extend of the Declaration of Independence, past the 1,OOO-year- through most of the afternoon and the evehing. We will . old Middleton Oak and the marble "Wood Nymph", enjoy a sumptuous buffet dinner and musical entertain­ buried for safe keeping during the Civil War, to the ment and a leisurely stroll along the Ashley River by shadowy Cypress Lake. Azaleas burst forth in the torchligh t. spring, illuminating the hillside above the Rice Mill This year's visit to Charleston "sold out" in ten days. Pond. In summer, kalmia, magnolia and crepe myrtle We are looking into the possibility of a return visit next accent a landscape design magnificent throughout the year because so many of our members wished to join us. year. We will be giving you more details later. In the mean­ The plantation stableyards recreate the self-sustaining time, plan to join our annual congress in Nashville in world of a Carolina Low Country Plantation. As a liv- October. You will be receiving a'brochure soon. 3 ColooialWdliamsburg invites you to take afresh newlook at gardening, April 2-5. This year at Colonial Williamsburg, the 32nd annual Garden Symposium offers you an exceptional opportunity to learn first-hand many new and traditional gardening tech­ niques while you experience the special springtime charm of our Historic Area. During this exciting four-day . event, presented in association with the American Horticul­ tural Society, we invite you to participate in demonstrations of pruning, mUlching and brick­ work in our colonial gardens, as well as watch a master at work, the internationally­ acclaimed English flower arranger, George W. Smith. You'll enjoy a special tour to nearby Norfolk featuring the Chrysler Museum and several historic houses, top speakers, award-winning films from the American Horticultural Soci­ ety's film festival, an Early Risers' Birdwalk, a candlelight concert at Bruton Parish Church, and the delicious grand finale of the annual Gard@ners' Banquet. Since reservations must be accepted as they are received, we strongly recommend that you make plans now to attend what promises to be an exciting experience in gardening in the town where America grew.

4 Enjoying Herbs

Carol Hammond 9918 Floyd, Overland Park, KS 66212

I beg your pardon. Mint is one of the easiest herbs to cheese, salads, soups and vegetable 1'd like to promise you an herb grow, and can become a pest if not sauces. garden. contained. There are several kinds Dill should be raised just for the 1'd like to see you sitting in the of mint, spearmint, peppermint, sheer beauty of the seed heads­ shade of a tall tree in August enjoy­ apple and orange mint. They all they must be nature's salute to the ing a glass of iced tea with a deli­ have distinctive flavors. Nothing Fourth of July! If you grow cucum­ cious sprig of fresh mint in it. 1'd like makes a glass of iced tea taste better bers, of course you need the dill to to see you preparing a stew with than a sprig of fresh mint. I often fresh parsley and herb salt on a freeze a sprig of mint and a straw­ stormy winter day. berry in each ice cube that I use for You probably already know that iced tea. If you like sugar in your tea, herbs require a sunny, well-drained you can dip little bouquets of fresh area, as close to the kitchen door as mint into sugar and perch them on top of each glass. Chopped mint can be sprinkled on new potatoes and peas, tossed salad, or baked apples for a new taste treat. An easy mint sauce-great with lamb-is made

make pickles. Before the seed heads form, you can use the dill in salads, sauces and egg dishes. If your fresh-grown tomatoes taste great, wait until you taste them with a sprinkling of basil! Basil is called the "herb of love". It is one of the easiest to grow. If you have one possible. There are many books tell­ plant, you can just break sprigs off ing how to grow and harvest and root them in water. Soon there herbs-a practice which is easy and will be enough plants to share with very enjoyable. I would like to tell neighbors and for use in the winter you how to use these low cost, easy months. Basil is used in vinegar care, old-fashioned plants to enrich dressings, salads, pizza, and sprin­ your everyday life. kled over baked fruit-especially ap­ I have an old wagon wheel with ples. different smaller herbs planted be­ Other easy to grow herbs are tween the spokes. My favorite thyme, sage, and garlic. We have plants are parsley, chives, mint, by blending in a covered blender: 1/2 creeping thyme growing between basil, creeping thyme, sage and gar­ cup light corn syrup, 1/2 cup packed the stepping stones on one of our lic. Dill is planted in one of our mint leaves, 2 tablespoons lemon paths. When you step on the thyme, flower beds because it grows to juice and 1/s teaspoon salt. This is the fragrance is delightful. Sage is greater heights. These furnish more also good on fresh fruit salads. used for stuffing. than enough herbs for fresh use all Parsley, another favorite of ours, We use the garlic whIle it is grow­ summer and dried herbs for winter has a very high vitamin C content ing by snipping off the green tops consumption. We like the taste of and is terrific as a garnish, sprinkled for use in salads and stews. When fresh herbs so well that each fall I over boiled potatoes, fish, omelets, we harvest the bulbs we braid the transfer some parsley, chives, basil eggs or stew. Chives can be used in ends and hang them in the kitchen and mint into pots to bring in for my the same way as parsley and also for winter use. kitchen window. mixed with sour cream, cream Continued on page 17 5 Daue1fee

Dr. Donald Wyman 59 Jericho Road W eston, MA 02193

Davidia-or dove tree-may have are green nuts abut 11/2 inches long. been one of the favorite trees of Er­ If you wish to propagate the tree, nest Henry Wilson, that famous turn nuts should be picked when mature, of the century plant explorer from and not allowed to dry out. Mix the Arnold Arboretum. He made them with damp sand or peat moss several important trips to China and and place them in a tightly closed Japan, hunting for new plants to in­ polyethylene bag. Keep at green­ troduce to the gardens of the world. house temperatures for 5 months. Wilson had heard about the dove Then, as the nuts begin to crack o tree in his travels in China, and set ~ open, place them (still in the bags) in up a special expedition to find it and ; a temperature of 40°F for 3 months. bring back living specimens. At that [!J They are then ready for sowing. 15 time he thought it was not growing ii: Supposedly the variety vilmor­ in Europe nor America. He found it, iniana (the one introduced into brought back viable seeds in 1901, true flowers are small, in a yellow to France) is hardier than the true only to be greatly disappointed to reddish globelike inch-wide cluster species which Wilson introduced. It find that it had been introduced in of stamens, surrounded by two can be grown in Zone 5 (Arnold Ar­ France in 1897. However, only one (sometimes three) creamy white boretum Hardiness Zone). The two seedling from this first introduction flower bracts. A small bract above trees can be distinguished one from s u rv i v e d. La t e r the see d 1i n g the ball of flowers is only a few the other: the underside of the bloomed for the first time in 1906. inches large but the large one leaves of the hardier variety is Fortunately, Wilson brought back a gracefully hanging downwards may glabrous, whereas the underside of number of seeds which were widely be as much as 7 inches long. A the leaves of the species is pubes­ distributed and produced healthy well-developed tree in full bloom is cent. trees. considered by some to be one of the Davidia is dense in its branching In any event, the tree is often seen most gracefully beautiful of all hardy habit, and if grown in the open with now in gardens in America and it is woody trees in northern gardens. plenty of room it will be well widely grown in European gardens Unfortunately, at least in the rounded, almost twice as wide as as well. There is a splendid mature northern United States, this tree can high. tree in Providence, Rhode Island, not always be depended upon to It is offered by several nurseries which has been supplying seeds for bloom profusely. Occasionally a which have access to the few seed decades. Another is in the Arnold cold winter kills the flower buds, at sources in this country. Although Arboretum in Jamaica Plain , the first seedling (in France) other times it may bear alternately Massachusetts, and several large bloomed in ten years, others may with a profuse crop of flowers and specimens are growing in the Pacific take longer. For gardeners who are Northwest coastal area. fruits one year, followed by only a in a hurry and want results over­ Davidia has been referred to as the few the next year. Although it may night, it may prove a disappointing Handkerchief Tree, but Dove Tree is " miss" some years, many gardeners specimen to wait for, especially if the more popular name. Both names feel it is well worth waiting for. you live north of Rhode Island. Yet if refer to the delicate creamy white The alternate leaves are 31/2-5 1/2 you have the space, time and pa­ flower bracts which appear when it inches long, but do not have an out­ tience, the dove tree is worth the 6 blooms in mid spring. Actually the standing autumn color. The fruits effort.

Interesting and important quotes from some interesting and important people

Tom Stevenson

There has been a good deal of pub­ though the plant appears to be day. licity on English boxwood root rot growing exuberantly, this thinning Transplanting can be done any­ and decline and now azaleas , or plucking is needed. time except when the plants are in rhododendrons and Japanese hol­ Another important step in the active growth or the ground is fro­ lies are included. Many people are growing of healthy boxwood is to zen or too wet. being led to believe this is a specific clean up each year the dead leaves Boxwood plants that are too tall disease , says Prof. Albert S . that accumulate inside the plant can be cut back several feet in early Beecher, Virginia Tech Horticul­ close to the ground. If this material spring. turist. Beecher also is president of is not cleaned out, there will be a A light mulch helps maintain a the American Boxwood Society. buildup of dead leaves. Very often more even temperature in the upper After working with boxwood for aerial roots will develop in this ac­ layers of soil and is helpful in pre­ the last 29 years, I have come to the cumulation. In stress periods these serving soil moisture. Roots may be firm conviction that much of the aerial roots can easily be damaged damaged by mulching too heavily. dying or declining of boxwood is and when this occurs the top portion Mulch to a depth of only one inch. due to faulty cultural practices, or to of the plant will die. Oak leaves, sawdust, peanut extreme periods of stress caused by In much of the boxwood I have ex­ hulls, pine needles and wood chips unfavorable weather conditions, he amined, where root rot or decline are good mulching materials for says. has been reported, I have observed boxwood. Here in Virginia we have had sev­ that there has not been an active Do not neglect to water even dur­ eral extremely dry years where there management program to keep the ing the winter months if the ground has been a deficiency of soil mois­ plant clean or properly thinned. becomes extremely dry. ture. The failure to water boxwood Here are some of Beecher's rec­ Avoid digging around boxwood properly during these stress periods ommendations for taking care of because the roots are shallow. has contributed to the death or de­ boxwood: Check to see whether you have an cline of much of the boxwood. The ideal soil for boxwood is fairly accumulation of dead leaves inside Another-contributing factor is the stiff clay, well supplied with organic your boxwood. At least once a year lack of proper plucking or thinning matter. clean out leaves or twigs that have of boxwood plants. This is espe­ It is not necessary to fertilize box­ accumulated in the center of the cially true of English boxwood. wood every year. Its requirements plants. Without such cleaning, fun­ Healthy boxwood will have a will vary depending on fype of box­ gus growth on leaves and twigs is green center and there will be leaves wood used, and soil and growing promoted, the development of inter­ all the way up the stems. In order to condi tions. Fertilizer will not correct ior shoots is suppressed, and some­ obtain this condition, English box­ a bad physical condition in soil. times aerial root development along woods need annual thinning or Boxwood will tolerate shade but the branches is induced. plucking to allow light and air to will make stronger growth where it Boxwoods are susceptible to 8 reach the center of the crown. Even has sunlight for at least part of the winter damage. The winter of 1976- 77 was especially severe and many were that the plants had not re­ term acid soil has taken on different boxwoods in a weakened condi tion sponded to· TLC (tender-loving­ meanings over the years. To the suffered injury. Here were some of care). commercial grower, it means a soil the causes: In the past this problem has been pH of between 5.0 and 6.0 but to the

An inadequate supply of soil most often called /I Azalea Decline," home gardener acid soil means fer­ moisture is often a contributing fac­ a term used to mean that the azaleas tilize with acid fertilizer. tor. Boxwood are potentially vulner­ are dying from some unknown rea­ There is such a thing as soils be­ able during the winter to injury fol­ son. Plant pathologists and plant coming too acid, increasing the pos­ lowing an extreme dry summer or physiologists use the term liberally sibility of azalea decline. Repeated fall. to say something that means noth­ applications of acid fertilizers on High winds during the late fall or ing, however, it does impress a few soils that are already sufficiently winter may cause excessive transpi­ people. acid are creating nutritional prob­ ration which results in plants giving Over the years I have formed my lems. They reduce the availability of off unusually high amounts of mois­ own opinion as to the cause of azalea some plant nutrients while increas­ ture. If this moisture is not quickly decline, based on observations ing the solubility of other soil ele­ replaced, damage may occur. made in nurseries , landscaped ments that are toxic to plants. Rec­ A sudden ou t-of-season freeze areas, and from samples delivered to ommending dolomitic limestone for which hits plants when they are ac­ my office. azaleas often comes as a shock to tively growing and are most vulner­ Bark splitting is one form of many gardeners but not to Maryland able can cause damage. winter injury to azaleas. However, nurserymen. A sudden drop in temperature this is generally limited to plants Manganese toxicity has also re­ may cause bark splitting. This is that have been planted for less than cently become a serious problem in most apt to happen when a warm a year or where the branches do not some areas. This is especially com­ sunny day is followed by a bitterly form a solid canopy . A tight canopy mon in container nurseries using cold night. Damage will be more se­ of branches helps to maintain hardwood sawdust or wood chips in vere on the side of the plant exposed higher temperatures near the their potting mixes or incorporated to the sun. ground where bark splitting most into their nursery soils. To correct A prolonged period of extremely frequently occurs. this toxicity problem iron sulfate is low temperatures where the ground Since bark splitting seems to generally recommended. becomes deeply frozen and prevents occur during the first 2 or 3 freezes in Over mulching can cause .azalea roots from taking up moisture can the fall, it is important that the decline. Yearly applications of 2 to 3 be serious. plants be given maximum protec­ inches of mulch appears to suffocate Low temperatures which exceed tion at this time. In unmulched roots of these shallow rooted plants. the normal hardiness range cause areas, the heat radiated from the To survive, the plants must initiate damage. ground is generally sufficient to re­ new roots from the stems into the In mild or open winters plants duce the occurrence of bark split­ new layer of mulch. that were properly dormant in the ting. In mulched areas watering Over-mulching requires several fall may be coaxed into cambium ac­ with a sprinkler when the tempera­ years to exhibit itself and it is dif­ tivity on warm days especially if ture near the ground reaches 30 de­ ficult to diagnose without digging they are exposed to direct sunlight. grees can help (however, it is much up the plant and examining the root The recurrence of freezing weather easier to remove the mulch during system. It is not uncommon to find 2 may kill the new tissue thus formed that critical period of time). or 3 different root systems at dif­ and sometimes causes the bark to When bark splitting is severe, the ferent levels on the stems of plants freeze and separate from the wood. entire top of the plant dies as soon as that are mulched yearly. The lower * * * * weather conditions are favorable for root system will be in an advance Last spring and summer numer­ growth. state of decay while new roots, initi­ ous azalea samples with poor Close examination of many sam­ ated higher up the stem, are grow­ growth and dying branches were de­ ples revealed that mice had girdled ing in the mulch. Mature plants that livered to my office, says Dr. Francis the stems. Some of the samples ex­ are having to grow new roots to sur­ R. Gouin, University of Maryland hibited symptoms of having been vive generally appear chlorotic and horticulturist. Samples delivered in girdled by insects such as weevils in a state of decline. June had not initiated any new (the symptoms closely resembled When observing azalea decline growth. Clusters of cholorotic small those of Pales Weevil on pine tree symptoms, consider all of the above leaves at the ends of the branches seedlings). factors before developing a theory of were the only visible signs that the It is well recognized that azaleas your own. Simply looking at the plants were still alive. The com­ and related species prefer growing plants with your hands in your ments accompanying each sample in slightly acid soils. However, the pocket will not pin-point the cause. 9

'II{EES Cla re nce E. Lewis 1 5 2~O Ridgewood Drive East Lansing, MI 48823

The term and name " Fastigiate" Tall buildings accept narrow­ may be confusing to a few readers, headed trees planted near the cor­ but it refers to the upright habit of ners and sides, where height is branching. In some cases, it implies necessary and width is unaccept­ that the side branches tend to paral­ able. Such narrow-leaved ever­ lel the main stem or stems, creating a greens as the Columnar Chinese more or less columnar outline. Juniper, Columnar White Pine, A tree of such form is a strong ac­ Columnar Scots Pine in the east, and cent, and demands notice; often the Erect Lawson's False Cypress in being very much alone with no the northwest are possibilities. The compatible companions to aid it. deciduous potentials are many, and This may cause you to wonder could include Armstrong Red where such trees should be used. Maple, Columnar European Beech . Certainly where lateral space is and Columnar English Oak. limited, and extra height is needed. Narrow hedges or windbreaks of This occurs in cities where streets good height (15 feet or more) wel­ are narrow, but people insist on come such trees as Columnar Euro­ trees being a part of their every day pean Beech, Columnar English Oak, environment. People like some­ Columnar European Hornbeam, thing that is alive, and the color of Columnar White Pine, and others. green, as well as the protection of Less drastic pruning is necessary in something tall and sturdy as they order to restrict the lateral growth. walk down their street. We have Some of the fastigiates have at­ grown accustomed to seeing streets, tractive bark, even though it is not avenues and roads lined with trees, as readily seen as on more open and this is what we expect. The trees. The following red maple cul­ street becomes a part of us and our tivars have light gray bark: the 'Col­ families. umnare,' 'Rancho', 'Bowhall' and The same type of narrow-headed particularly 'Armstrong' . The fas­ tree is the answer to landscape prob­ that tree trunks grow in diameter, tigiate form of European Birch has lems associated with business areas and in very narrow planting strips white bark. The Scots Fastigiate and malls. The branches on fas­ will, in time, reach to the curb and Fine eventually shows orange bark tigiate trees are well away from the sidewalk. The selection of trees for coloration. The Columnar and 'Ran­ heads of passersby. Everyone can such areas is important. cho' Sargent Cherries have promi­ see beyond them without having to Most trees are not suited for such nent lenticels . So does the be continually dodging a protruding planting medias-but there are 'Amanogawa' Flowering Cherry. branch. cases when the requests are so de­ The 'Fastigiata' and 'Bolleana' cul­ The area for planting between manding that the home owner must tivars of White Poplar have smooth, walk and curb is often only 20 inches be appeased. Fastigiate trees fulfill light gray glistening bark on the or less, yet people still expect a tree part of the requirement; yet often older stems. planting to enhance the beauty of there is no complete and final con­ If you are using fastigiate trees in 12 their street. It is well to remember clusion. large areas (2 acres or more) and in- tend to use a single specimen, it is Kentucky, New Jersey, Massachu­ Po pulus alb a 'Pyramidalis' often a good idea to add additional setts, and the Province of Ontario. I Pop ulus alb a 'Bolle ana' selections. The number is depen­ al so used the source list of the Quercus petraea ' Columnaris' dent on the design and size of the American Association of Nursery­ So rb us x hybrida 'Fastigiata' area. It is not necessary to repeat a men , and Hillier's Nursery catalog Taxo dium ascendens ' Prairie Sen - fastigiate European Beech if you from England, to complete the four­ tinel' have already employed it; a fas­ teen. Ulm us americana ' Augustine' tigiate English Oak, fastigiate White I found the follo wing readily There were several good narrow­ Pine or 'Armstrong' Red Maple can available-that is, in five or more headed trees not listed in these nur­ accomplish the same result. Even nurseries: sery catalogs I checked, but they spacing of such attention demand­ Acer platanoides ' Columnare' may well b e in others. This list ers is not usually recommended, Acer platano ides ' Cleveland' would show: either, unless the setting is strictly (not truly columnar, but generally Acer platanoides 'Erectum' formal. upright in habit Cra taegus phaeno pyrum 'Fastigiata' No one can tell you exactly what Acer rubrum 'Armstrong' (a good one) tree to choose, and where to place it, Carp inus betulus 'Fastigiata' Prunus sargen tii 'Columnaris' (v ery because every landscape setting is Cra taegus monogyna 'Stricta' good) different. Each has its own purpose Fagus sylvatica 'Fastigiata' Tilia platyphyllos 'Fastigiata' and attraction. You have to feel the Malus 'Van Eseltine' and such elms as Ulm us americana need of one or more additional col­ Populus nigra 'Italica' 'Moline' and 'Princeton', plus Ulmus umnar trees, and where they are to Pru nus serrulata 'Amanogaw a' carpinifo li a 'Sarniensis' and Ul mus be planted. Unity and harmony Quercus robur 'Fastigiata' procera 'Viminalis', all subject to must prevail. So rb us aucuparia 'Fastigiata' (not as Dutch elm disease. Remember, too, that evergreen columnar as the others) There is the possibility of colum­ foliage may be needed to bring out a Thuja occidentalis ' D o ugla s ii nar trees being somewhat vulnera­ winter effect-but, there is nothing Pyramidali s' . ble to severe winter storms when wrong with the vertical stems of Checking further, I found the fol ­ wind, ice and snow prevail. The Fagus sylvatica 'Fastigiata', Quercus lowing in two to four catalogs: inner branches can be tied, and this robur 'Fastigiata', or Acer rub rum Acer rubrum 'Columnare' proves to be part of the answer in 'Armstrong' working their way Acer rubrum 'Bowhall' keeping fastigiates as fastigiates. skyward. There is beauty and inter­ Acer saccharum 'Columnare' But many of these columnar trees est to be found where you least ex­ Acer saccharum 'Monumentale' maintain their forms for many pect it. (similar to, and probably the same years. It is a joy to watch the swing You might consider fall foliage as Acer saccharum 'Temple's Up­ and sway of these uppermost coloration, too, because these tall right') branches-and then watch them all sentinels will not let your attention Ginkgo bilob a 'Princeton Sentry' reassem ble into their original tall wander, particularly if they possess Junip eru s chinensis 'Iowa' and narrow heads. colors of orange, red or yellow. Ju niperu s chinensis 'Columnaris' Insects and diseases play their Think for a moment of one or more Pinus sylvestris 'Fastigiata' part. The two best columnar crab columnar red maples, or even the Pinus strobus 'Fastigiata' apples are Malus ba ccata ' Col um­ slightly less brilliant sugar maples Populus simonii 'Fastigiata' naris' and Malus 'Van Eseltine'; the protruding well above the sur­ Prunus sarge ntii 'Rancho' first is somewhat susceptible to scab rounding plantings. They can be If I were to look in western and fire blight, and the second is se­ magnificent. I have seen such trees catalogs, I am sure that the list verely attacked by both. But I have on the corners of large buildings would be more extensive, and observed these two over a long time, catch and hold the attention of would include Ta xus ba ccata 'Stricta' and have seen both last for many passersby. Similar forms in the open (the Ir.ish Yew); Chamaecyparis law­ years without being afflicted-so? landscape become just as captivat­ soniana 'Erecta'; and Cupressus sem­ No tree is without some kind of ing, or more so. pervirens 'Stricta' . problem, whether it be insects and What is the availability of fas­ Those catalogs with just single diseases, slow growth, subject to tigiate trees? How many nurseries representation were: storm damage, short lived, or some­ sell trees with this type of growth Acer saccharum 'Temple's Upright' thing else. We expect too much from habit and form? Fa gus sylvatica 'Dawyckii' trees, and think that they should live I selected fourteen catalogs that Ginkgo biloba 'Fastigiata' forever. If anyone can get 15 to 20 included six retail and six wholesale Juniperus chinensis 'Obelisk' years enjoyment from a tree, then I nurseries from the following states: Liriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum' think the tree has played its role in Ohio, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Picea abies 'Cupressina' the world we live in. 13 ~rs?

Dr. Donald W yman 59 Jericho Road W eston, MA 02193

It's really lots of fun, especially for the gardener who gets tired of weed­ ing and thinks there is little to show for such efforts. Training espaliers does take time and knowledge of plants and how they grow. But the result on a garden fence or wall can be a conversation piece worthy of display for all to see. Although used in Europe for cen­ turies, especially for growing fruits (one still sees pear orchards es­ paliered in France), the practice of growing espaliers was brought to this country by the colonial garden­ ers. Excellent examples remain at Williamsburg and Mount Vernon, Virginia. Today, people think they are too much in a hurry to take much time in the garden. However, as one mellows into those beautiful retire­ ment years, training espaliers can be just the thing. In fact, one sees more and more of them in small modem gardens throughout the country. You should have a design in mind, for without it you will not know where to prune. Pick a plant that goes with the design. For in­ 14 stance, yews are excellent in formal Far Left-Fruit trees grown on a cordon are a feature of the garden behind the King's Arms Tavern in Williamsburg,va. Left-The kitchen garden at the Gov­ ernor's Palace in Williamsburg features a cordon of apple trees. Below-Cordoned apple and pear trees in the Palace garden in Williamsburg blossom and bear fruit. Espaliered figs grow on the trellis at the end cordons.

~ :0 .0 E ~ ~ ..·c 0 "0 u '0 ~ t: ":0 0 " '"0 '0 .c 0.. 15 fan-shaped designs, the rockspray buds and unwanted shoots can be makes it possible to see the design. cotoneaster can be used in an infor­ done any time the spirit moves. Re­ When all branches are allowed to mal design, while fruit trees are member that with deciduous plants grow together, there is simply a usually selected for growing in cor­ there is usually a dormant bud in the mass of foliage up against the wall, dons or horizontal designs. A study axil of every leaf, and pinching the and though there may be some of a few of the major designs will stem off just above this bud will people who want this effect, most give you an idea where to start. force it into growth. want to show the design. Years ago, we had a picket fence-­ This is important: when you are Tying the branches to the wall or nice in itself, but my wife thought it selecting new buds to force into major fence is also important. Soft string, would look better with a fan-shaped stems, the pruning shourd be done raffia or rubber bands can be used. espalier attached. Of course, I was early in the season . If it is done in Au­ Never use fine wire. The ties should all for the idea until I realized that I gust, the new growth may start but be done loosely. Temporary training was elected to dig the plant, move it will not have time to mature by the ties may be made on a frame of to its new home and start it on its time freezing weather kills it. bamboo, wire or wood. This pre­ way. At the time, there were many Pines, hemlocks, mountain-laurel vents the need to bore too many other things I wanted to do, so I gave and rhododendrons do not make holes in a stone or brick wall. the selection of the yew a lick and a good plants to train into formal es­ Frame-making is a real job, and can promise, got it started the wrong palier patterns. However, most of deflate one's enthusiasm for es­ way. There were more uprights on our deciduous shrubs do. Fruit trees paliers more quickly than anything one side than the other. When this and some of the small-leaved ever­ else! was pointed out to me I turned the greens like the Japanese holly and Let us pause a minute and con­ project back over to my wife. As Jasminum nudiflorum are good can­ template the permanent attachment every gardener should know, some didates. Some shrubs (mockorange of espaliered plants against a brick yews bear fruits, but the male varie­ is one) grow so fast that you must or stone wall. Most every active ties do not. In my hurried effort, I continually snip to keep them in household contains a man with an picked the non-fruiting type. Every form. Slower growing plants like electric drill (or a determined Christmas thereafter the youngsters pyracanth a, abelia, Japanese quince woman who can show him how to would go out and attach bright red and even forsythia are much better. use it). A small hole 3/4 inch deep can buttons to that plant as a reminder Admittedly the forsythia is fast­ be bored to receive the lead expan­ that the old man should have been growing, but its yellow flowers do sion plug and screw. Sheet lead can more discerning at planting time. make an outstanding display in be bought at the hardware store, Select a plant that is young and some espalier patterns. Crabapples and small strips three or four inches supple. Bending the shoots into the make excellent cordon designs and long can be cut, attached by the right positions can be ticklish. many others can be selected. screw to the wall. The strips are then Specimens about three feet high are The training (i.e. bending) of the wrapped loosely around the branch best. They can be one-sided, but branches must be accomplished at the proper place. This is far better should have rudimentary branches while they are still young and sup­ than trying to attach the stems with to conform to the chosen design. ple. If this not done, too large wire which can strangle the stem Plant at least six inches in front of branches may break when they are and eventually cause it to break. the wall or fence to allow a bit of air bent is a 45° angle. If there is any Once you master the art of at­ space at the rear. Remember that es­ danger of this happening, one can tachment, you have really solved paliers are grown with the foliage all spiral a stiff wire around the branch your major problem of growing es­ in one plane, and that shoots ex­ and bend it partially, wait a few paliers. If the problem is to get the tending too far in front (or to the weeks and bend it some more until man of the house to do it, you un­ rear) of this plane must be removed the exact angle is obtained. You may doubtedly have your own methods or pruned back. have to leave the wire on a year or of accomplishing such things. It is advisable to have the design two before you achieve proper re­ Finally, remember that all formal drawn on a card and available when sults. designs for espaliers usually look major pruning is done. Sometimes it In selecting the branches for up­ best if they are congruent. The ties takes a year or so to grow a branch rights or horizontals, always keep should be done correctly, the major where it is needed. Such branches the selected design in mind. pruning on deciduous plants should can be quickly removed when one is Branches should be about 16/1 apart, be done early in the spring. All ties hurriedly trying to prune. Heavy and pruning should be done be­ might be checked once each year to pruning, when necessary, is done tween the branches in such a way see that they are not broken, or are on deciduous plants when they are that there is a vacant· space with no restricting plant growth. If one fol­ in dormant condition when all the foliage between the small shoots on lows these simple suggestions, one 16 shoots are easily seen. Pinching off each upright or horizontal. This has it made! .------.I I Enjoying Herbs I continued from page 5

If you have cats, by all means grow catnip. Dried and sewn into a small cloth bag it makes a great toy for a favorite feline. If a pillow case is filled with equal parts chopped camomile flowers and pennyroyal (a mint), it will keep your cat flea-free. RICH COMPOST IN 14 DAYS! Catnip is also good for sprinkling on MAKE VALUABLE COMPOST ALL THIS SEASON RIGHT IN YOUR OWN ant trails. The ants don' t like the YARD, SHED OR GREENHOUSE smell and will not return. The EARTHMAKER @) Revolving Drum Com­ Choose any of your favorite herbs poster, manufactured by Gardening Naturally, -I prefer mints, lavender, and a few turns your kitchen scraps, leaves, garden resi­ due, grass cl ippings, etc. into nutrient-rich rose petals thrown in-and tie them compost every 14 days. There are no unpleasant into the end of an old stocking or odors, flies or scavengers ... so you can keep mak­ cheesecloth bag. Tie this bag to the ing compost all season right in your yard, shed spout of your bathtub so that the or greenhouse. water washes over the herbs. It pro­ Unique 3O-Day Trial and 5-Year Warranty You may use EARTH MAKER for a full month after duces a delightful herbal bath. you receive it. Make all the valuable compost you Herb vinegars-that add so much want. Then , if your not 100% delighted, you may to a salad-are simply made by put­ return the Composter and we'll quickly (but sadly) ting a sprig of fresh herb (basil, refund the complete purchase price. If you decide rosemary, chives) and/or several to keep it (and virtually everyone has!) you'll be comforted by the fact that we GUARANTEE all shallots or cloves of garlic into a parts of the EARTH MAKER for 5 long years (not small recycled bottle. Fill the bottle 6 months or one year, I ike most products). to the top with cider or wine vin­ HERE'S HOW IT WORKS: egar. Dump in a variety of grass, garbage, weeds, saw· One of our favorite ways of drying dust, old flowers, manure, leaves, newspapers, herbs is to make herb salt. Put a vacuum cleaner sweepings, fireplace ashes-all those things you were probably throwing out or 14 DAYS LATER layer of non-iodized table salt on a rich organic compost paying someone to haul away. (And you never cookie sheet. Wash and pat dry the have to add your own precious garden soil-like herb leaves and lay them on top of you must do with most other composting meth­ the salt. Cover with another thin ods.) layer of salt. Place the sheet in a 3000 Now all you do is turn the crank and revolve the oven. Stir every ten minutes, break­ drum a few times once each day. You'll be ing up the clumps of moisture-laden amazed. After a few days, your "throw-out pile" will have warmed up to 100· . I n a few days more, salt with a wooden spoon. Most it'll be up to 160· or higher! That's why we make herbs except parsley and lovage will our drums of 22-gauge galvanized steel-plastic be crisp enough to crumble in 20 or PVC just won't hold up under those conditions minutes. Remove the herbs from very long. salt by sifting through a coarse After just 14 days, roll your cart or wheelbarrr.:o~w~~~~I~~~j~~lJ underneath and scoop out load after load of - strainer. Grind the herbs to use as valuable, nutrient-filled natural compost. dry herb powder. Use the salt with the fine particles of herbs as a sea­ SPECIAL OFF SEASON PRICE FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY soning salt. Chives make a deli­ Save by Ordering Direct From The Manufacturer cately onion-flavored salt. Mail this coupon or write to: Gardening Naturally, Dept. 1428 These are the easy ways that I Route 102, Stockbridge, Mass. 01262 enjoy my low cost herb garden. I feel Telephone: (413) 298-3481 that I must warn you, however, it's o Please rush me information on EARTH MAKER, the amazing 14-day Revolving like eating popcorn: once you get Drum Composter. Be sure to include details of your special limited-time started, you want more and more. I Off Season price. hope you get as much enjoyment out I Name ______of your herb garden as I do out of I Address ______mine. 17 I City State Zip ___ I ______------~ Air Pollution Effects on Ornatnental Plants

Donald D. Davis and John B. Coppolino Dept. of Plant Pathology Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802

Air pollution has existed for eons. Ancient volcanoes and disperse the pollutants, its capacity is limited. For­ have spewed out noxious sulfur dioxide and dusts since tunately, in many cases, it acts only as a transient the beginning of the earth. Fires have swept forests, peat medium, and the pollutants ultimately end up in "sinks" bogs, and prairies, generating tons of smoke containing much as the ocean, soil, or vegetation. It is this latter various gases and particulates. Smelly marsh gases such receptor which concerns us in this article. as methane have long bubbled out of murky swamp wa­ Although myriads of pollutants are emitted into the ters. Conifer trees continue to produce hydrocarbons atmosphere, only certain ones are capable of injuring such as terpenes, the oceans emit carbon monoxide, and plants. Among the most important of these are ozone lightning splits oxygen molecules which reform to pro­ and sulfur dioxide. Other significant phytotoxic pollut­ duee ozone. ants include ethylene, fluorides, chlorides, dusts, etc. Prior to man's emergence, these widely dispersed, We will discuss the sources of the more common pollut­ naturally occurring atmospheric "impurities" could ants and describe the effects on plants. hardly be called air pollution. By definition, air pollution Ozon e ." :T inconveniences man in some way. However, with the o advent of man, things began to change. Man began to o '"C' < concentrate pollutants and his living area in the same Q) S space, since the pollutants were a direct result of his ac­ :T tivities. The smoke from a caveman's fire was probably ~ one of the first man-made inconveniencing air pollut­ ants. As man became more " civilized," he began to con­ gregate into villages and towns. Pollution from resultant heating and cooking activities was likewise congre­ gated. As he lost his contact with nature, he compen­ sated by surrounding himself with ornamental plants. Increased urbanization and the onset of the Industrial Revolution increased the population and pollution levels, side by side, until we reached the magnitude of the problem facing us today. Man, and his surrounding greenery, both suffered from the atmospheric insults. The majority of the pollutants are still produced in the Typical sulfur dioxide injury to leaves of broadleaved plants urban, industrial areas, but we are also feeling and see­ appears as brown, interveinal necrosis, as shown here on greenhouse-grown Poinsettia. (The sulfur dioxide came from ing the effects in rural areas hundred of miles away from the boiler heaters). the source. Thus, the current pollution problem is not restricted to local, urban areas, but has actually become a Sources. -Ozone is probably the most widespread, regional problem. important phytotoxic (plant-injuring) air pollutant in We know that the atmosphere is only a thin envelope the United States. This gas is a natural constituent of our of air surrounding the earth, not unlike the skin on an air, existing in the upper stratosphere where it filters out 18 earthly apple. Although the atmosphere serves to dilute dangerous ultraviolet radiation. (It is this belt of ozone which is in danger of being depleted from fluorocarbons Acute ozone injury to coniferous plants, such as pines, emitted from spray cans and other sources.) Ozone also usually appears as a death of the needle tip, or some­ exists naturally in the lower atmosphere, originating times of the entire needle. In less severe cases, chlorotic from vertical downdrafts from the stratosphere, light­ mottle is observed. A mottle results where small patches ning, or from natural chemical reactions. of injured tissue turning yellow or brown alternate with However, naturally occurring, background levels of green, healthy patches of tissue. As with most pollut­ ozone are of minor importance regarding vegetation in­ ants, premature defoliation may also occur, giving a co­ jury. The major source of phytotoxic levels of ozone is in niferous plant a tufted appearance. This symptom occurs our urban areas. In these areas of high traffic density, when the older needles abscise, while the current foliage hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen are emitted into the remains on the trees. Among the coniferous plants, atmosphere from numerous sources, but mainly from pines are much more susceptible than spruces, firs , automobile exhaust. Once in the air, these compounds yews, or cedars. undergo chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight On broadleaved plants " classic" ozone symptoms ap­ (photochemical reactions) forming photochemical smog, pear as " flecks" or " stipples" of dead white-to-tan or of which ozone is a major component. The ozone concen­ pigmented reddish-purple tissue, often appearing only trations travel downwind, remaining in fairly high on the upper leaf surface. Individual spots of this type levels for many miles. In fact, higher ozone levels are fre- are usually less than one-eighth of an inch in diameter. Only the upper palisade cells within the leaf are usually affected, as evidenced by microscopic examination. In the more rare, severe cases, injury may be more exten­ sive, and even extend through the leaf to the lower sur­ face. As with conifers, long-term, low levels of chronic injury may cause the leaves to redden, or tum brown, and drop prematurely from the plant. This often resem­ bles premature fall coloration and defoliation. Sulfur Dioxide Sources.-Oxides of sulfur, mainly sulfur dioxide (502), arise from many sources, but the burning of coal accounts for 60 percent of the total. Most coal is burned for the generation of electricity, the remainder being used for home and space heating. The amount of 502 released upon combustion depends upon the sulfur con­ tent of the coal, normally ranging from 0.7 to 2.0 percent by weight, with extremes of 0.3 to 6.0 percent. The pro­ Ozone-induced " stipple" on the upper surface (only) of wild duction, refining, and utilization of petroleum and natu­ black cherry leaves. ral gas yield another 20 percent of the 502. The smelting and refining of ores (principally iron, lead, zinc, copper, quently recorded downwind from urban areas, than and nickel) adds 7 percent of the total 502 emission. The within the urban area itself. This is apparently due to the remaining 502 in the atmosphere originates mainly presence of other reactive pollutants in the urban air from industries which manufacture or use sulfuric acid which scavenge out the ozone. Ozone has also been and sulfur. Natural production of 502 results from vari­ monitored in high levels in very remote areas. The exact ous sources, including volcanoes. source of this ozone is unknown, but the ozone, or its Effects'.-Unlike ozone, which is so widespread, precursors, probably originate hundreds of miles up­ phytotoxic levels of 502 usually exist only near a large wind in urban centers. source, such as downwind from a steel mill, smelter, Effects.-Ozone is responsible for the widespread in­ coke works, power plant, or various other industries. jury and mortality of native plants, such as ponderosa Thus, the effects on ornamental plantings is usually re­ pine in the mountains east of Los Angeles. Ozone has stricted to a localized area. also been implicated in the "chlorotic dwarf" and Like other gaseous pollutants, 502 is taken into the "emergence tipburn" diseases of eastern white pine, plant leaf through the stomata along with the normal perhaps in some cases interacting with sulfur dioxide. constituents of the air. Once inside the leaf, the 502 re­ "Weather fleck" of tobacco and "grape stipple" are also acts with cells, causing injury or death of tissues. The caused by ozone. 5ince this pollutant is so widespread, resulting symptoms may be classified as chronic or acute the effects are seen over large areas and are not restricted depending upon the severity of injury. Chronic to local areas. Continued on page41 19 a

Martha Prince " one" of the series. The next spiral is 9 Winding Wa y, steeper, goes to the left, and pro­ Figure A Locust Valley, NY 11560 ceeds by twos. Spiral three is of threes, and goes upward to the Nature is the perfect mathema­ right, more steeply still. Spiral four tician, but even non-arithmetical proceeds by fives, and goes to the gardeners can enjoy discovering for left. The final spiral, the steepest themselves some of her "secret for­ one, goes to the right, and is in in­ mulas". Armed with an old Asa crements of eight. When you reach Gray Introduction to Botany (1853), the sixth mlmber in the Fibonacci the.memory of an IBM exhibit Fred Series, thirteen, you have reached @"\f .. Galle used several years ago at Cal­ the vertical. Scale fourteen is di­ laway Gardens, and a white pine rectly above scale one, scale twen­ cone (Pinus strobus), I spent a sleep­ ty-seven is above fourteen, and on less winter night trying to under­ to the top. As you notice, the di­ stand the Fibonacci Series, and its rections of the spirals alternate. application to natural forms. By 5:00 In effect, I am giving you the puz­ @(Q\ a.m. I was, at last, victorious! zle solution, and try to make it plain :1 ~ Fibonacci was an Italian mathe­ in the two accompanying diagrams. ... l' @ matician (1170-1230 A.D.), and his However, play around with it your­ ::.. ."1 series is this: 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55, et self! After you have worked it out on . cetera. You can see that 1 + 2 = 3, a real white pine cone, try the cone then 2 + 3 = 5, 5 + 8 = 13 , of a different species or genus. Big­ 8 + 13 = 21,andsoon.Eachsucceed­ ger, fatter pine cones, such as those ing number is the sum of the preceding of the Jeffrey pine, have more scales, two. Nature uses this numerical se­ more spirals, and the vertical inter­ quence in all spirals; cones are "sup­ val is different. In other genera you posed" to be an easy example. may find some cones with the same If you study the white pine cone you sequences as the white pine; the will, eventually at least, find that black spruce, for instance. Others there are five spirals made by the are simpler. The American larch is scale placement; when you reach the an easy one. Try whatever you have sixth number in the sequence (13) , at hand. The numerical sequence the scales are in a vertical position. I will continue, no matter which cone struggled along, using the very you pick up. small stick-on circles from the It is an amazing world. Under­ stationer's, and numbering them. stand one little crumb of nature's The "flattest" spiral, the basic one workings, and you know there is a including all the scales, winds up- lifetime of adventure ahead for any­ 2:0 ward slowly to the right, and is the one who looks, and really sees. The Spirals of Cones

Figure A. For simplicity, here is an Figure B t;.. A elongated and stylized diagram of the w hite pine cone, with all the , 27 scales as they are visible from one 26 side only. The scales are numbered and all the spirals marked, with 25 :1 their directions indicated by the ar­ 24 rows. (Naturally, some scales dis­ 23 appear around the sides, and others , , are completely hidden.) 22 , , 0 , , 21, Figure B. This is a diagram of all the \, 20 scales on the lower section of the white pine cone; I have laid it out as I I though the cone were really a piece 19 I I of rolled-up paper and we have un­ I 18 rolled it. Each spiral is marked and 13 17 numbered only once (in the circles), 16 I but you can easily find the continua­ tions. I 10, 15 0! 14 I " , I " , , I 12 " , I I '11 ,, , " , ," . 10 , , ,, 2 , , , · , · · '9 8 ·· , ·. f:\ ~7_--7 ,..-: 6- ~-- -, ' 5 - , , .4 3 , 2 1 21 • ••

(1) 'Fantasy', a parrot tulip, is unexcelled in floral arrangements. Flowers open up to 8" across.

(2) 'Texas Gold' parrot tulips seem almost self-illuminating in the spring garden.

(3) 'Bonanza', a double peony-type tulip.

(4) 'Princess Elizabeth' tulips bloom in delightful shades of pink on 28" stems.

(5) 'Red Fusilier' tulip (Tulipa praestans) puts brilliant vermilion flowers on multi­ flowering 8" stems. 22 3

4 5 • ••

the Parrot strains. For novelty there strewn. Tex t by Lorraine Ma rs hall Burgess is the 'Viridiflora' in green blends The arrival of the first tulip in 202 Old Broadmoor Roa d with fringed edgings, the big Western Europe dates from 1554. No Colo rado Springs, CO 80906 peony-flowering doubles, the bi­ known documents of western cul­ Transpa rencies by Guy Burgess zarre , broken-patterned Rem­ ture make mention of the tulip prior brandts, and the multi-flowered to that time; no western pottery or bouquet tulips. With all these to textile design makes use of this TULIPOMANIA is a word coined choose from, the gardener can have flower motif. The only possible ex­ to describe a madness that spread tulips in bloom until late May. ception is Tulipa clusiana, the Lady through Western Europe in the early It is too late to plant tulips this tulip. This delicate and graceful 1600s. The craze afflicted an entire spring, but it is a good time to get species was found naturalized along population, prompting an other­ acquainted with the varieties avail­ the Mediterranean coast during the wise sensible society to indulge in able. Study the flowers as they Middle Ages, and has since been foolish and reckless behavior over bloom now in public and private found in Iran and Kashmir where it the beauty of a rare, new flower. The gardens everywhere, and choose is probably native. flower of madness was, of course, y our favorites for ordering this The bulbs that prompted the the tulip. Today the mania con­ summer, and planting in the fall. mania in Holland first arrived from tinues as an arrested case, after 350 Notice too the plants that keep them Adrianople, Turkey, in the hands of years of treatment. company and plan for underplant­ a Flemish ambassador. The flowers Tulip a remains the favorite of all ings of candy tuft, golden or sweet were described as turban-shaped spring-flowering bulbs. By last alyssum, creeping phlox, or pansies (dulb an in TurkishL thereby giving count there were 4,000 named vari­ close by. Or add a gathering of vio­ us the word tulip through a corrup­ eties of this genus, in 15 classes. It is lets and forget-me-nots. The plan­ tion of sounds. Surprisingly, the difficult to name the newest and the ning will make this an exciting year, Dutch were able to take the bulbs best because hybridizers continue and the planting can make next from an arid, mountainous land and to develop fresh strains. The parade spring a season to remember. acclimate them to their moist low­ of species and hybrids is long and Prepare your tulip beds in the fall lands. History records their starting beautiful. The T. kaufmanniana, a by turning the entire area, adding with pointed lily-shaped flowers, water-lily type, blooms in late Feb­ humus and sand to enrich and to and by cross-breeding developing ruary and early March, together im prove drainage respectively. flowers with rounded petals, double with early single and double varie­ Most varieties prefer full sun, al­ rows of petals, and multiple colors. ties. These are followed by the Men­ though some of the late-blooming With this the mania began. The det Triumph, andgri egii tulips with varieties last longer in light shade. Turks in turn welcomed return green leaves striped in cinnamon In exposed planting areas add a shipments of the new Dutch strains. and chocolate colors, then the larger winter cover of lea\:,es, straw, or They sent new varieties, and the ex­ T. fosteriana ('Red Emperor') and pine. Do not add manure to your citement increased. Darwin ('Holland's Glory') hybrids, planting mix. However, you can use In the Netherlands hysteria, un­ 24 the Cottage, the, lily-flowered, and it in spring as a top dressing, lightly precedented, ensued. By the 1560s • • nues

the rage had intensified to such a the crushed remnants of earlier denly the market was glutted with degree, what with the growing, bulbs. (The strange streaks and frills lesser rarities and the boom col­ breeding, and trading of the tulip have since been attributed to a virus lapsed. Rich men became poor. bulbs, that new shipments from that was moved about with the help Suicides were reported. Finally Constantinople were arriving in of aphids. Luckily the virus affected there arose a new breed of bitter huge lots. Almost immediately the the color but not the health of the non-gardeners known as tulip hat­ best of the bulbs were being traded plants.) ers. Alexander Dumas wrote of for such varied and unlikely prop­ The genetic misfire caused by the tying two cats together and tossing erties as a silver goblet, a mill, a virus created a situation since com­ them into a tulip bed to destroy it. A brewery, 12 fat sheep, and a ton of pared with the peculiarities of post­ Flemish botanist whose tulips were cheese. age stamps. 'The price is cheap for envied was robbed during the night One byproduct of the hysteria ordinary ones, but rare ones are of his precious bulbs. Some people was a universal new interest in worth a fortune! ' carried canes, the better to lop off gardening-reaching into the mid­ One red and white tulip that was choice flowers in passing. dle and lower classes. It became evi­ exchanged through several seasons Finally the government stepped dent that anyone could play the brought the equivalent of $1 ,200 the in to stop the speculation and the game. New gardens sprouted up ev­ first year, $3,000 the second, and hostili ty. Slowly the mania su b­ erywhere. A poor man with one $30,000 the third. If a person discov­ sided, but the people never forgot unique tulip bulb could provide the ered a new strain it became custom­ their fascination with the tulip. To­ dowry that would elevate his daugh­ ary for him to invite friends over to day, 31/2 centuries later, the Dutch ter to a new station in life. All of Hol­ see the beauty and to partake of a are still involved. For them tuli ps are land became a tulip garden. glass of wine in celebration. (We now a major industry. They con­ Scoffers explained away the tulip might follow this tradition in the tinue to grow and sell millions of fad as a kind of celebration of vic­ celebration of our own floral tri­ bulbs each year, and we are among tories won by the Dutch in recent re­ umphs.) their most satisfied customers. Fas­ ligious conflicts. It was also a time of Still it was a puzzling kind of cination with the flower continues colonial exploration and of reckless prosperity. Tulip futures were re­ without the madness. Tulips are no speculation in remote real estate in corded on bits of paper, and bought longer vital to financial markets. such far away places as the South and sold at ever-increasing prices. They are not listed as a prime com­ Sea Islands and the Mississippi Houses were mortgaged; jewels modity for exchange, still they give River. pawned. Wild inflation prevailed, promise of high futures in our Around 1610 bulb growers, by bringing the provinces of the spring garden plans. But best of ale chance, produced a series of new Netherlands to the verge of bank­ because of the tulip fad every seg­ tUlips striped in yellow and white. ruptcy. The Turk's dulban became ment of society has discovered that This generated further inflation. the fool's cap. The year 1637 was re­ gardening is an enduring and The process remained a mystery to membered as the era when one fool pleasurable institution. That bit of the growers, but they were able to outdid another. The people became knowledge is the best after-effect we repeat it by dusting the bulbs with bored with the manipulations. Sud- could ask for. 25 A Few Dworf Deciduous Sbrubs

Dr. Donald Wyman 59 Jericho Road, Weston, MA 02193

Dwarf plants are becoming valu­ When we moved into a condo­ able garden additions to many who minium-type home a few years ago, are growing plants on a smaller scale we were at first disappointed be­ than they used to. Certainly there cause we did not have a large shrub will always be the need for large­ border and space for particular growing lilacs and forsythias and for specimen shrubs of great size. Now, tall trees to provide shade and after several years of gardening on a screens for the garden, but the care reduced scale, we see the value of of some of these plants is excessive. dwarf plants. With the right selec­ When one contemplates some of the tion, we can create the interest and dwarf plants (under three feet tall) beauty of different colors and one can find specimens with in­ shapes, without the constant work teresting shapes, bright flower col­ that some of the larger plants cause. ors and good autumn foliage . These, My daughter has a group of very once established, take practically no large forsythias which she likes care whatsoever. when they are in bloom, but they in­ crease so fast that every few years she has to cut them to the ground to make space for other things. This means the pruning and hauling away of nearly two truck loads of brush - quite a job! When you are young and vigorous you can take this in your stride. A garden with dwarf plants needs no such care. Take for instance the 'Crimson Pygmy' Japanese Barberry, just as hardy as the species but never over three feet tall and with reddish foliage throughout the entire grow­ ing season, when grown in the full sun. Plants eight years old are only two feet tall and three feet across. This not only can be used as a low specimen but also makes a low hedge plant that seldom needs clip­ ping. It originated in the Nether­ lands in 1952. Above-February daphne (Daphne mezereum) There are two similar and colorful brooms that will grow in poor, dry Below-Potentilla fruticosa 'Mandshurica' soil in hot, sunny situations. The 26 Right-Cotoneaster horizontalis Prostrate Broom (Cytisus decumbens)

grows flat on the ground and pro­ and September make it of value. duces brilliant yellow flowers in Like other bush honeysuckles it has mid-spring. It has the habit of grow­ few, if any, pests. ing evenly on all sides so it makes a Don't forget the Bush Cinquefoils large circular mass of foliage. The (Potentilla [ruticosa varieties) for Ground Broom (c. procumbens) is they are of merit in any garden, · SEED-STARTER CU BES NO THINNING somewhat the same but it grows anywhere . Hardy way up into U . FAi;:~T~~~:ETH 5 about thirty-two inches tall, and Canada, the Arnold Arboretum sea-gro blooms usually between June and grew nearly fifty varieties at one Fortified with Liquid Seaweed August. Both are excellent in the time. The small, five-petalled flow­ The original seed starting cube with the natural front of the shrub border or the ers are similar to those of strawber­ nutrients of the sea. I mproved seed germination and stronger root systems. foundation planting about the ries. The colors are yellow or white, Research at a leading eastern un iversily special­ izing in horticulture demonstrates that "the house. depending on the variety. Not all growth promoting materials in these cubes will assure your seeds a better start. " Larger, more upright shrubs in­ varieties are under three feet in Trace elements and vitamins supplied naturally by Sudbury seaweed additive are immediately avail­ clude two daphnes (Daphne genkwa, height at maturity. ' dahurica', able, completely organic, non-toxic and odorless. and mezereum) which are about 'Mandshurica' and 'Snowflake' have 6 doz. - $2.19 15 doz. - $4.69 o. 42 doz. - $9.85 three feet tall. Both bloom very early white flowers; 'Lady Daresborough' SEA-POWER in the spring on wood formed the and 'Maanley's' are pure white; Liquified seaweed packed with natural, vital $4 00 trace elements, minerals and vi tamins , all • previous year. The former, the Lilac 'Gold Drop', 'Friesengold', necessary for healthy balanced plant growth. per. qt. 1 qt . makes 100 gallons of Gro-pcwer. Daphne, is rather difficult to grow 'Pumila', 'Rigida' and 'Pyrenaica' SUDBURY LABORATORY, INC. sometimes and has a bad reputation are bright yellow. Box 1652 Sudbury, Mass. 01776 Send me __qls . SEA-POWER $ _ ___ of suddenly dying for unknown rea­ These are all sun-demanding Send me Sea-Gro Cubes $,_ ___ sons, but the lilac-colored flowers shrubs, native throughout North (Add 10% fo r postage , insurance, handling) I) are about a half inch in diameter. Mass . residents add 5% sales tax America. I have s€en small plants of Name ______The more common February this species growing at the top of the Sireel ______Daphne (D. mezereum) bears rosy Olympic Mountains in the Pacific City _____ State ____ Zip __ purple flowers in February or Northwest. They seem to withstand March. It later produces bright red poor, dry soils. The fruits are merely berries. These are about the first dried capsules. The foliage is of fine fruits to appear in the garden and texture though without autumn are quickly eaten by the birds. The color. However, plants have been white-fruited form 'Alba' makes a known to be seventy years old, with conversation piece anywhere. a dense well-formed mass of foliage, Two Indigos are not common in yet require no special attention. the nurseries but are worth search­ The Coast Azalea (Rhododendron ing for. The smaller of the two, the atlanticum), hardy up to New York white Chinese Indigo (1ndigo[era in­ City, has been used in borders for its carnata alba) grows about a foot and fragrant white flowers and its ability a half tall, with white pealike flow­ to increase by stolons. It is native ers in upright racemes 5-10 inches from Delaware to South Carolina Vegetable Factory® tall. Since it blooms in July on wood and is popular especially in natu­ formed the current year, it can be ralistic plantings. SOLAR PANEL expected to bloom even if it is cut to The many varieties of the Scotch the ground in the very early spring. Rose (Rosa spinosissima) were popu­ GREENHOUSE The Kirilow Indigo (1 , kirilowii) is lar a century ago. There are still USES 60% twice as tall with rose-colored flow­ some interesting ones available. The ers in June, also produced on the stems are very prickly but the plants LESS HEAT. current year's growth. It is not as are low, dense and mound-like in This practical thermal wall greenhouse good a ground cover for esta blishing habit, bearing profuse flowers in solves the energy cost problem. Patented rig id double-wall construction, tested in on banks as is the white Chinese In­ June. They are pink, white or yel­ Vermont. Cost about Y3 as much to heat as ord inary greenhouses. More than pays digo, but nevertheless makes a low, single or double according to fo r itself in heat savings alone .. Exclus ive, bright spot of color in the border. variety and about two inches in fa c to ry direc t o nly. All models and sizes, 5 year warranty. Free Color Brochure. Clavey's Dwarf Honeysuckle is diameter. 'Alba Plena' has double Call or Write for In/ormation often used as a rounded specimen in white flowers . The three popular a low hedge. Its fast growth, grayish yellow-flowered varieties are 'AI­ ~----",-.... P.O . Box 2235 Dept. AH-2 foliage, yellowish flowers in spring taica' with very pale yellow flowers, 28 Grand Central Station and red, globular fruits in August but almost 3 inch€s across; 'Lutea' New York, N.Y. 10017 (212) $67 -0113 the most popular with single flowers its branches do root wherever they about as large; and 'Lutea Plena', a touch moist soil. An old plant of this double. species can be a circular mass of The Memorial Rose (R osa foliage nine feet across. The bright wichuraiana) is a semi-evergreen red fruits of both species are most at­ ground cover, one of the parents of tracti ve in the fall , and the profusely the popular rambling roses. It hugs pink flowers are interesting in June. the ground and bears deep lustrous Some of the St. John's-worts are green foliage. In late summer it pro­ worth using. These upright shrubby Increase your growing duces small white flowers 2 inches plants produce golden-yellow flo w­ space with a across, followed by dark red fruits in ers two inches in diameter from June Janco Greenhouse the fall. to mid-October. I recommend the When you've run out of space for your The summer-blooming Spiraea x varieties 'Hidcote' and 'Sungold'. In indoor plants ... when you want to "open bumalda varieties have been popular the colder parts of the country the up" a living or family room, bedroom or kitchen to sunshine & flowers ...when for a long time, with flat clusters of stems may die to the ground, but you want "growing pleasure" all year small pink to red blossoms. A newer u sually they will send up new round, then you're ready for an all alumi­ variety 'Crispa' has clusters up to 6 shoots that flower the same year. In num, minimum-maintenance Janco. Quality, price, design-these are the 3 inches across and leaves slightly the South, leaves may b e semiever­ major reasons customers give for choos­ crinkled at the edges. Another new green. ing a Janco. Over 100 lean-to & curved spirea is S. jap onica alpina . It is Finally, another n ew reco m­ eave models to fit any site, every budget. scarcely over 10 inches tall and mended plant is the Dwarf Cut­ Write for FREE 48-pg. full color cata­ log today-compare our quality, price creates a dense round mass of leaved Stephanandra (Stephanandra & deslgnl foliage with bright pink blossoms incisa 'Crispa'). It is valued for its for several weeks in the early sum­ very strong grow th, and the ability Janco Greenhouses Dept. AH-2 mer. Although a native of Japan, it to root its gracefully arching branch­ 9390 Davis Avenue was apparently not introduced into es wherever they touch the moist Laurel, Md. 20810 America until 1958. It also is free of soil. Naturally a rounded, dense (301) 498-5700 pests. plant, the inconspicuous flowers are Two coral berries are well worth not important, but its fine textured growing, especially Symphori carpos foliage is attractive. It is excellent for x ch enaultii and another h y brid planting on rocky banks as a ground known as ' Hancock'. Both bear cover that needs no attention what­ small pink flowers on spikes in mid soever. If used in the shrub border, July, followed by bright red to pink one may have to restrain its vigor­ fruits in the early fall. They are vig­ ous growth on occasion. Its cut orous, bushy plants, easily grown branches make a lacy filler in flower under almost any conditions. 'Han­ arrangements. cock' is the lower of the two, being These are only a few of many only about two feet tall. It increases dwarf deciduous shrubs under three rapidly by stolons and makes a fine feet tall at maturity. If one adds the bank cover. Neither has any serious dwarf conifers and certain dwarf pest problems. broadleaved evergreens (boxwoods, A good plant for edging purposes cotoneasters, Eu onymus, hollies, is the Dwarf European Cranberry Leucothoe and others) one can con­ Bush Viburnum opulus 'Nanum' . It is struct a garden of dwarfs that will Wanta only about two feet tall and seldom have all the beauty and seasonally better garden? bears flowers or fruits. It is a dense changing colors and forms of the Send for your mass of thick foliage, rounded in larger shrub border. But what is shape, with reddish autumn foliage . even better, such a small garden is FREE 1978 Two cotoneasters should always far easier to care for. be considered, the common Harris Seed Catalog. You'll find hundreds of varieties of the finest Rockspray (Cotoneaster horizontalis) , Dr. Wyman is author of " Dwarf Shrubs modern vegetables and fl owers in its colorful and its close relative, C. pages. Many exclusiue Harris developments adpressus, -Maintenance-free Woody Plants for the Creeping Cotoneaster, the latter that gardeners all over the country call the Today's Garden'." MacMillan Publish­ finest of their ki nd. being only half the height of the ing Co., Inc. NY. 1974. The book is well­ It's FREE. Send for your copy todayl Rockspray. The Creeping Cotoneas­ illustrated with color photographs and JOSEPH HARRIS CO.. INC. ter is not as vigorous in growth, but highly recommended. 34 Moreton Farm. Rochester. N.Y. 14624 29

Maybe you think romance is only try's national flower. In fact, it was head, and lit each evening. Trees for the bedroom, but look around held in such high esteem as a love surrounding these gardens of you; more specifically, in a garden. symbol that a fabulous feast in its dreams were similarly decorated, Of all the flowers you'll find there, honor was held annually in the Sul­ and flowers were massed every­ the tulip is the queen of sensuous­ tan's seraglio. The whole harem where, as were huge mirrors, the ness, the Cleopatra of flora. It takes awaited this event with frantic better to reflect the breath taking little to see why it has captured the anticipation-the year's highlight beauty of the setting, not to mention romantic imagination of man for in their otherwise dull routine. The of the maidens. centuries. Notice the vol u ptuous " Feast of the Tulips" continued The Mistress of the Harem (the curves of the satin-smooth petals until the flowers faded. The eunuch major domo really, and usually a forming a perfect rounded head sit­ gardeners tenderly cared for the long-ago discarded favorite of the ting on top of an erect, proud Sultan) would nightly line up the stem ... the petals slowly opening concubines for inspection. When as they mature to allow their full the Sultan dropped a handkerchief beauty to be admired. It surely is no at the feet of one of these fair dam­ coincidence that in temperate cli­ sels it indicated that she was his mates, tulips choose to bloom in the choice for the night's revelry among spring, just when nature renews it­ the tulips. Banquets were served self and the sap rises in man and among the flowers, and everywhere beast. were cages of canaries merrily sing­ The origin of the tulip is full of ing. It all sounds like something out facts and fancy as befits any seIf­ of a " Thousand and One Nights" respecting sex symbol. It originally and the tulip inspired it all. grew wild in Persia (now Iran) as a Any flower capable of firing such lovely single-petalled flower cover­ passion in these vast Eastern em­ ing the countryside. It was quickly pires was obviously destined to find domesticated and grew to become its way to Western Europe. It hap­ the star attraction of the famous Per­ pened when Emperor Ferdinand I of sian gardens. The mass displays of Austria dispatched Ogier de Bus­ red tulips caused a sensation that becque in 1554 as his ambassador to was to change the world of horticul­ Solyman the Magnificent, who was ture. It also became the emblem of then Sultan of the vast Turkish em­ consuming love. When a man gave a pire, which reached its peak of tulip to his mistress, it conveyed the power under his reign. De Bus­ understanding that the vivid color­ becque not only couldn't get over ing of the flower represented her the abundance of flowers blooming own spectacular beauty, while the everywhere in the middle of winter, black base of the flower-cup de­ but he was fascinated by one he had picted his heart burnt to coal. never seen before, the tulip. The Tuli ps were next spotted in India, Turks called it "tulbend" which where the first Mogul emperor, meant turban, for they thought the Babur, an avid gardener on a grand flower head resembled an upside scale if ever there was one, discov­ turban with its petals overlapping ered his own hills covered with one another. The Persians called it tuli ps and proceeded to propagate "thoulyban," meaning the same " Compostella", a griegii tulip what was then called the Indian thing, so the French (the language tulip varieties. For some reason, the spoken at that time in all the courts flower typified unhappy love to the beautiful tulips, making certain that of Europe) opted for" tuIi pan" being Indians. A Hindu poem quotes: they were all of the same height, as close as they could come phonet­ "The tuli p immersed itself in blood even if it meant swiftly transplant­ ically. because of the jealousy it enter­ ing a few here and there to satisfy By 1559, tulips were in Europe, tained of her charming lips." Not so the Sultan's exacting eye. After blooming for the first time in Vi­ the case in Turkey where the tulip every fourth tUlip, a candle was enna, in the garden of a prominent was next seen and became the coun- placed at the same level as the flower international banker. The rest is his- 31 The first step in improving your soil should be - A SUDBURY SOIL TEST KIT tory. But the passion this flower evoked continued to increase each Try a SUDBURY year, reaching a fever-pitch in 1634, SOIL TEST KIT when such a staid, level-headed, 15 days conservative country as Holland FREE went totally berserk over it. The next and see how easy four years have come to be known as it is to Tulipomania. Tulips were thought test your to be "moon-struck" because of soil. Papular Garden Kit their unearthly flamboyant color­ Good gardening means starting with good ing. Bulbs, or "roots" as they were soil. And almost all soils can be improved! It pays to check . For even good gardens called, were traded with wild aban­ grow better in properly enriched, per­ don. Many were frequently pur­ fectly balanced soil. chased and resold without ever hav­ With a Sudbury Soil Test Kit you can ing been seen by their owners. All easily make fun-to-do tests for acidity (pH), humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and classes were caught up in this craze potash. Then check results with the Chart for a brand new flower from the ex­ included that lists pH requirements of 250 otic Middle East. It was a horticul­ plants. You'll discover exactly how to transform your garden soil to make every­ tural "first" and as such made his­ thing grow like magic! tory, so that merchants, princes and Prize-winning Vegetables - Enjoy the s€rvants all offered their worldly be­ thrill of growing even better vegetables - larger and more delicious, vitamin-rich, longings to possess a few of thes€ nutritious, packed with health-giving min­ priceless bulbs, which were sold ac­ erals. You'll be delighted. cording to their weight. More beautiful Flowers - Better Lawns Can we not repeat the famous case - Have huge, glorious blooms all season - and a lawn that's lush and velvety of one passionate soul who gave two green. loads of wheat, four loads of rye, Let Sudbury help you take the guesswork four fat oxen, eight fat pigs, twelve out of gardening. Soil testing is the only fat sheep, two hogsheads of wine, way you can be sure your plants will do their best. four barrels of beer, two barrels of The POPULAR GARDEN KIT shown butter, a thousand pounds of above will make 90 individual tests for cheese, a bed with mattress, pillows humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash de­ ficiencies and pH (if lime is needed and and hangings, plus a suit of clothes how much). Complete instructions include and a silver jug (the whole lot valued soil preferences of 225 flowers, fruits, at 3,500 guilders) for just ONE bulb vegetables, etc. Makes soil testing as easy as reading a thermometer. Only $14.50. of the very rare "Viceroy" variety. With his bed, he no doubt might The HOME GARDENER KIT will also test for pH, nitrogen, phosphorus & have thrown in his wife as well had potash deficiencies. Helps you produce there not been laws to stop him. At the best garden at the least one time only two bulbs were expense. known to exist of a certain species Only $9.29 "Semper Augustus," one in Am­ sterdam and the other in Haarlem. A Dutchman bought one of th€se for 4,600 guilders PLUS a new carriage, You can't lose! Use Kit • 2 grey horses and complete harness, 5 days. Return if not delighted •• for Fu" Refund. • • a total of 13 ,000 guilders. And ,------, there's the story of the man who was ISudbury Laboratory, Inc. Box 1651 . Sudbury. Mass. 017761 offered 12 acres of good building 1 . •• 1 I Here IS my order for the Soil Test Klt(s) checked. If after 15~ I Idays, I am not fully satisfied. in fact delighted, I may return the I land for his one bulb and turned it I Kit(s) for full refund. I down. i0 Popular Garden Kit 514.50: 10 Home Gardener Kit 59.29 1 The craze for tulips must have had 10 Lawn Tester 52.95 1 some comic moments. One book re­ I Enclosed: Check or M.a. __ Master Charge __ 1 I Bank Americard __ American Express __ I ports the case of an elated buyer, Card No. I Bank No. Expiration Date ___ 1 rushing to the dock to await the un­ IISignature I loading of the ship that carried his I Name (Print) 1 32 IStreet I precious cargo of bulbs. A sailor on ICity& Zip I 1-IState______Code _: board, noticing an open box of "on­ during the Art Nouveau period. Art­ ions" and being very hungry at the ists of this era were especially at­ Nature's finest starting med ium for time, proceeded to eat them. He was tracted to any object with sensuous house plants, vegetable and floral seeds, bulbs, cuttings, El iminates damping-off happily munching his seventh, lines. They embraced the tulip as and other plant diseases. Highly recom· mended by the U.S. Department of when the unbelieving owner dis­ their very own. It turned up in doz­ Agriculture and growers.

covered him. P.S.-the bewildered ens of ways, both creative and 5·qt. bag fills up to 18 pOlS . . S2 .50 ppd sailor was dragged to jail for a few commercial: lamp shades, vases, 2·hu . sack, equal to 10 of above ... $8 .75 ppd . months and God only knows how bowls, candlesticks, book illus­ PURE LONG·F1BERED SPHAGNUM the owner drowned his sorrow. trations, frames, textiles, prints. Genuine " Wisconsin Pride" quality. Indispensable for dozens of gardening uses, Holds and retains more water Every town in Holland had a tavern And now we come to the present, than a sponge, Outstandmg for ai rlayering. mulch. A especially designated as the ex­ the best part, for tulips have lost " must" for transplanting use. change center for this national pas­ none of their beauty. To the con­ 4·qt. bag . . 52.35 ppd. 2·bu . sack ...... S7.75 ppd. sion. In three years, more than ten trary, thanks to the hard work of hy­ million bulbs were traded in one bridizers and growers, tulips now town alone. come in so many dazzling color

Throughout the centuries, poets combinations, shapes and sizes that Your answer to inexpensive. speedy plant reproduction. Hundreds of va rieties being and writers perceived the tulip as an were those passionate Sultans to re­ reproduced by professional growers. Air· layering is a centuries old oriental system of erotic symbol. The Jesuit poet Rapin turn to earth, they would no doubt plant propagation. It's fascinating and easy. and saves you from 2 to 5 yea rs growing time. wrote about a Dalmatian nymph (he decree a year-long "Feast of the Have the th rill of watching birth of a plant. was much given to writing about Tulips," with each day dedicated to Kit with Directions ...... $3.79 ppd. nymphs) who was transformed into a different tulip and maiden. But a tuli p to preserve her virginity from lucky us. We can have our private OAKLEAF MOLD Nature's finest humus and so il conditioner for house the lust of the Greek god Vertumnus Garden of Delights right in our own p lants, gardens. who pursued her ardently. In part backyard by simply planting these 4-qt. bag . . .. $3.75 ppd. Rapin wrote: "Bold with desire his luscious bulbs. Our harems may SPHAGNA· MIX passion he revealed/ Confessed the have dwindled to a precious few, Clean, odorless. Replaces soil completely for all plants. secret god and force applied,! To but let's be grateful that the magnifi­ 4·ql. bag . . $2.89 ppd. heaven for aid the modest virgin cent tulips have multiplied to gratify cried:! 'Ye rural powers, preserve a our eternal craving for beauty. SHEET MOSS Lasting green color beautifies appearance of d rab soil nymph from shame!" Others, nota­ To enjoy the beauty of tulips in in pots. bly Robert Browning, Elizabeth Bar­ your garden next spring, you must 3-oz. bag ...... $1 .63 ppd. rett, Tennyson, Victoria Sackville­ plant them this fall. They require the Fabulous TURKEY PEAT West also wrote about the voluptu­ cold of winter to develop good root 100% Organic Soil Conditioner. compost ous tulip. And Dumas Sr. did pretty systems. So start planning now Produces glorious growth of house plants. ~~RKEYPf4,. vegetables. flowers, trees, shrubs. Made of ::' t ':::. well with his "The Black Tulip." which varieties you prefer and how turkey droppings and imported peat moss. ~:. "t: ...; No manure odor, weed free. Binds sandy soils. Tulips created their own folklore. many you'll need, and place your loosens heavy soils. Produces excellen t root ",g". U ~·"""'I D 'Ul They were depicted as the special order early so you're sure of getting growth_ Adds nitrogen to soil. ---- favorites of elves, fairies and pixies. what you want. Stroll around your 4.qt. bag ...... $2.70 ppd. Tulips were used as cradles for pixie garden. Visualize where a bed of Re·Nu-Erth Worm Manu babies who were put to bed at night colorful tulips would look best. It 100% o rganic concentrated energy .;;a makes all p lants grow and bloom in their inside the cozy folded satin cups. needn' t be a large area. Even just a fu ll glory. No n-bu rning, odorless. Espe· Not even religious authorities ig­ couple of dozen tulips add a vivid ciall y good for violets. %· Ib. pkg . . .. $1 .68 ppd. nored the tulip. According to touch to the garden. Choose a well­ 4·lb. pkg .. . S5 .68 ppd. Hone's "Everyday Book," which is a drained soil, follow proper planting """'11"""""""""""'1""""""""""", •• , ••• ,."" I saints' floral dictionary, the Angli­ directions, and then just sit back " NODAMPOFF" .. o 5·qt. bag,S2.50 o 2-bu. sack ,S.75 can Church dedicated Tulipa ges­ and await your own private "Feast LONG·FIBERED SPHAGNUM . . .. 0 4·ql. bag. 2.35 o 2·bu. sack, 7 .75 neriana to St. Philip for his feast day of the Tulips." Of one thing you can AIRLAYER GROW KIT (w ith directions) 0 3.79 on May 1st, and the Clarimond be certain: whatever the size or loca­ OAK LEAF MOLD ...... 0 4·ql. bag. 3.75 SPHAGNUM·MIX . 0 4.qt. bag. 2.89 Tulip, Tulipa praecox, went to St. tion of the area you set aside for GREEN SHEET MOSS . . I:J 3·02. bag. 1.63 TURKEY PEAT . -.J 4-qt. bag, 2.70 Mark for that saint's feast day on tulips, there are varieties that will be R E·NU·ERTH . \>· Ib. pkg .• 1.68 April 25th. just ideal for it. The many kinds, 1 4·lb. pkg .. 5.68 Tulips flourished as artistic inspi­ sizes and colors available make pos­ ration for designers of pottery, metal sible this assurance. Name (Please Pri nt) work and embroidery. Tulips were Address used symbolically in most Dutch Carla Wallach is author of: Gardening in City State Zip and Persian art. But the tulip really th e City, The Reluctant W eeken d Gardner, Enclosed is S _____ came into its own as an erotic form and Interior Decoration w ith Plan ts. 33 Please Send Brochure. I Dept. 7 Bob J. Reeves; Fred B. Widmoyer; Darrell T. Sullivan Department of Horticulture New Mexico State University Las Cruces , NM 88001

Except for the higher mountains, southern New Mexico is desert. The average annual precipitation de­ creases slightly from east to west. In the south central portion, the aver­ age rainfall is 8.01 inches with ex­ tremes of 2.9 inches to 19.6 inches. The precipitation usually comes in the winter and summer seasons. Winter precipitation often falls as slow, penetrating rains or snow, while summer rain accounts for slightly over half of the annual total. Often it comes as violent, localized thunderstorms with considerable run-off. New Mexico is considered to be in Hardiness Zone 7 (average mini­ mum temperature lOOF) but occa­ sionally it has temperatures near OaF. Summer temperatures can go as high as 105°F but generally are in the low to mid 90' s, particularly after the summer rains begin. Soil problems are generally salt­ related. Insufficient rain does not leach the naturally occurring and fertilizer salts from the root zone. Ir­ Desert marigold and verbena rigation waters generally contribute addi tional quantities . Leaching tainers. Fall planting produces bet­ throughout the area. Others, that with copious amounts of water is a ter results of survival and future seem to require a bit more water, partial solution, providing drainage show. have found their niche here and and water quality are satisfactory. In such a seemingly hostile thrive. It is some of the latter that we Omit manures in your maintenance environment, one would expect to would like to mention as pos­ program. Mulches are valuable ad­ find very little plant life-perhaps sibilities for growing in areas with ditions to a desert garden, and good an occasional cactus, yucca or greater rainfall. drainage is essential. creosote bush. We do have many of The Desert Willow (Chilopsis In transplanting, overwatering these, but other plants survive in the linearis) is not a willow but a mem­ causes considerable native plant desert as well. Many plants are well ber of the Bignoniaceae. It normally losses. Many cannot be successfully adapted by various means to this grows as a large shrub or small 34 moved, and should be grown in con- environment and are common multi-trunked tree to about 15 feet. Some grown in local gardens, where planted as an ornamental in the compact, more attractive plant re­ they receive supplemental water Southwest and has escaped cultiva­ sults from severe pruning before and pruning, have developed into tion and become naturalized in growth begins in the spring. beautiful trees up to 25 feet tall. The places. The large, bipinnate leaves One of the favorite herbaceous catalpa-like flowers are produced with many small leaflets give the plants in this area is the Desert most of the summer. They are about plant a delicate appearance. The Marigold (8aileya multiradiata) . It 11/2 inches long and 1 inch across, spectacular flowers are produced in generally grows in sandy areas with white with the lip and throat large terminal clusters, each flower little or no run-off from heavy rains streaked or spotted w ith pink or being about 2 inches across with yel­ and where evaporation from the soil purple. This decid uous tree has low petals and 4-inch long, bright is minimal. It also thrives where the long, narrow leaves that resemble red pistil and stamens. There are run-off from even light showers willows, thus giving it its common two minor drawbacks with this adds considerable moisture to the name. It ranges from western Texas plant. One is that the bruised leaves soil. The low, silvery, wooly plants to southern Nevada, and is also and the sticky, glandular flower produce the Il/2 -inch bright gold­ found in California and northern buds and seed pods are ill-smelling. en-yellow flow er heads on long Mexico, mostly along arroyos. stems most of the summer. This An arroyo is a wash or stream bed plant grows in favorable spots that is dry most of the time. After a throughout most of the Southwest. rain, it will carry run-off for a few There are many species of aster minutes to a few hours, depending throughout the Southwest. Some on the amount and extent of the are annuals, others biennials, and rain. Often, an arroyo will carry still others perennial herbs. The water to an area receiving little rain­ 3/4- inch to I -inch flower heads are fall, thus enabling plant life to sur­ produced in great numbers on vive. plants up to 2 inches tall in late Another interesting riparian plant summer and fall. Colors range from is the Apache Plume (Fallug ia several shades of blue through lilac paradoxa) of the Rosaceae. It forms a and lavender to purple and violet. much branched, somewhat strag­ Asters grow in the same situation as gling shrub to 7 feet. A bit of prun­ the Desert Marigold, and in favor­ ing improves the shape. An infu­ able years the roadsides are quite sion of the small, more or less ever­ colorful when they are in bloom. green, pinnately divided leaves is Of the many species of Penstemon used by the Hopi Indians as a stimu­ in the Southwest, one, Penstemon lant to hair growth. We make no ambiguus, seems to have been com­ claims as to the efficacy of the treat­ pletely overlooked by horticul­ ment. The charm of this plant is in turists. Unfortunately, it has no its flowers and seed. The one-inch common name. It is an herbaceous, " wild rose" flowers appear abun­ or slightly woody, densely branched dantly in spring and sparingly perennial, forming hemispherical throughout the remainder of the mounds to 18 inches in older plants. growing season. These are followed This plant grows from Kansas and by clusters of seed with long, Texas to Nevada and northern Aster tanacetifoli us purplish, plumose persistent styles, Arizona. Like the aster and desert strikingly similar to clematis in marigold, it is generally found in fruit. The plant appears to be cov­ The other is its ability to reseed it­ sandy areas or along roadsides. The ered with down after heavy flower­ self. When the pod matures and l/2- inch wide flowers are a delicate ing. It grows from southern Col­ dries, it springs open with an audi­ pink and cover the plant most of the orado to western Texas, and in ble snap, throwing the seed some summer. southeastern California and north­ distance from the parent plant. This These are but a few of the many ern Mexico. can be prevented by snipping off the interesting and colorful plants from The Bird of Paradise (Ca esalpinia spent flower heads before the pods the deserts of New Mexico and the gilli esil, not Stre litzia regina e) was in­ mature. In extremely cold winters, Southwest. All grow in full sun. troduced from South America but the plant may be killed back to the They are tolerant of, or require al­ has adapted so well that we often ground, but it will usually produce kaline soil, and thrive with little wa­ think of it as a native. This decidu­ rapid new growth from the base and ter. We think all have potential as ous shrub to 10 feet is widely flower on the new shoots. Often, a horticultural subjects. 35 Vines on Buildings

J. Robert Nuss Associate Professor of Ornamental Horticulture Extension The Pennsylvania State University University Park, P A 16802

There are a variety of vines that can be planted to aid in the screen­ ing of walls and buildings. How­ ever, it should be kept in mind that one can never totally obscure an ob­ ject or view with plant materials. When the plant growth becomes dense or massive enough to com­ pletely block out the problem it is often large and unsightly. This in it­ self is a problem. It is more effective to think in terms of using plant ma­ terials to soften and modify the landscape. When using vines on walls and buildings consider their value in reducing the harshness or massiveness of the structure. When used properly, vines should com­ plement and not dominate the land­ scape. When vines are considered as screening plants for a wall or build­ ing, one should understand how a Campsis radi can s-common trumpet creeper given plant climbs a structure. To function as a screen the plant should Campsis species (Trumpet Creeper), and some are independent parts of be able to hold itself in place. There Euonymus fortunei varieties (Winter­ the plant. With this group of plants, are three basic mechanisms by creeper), Hedera species (Ivy), Hy­ trellises or similar structures have to which vines attach themselves to a drangea anomala petiolaris (Climbing be provided on which the plants can surface. Some vines send out root­ Hydrangea), and Parthenocissus climb since they are unable to attach lets, discs or similar holdfasts which tricuspidata (Japanese Creeper). directly to a smooth surface. Plants attach the plant stem directly to the Other vines bear tendrils or small in this group include Ampelopsis surface. Their support mechanisms threadlike stems that twist around species and Clematis species (Cle­ have amazing tenacity, and they are objects, attaching to them and matis). often so strong that they remain on enabling the plant to climb. Some A third group of vines use twin­ the surface when the vine is re- tendrils are petioles of the leaf, ing stems which encircle a support, 36 moved. Plants in this group include others are a continuation of the leaf winding round and round it until a fast hold is obtained. Supports for Wisteria species (Wisteria). Japanese Honeysuckle may develop twining plants should not be so Colorful and interesting fruit can stems 20' in length and go to the top thick that the stems are unable to add an extra touch in the fall. There of a tree in a single season. Growth coil around them, but they should are a variety of fruit types rang­ rate may also serve as a guideline on be strong enough to support the ing from rounded berry-like, to the potential maintenance problems total plant. Ppants in this group will plumed, to elongated pods depend­ associated with the type of vine. For not adhere to the support surface. ing upon the specific vine. Vines the smaller and more confined gar­ Some examples are Akebia quinata with colorful fruit include Ampelop­ den setting it may be well to con­ (Fiveleaf Akebia), Celastrus species sis brevipedunculata (Porcelain Am­ sider a slow developing vine even if (Bittersweet), Lonicera species pelopsis), Cela strus species (Bit­ a special support must be prepared (Honeysuckle), and Wisteria species tersweet), Clematis (most species) to hold its growth. (Wisteria). (Clematis), Euonymus fortunei v eg­ One factor governing a vine's Proper selection of vines for the etus (Bigleaf Wintercreeper), Parthe­ growth rate is the quality of the garden will be governed to a large no cissus species (Virginia and Japa­ planting site. Vines like other plants extent on the size of the area to be nese Creeper) and Wisteria species will respond to optimum site condi­ softened and the composition of the (Wisteria). tions. structure: wood, stone, brick, etc. It One factor of concern in the selec­ Since vines are generally planted is advisable to match the heavier, tion of a vine for cover is its potential with the idea of rapid cover and de­ coarse textured vines with the larger growth rate. Where fast cover is velopment it is important to supply structures. This is important for aes­ needed it will be important to con­ all the necessary factors needed for thetics as well as the structure's abil­ sider those species with the greatest good growth and development. If ity to physically support the plant potential. Keep in mind, however, the soil at the planting site is com­ growth. Smaller, more graceful that some of the fast growing vines pacted or physically poor it should vines are suited to lighter structures may not be the most attractive or be worked up to a depth of 15 to 18 and smaller areas. Keep in mind that appropriate for structure coverings. inches to allow for root penetration. in time even the smaller vines can Site and environmental conditions When preparing the area make it develop considerable stem growth where the vine will be grown will large enough for the roots to spread. and weight. All vines will require also affect its growth rate. Keep in mind that a plant's root sys­ periodic maintenance for optimum For comparison, the approximate tem is often equal to its top in vol­ effect in the garden. yearly growth rates of the following ume. The composition of the builcling vines may be helpful in selecting Also during the bed preparation, or wall is an important considera­ one suited to your needs. the addition of decomposed organic tion in making a final vine selection. Akebia quinata (Fiveleaf Akebia) matter will greatly improve the Vines that attach directly to the sur­ 3'-15' physical quality of the site. The total face are better suited to stone, brick, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Porce­ quantity to be used depends upon or similar materials. The holdfasts lain Ampelopsis) 15 '-20' the quality of the soil; however, 3 to us@d by this group can damage most Campsis radicans (Trumpet creeper) 4 bushels of organic matter per 100 non-stone type sidings like wood, 10' square feet of bed is a good starting vinyl and aluminum. With vines Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental Bit­ point. Organic matter is effective in that need a support to climb, air tersweet) 14' improving minor drainage prob­ space should be provided between Clematis montana rubens (Pink lems as well. However, if the entire the vine and surface. Otherwise the Anemone Clematis) 6'-10' area is poorly drained you may have dense foliage layer may retain Clematis paniculata (Sweet Autumn to consider a more extensive drain­ enough moisture against the surface Clematis) IS' age system to dry the soil and im­ to promote decomposition of the Hedera helix (English Ivy) 4'-8' prove water movement. wall or building. Lonicera japonica 'Halliana' (Hall's In addition to the organic matter, It is advisable to select vines that Japanese Honeysuckle) 18'-20' you should also consider the incor­ supply seasonal p@riods of interest. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia poration of any needed lime and/or The appearance of an attractive Creeper) 6'-10' fertilizer before actually setting the flower or fruit crop on the vine will Wisteria floribunda (Japanese Wis­ plants. A soil test of the area will add aesthetic value to the landscape. teria) 5'-7' give you a clear picture of the nutri­ Some vines with atfractive flowers This short list is by no means ent content. include Campsis speGies (Trumpet complete, but it does serve to indi­ If the site is dry, the added organic Creeper), Clematis species (Cle­ cate the range in potential growth matter will also be effective in mois­ matis), Lonicera species (Hon­ rates among some vines. The Ake­ ture retention within the soil. In ad­ eysuckle), Hydrangea anomala pe­ bia may only grow 3' a season while dition, a dense layer of suitable tiolaris (Climbing Hydrangea) and something as aggressive as Hall's Continued on page 42 37 AMcdelfor CorpJrale Tondscapng

Joan Jo nes Basking Ridge, NJ 07920

Like many urban dwellers, America's corporations the Kling Partnership of Philadelphia, AT&T's ar­ today are headed for the suburbs. And with fairly pre­ chitects. Actual construction was supervised by the 195 dictable results. Broadway Corp., a subsidiary of AT&T. Along highways and in small communities, multi­ Unlike more conventional office buildings, the AT&T storied, glass-sheathed office buildings (surrounded by complex is horizontal in conformation, with only 4 floors flotillas of cars on a sea of asphalt) have become a com­ of office space rising above grade level at its highest mon scene. All too frequently, landscaping is treated as point. Far from offering long, monotonous perspectives, an afterthought. it is broken into clusters and wings connected by a series Not so in Basking Ridge, New Jersey. As if proving of corridors which serve as pedestrian " streets" uniting exceptions do exist, this quiet historic community of the interior. Constructed of natural materials, the 5,000 residents has reaped the economic benefits of corr:mercial development without losing its semirural character. For in the midst of rolling hills dotted with old homes, estates, farms and suburban dwellings, its newest corporate resident, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, has erected an office facility for 3,400 administrative employees, designed specifically to harmonize with the surrounding countryside. " From the beginning, it was our intent that this struc­ ture provide the best possible working environment for our employees while retaining the unspoiled quality of the area," AT&T spokesmen are prompt to point out. Completed in mid-1977, the new facility which supple­ ments AT&T corporate headquarters in New York City, was constructed in efforts to consolidate administrative departments scattered throughou t Manhattan's financial district over the years since World War II . Basking Ridge was selected because 70 % of the corporate personnel al­ building's precast wall panels which have been sand­ ready lived in New Jersey. blasted to reveal the aggregate's warm earth tones, are Landscaping a new home, as any serious gardner will exposed to light and shadow created by overhanging, acknowledge, is a challenge. But, when " home" is a sloping terra-cotta roofs. complex covering nearly 2.7 million square feet of offices Surrounding and interspersing the building clusters and garages set on a 140-acre site, landscaping resolves are 14 acres of richly landscaped inner courtyards and to a fine art. terraces which seemingly nestle the complex into the AT&T's exterior and interior landscaping plans were natural contour of the land. Because the terraces and formulated at the same time the building was being de­ buildings conceal 30 acres of indoor garages, capable of signed. During the height of the design and documenta­ accommodating 3,000 employee and visitor vehicles, not tion for the structure, as many as six landscape architects one parked automobile is v isible on the site. As seen by were assigned to the project. " It was truly an exercise in those approaching the building through the trees, it has coordination between the building and landscape de- a residential character. This perspective was achieved 38 signers," says Robert Heilig, a landscape architect with through careful landscape planning which treated the Existing vegetation from the marshland was also transplanted to the bed of a stream flowing near an over­ pass constructed by AT&T to meter traffic from its 21/2 mile interior roadway system onto local streets and Interstate Highway 287 which borders the property. The overpass, faced in Delaware Quarrystone, is enhanced with graceful plantings of native ferns, azaleas and other small shrubs which are dominated by Deodara cedars, destined to reach 40-50 feet. Closer to the building in the second landscaping area, the natural image is maintained. Rather than planting trees a rigid 50 to 75 feet apart, several species of ash, maple, cherry, willow and oak have been grouped to blend with existing stands of trees. Clusters of ever­ greens, including Canada hemlock, white pine, Japanese black pine and Serbian spruce form a backdrop for extensive plantings of red twig dogwood, inkberry, winterberry, mountain laurel, viburnum and blueber­ ries, as well as a variety of azaleas, and rhododendron, specifically selected to lend color and interest through­ ou t the year. Another attractive addition to the natural beauty of the site is Bariatt Pond, a seven-acre settling basin con­ structed for flood control and surface water runoff. Exca­ vated in the path of an existing stream, it has a dam run­ ning across the center which reaches to within one foot of the surface. Water entering the pond drops its heavier complex as having three distinct, yet totally integral, particles behind the dam before flowing toward the areas. marshland on the property and into the Passaic River Natural areas on the periphery of the site were and Osborn Pond. meticulously preserved. Constructed on former farm­ Beyond Bariatt Pond, the building's terraces form the land, the building is surrounded by meadows and third, transitional landscaping area. Here the natural marshland where stately old trees were permitted to planting pattern gives way to more rigid groupings in dictate the outline of the final structure. Rather than keeping with, yet softening, the building's geometric stripping the site, trees were carefully protected, includ­ outline. ing a 48' white oak which continues to thrive within Dogwood, Sophora and five varieties of crabapple twenty feet of the building. Others, up to 6" and 9" in trees thrive on the terraces, many planted in 10-foot­ diameter, were relocated on the site where excavation diameter precast concrete planters located directly over was deliberately limited. Land disturbed by construc­ the building's structural columns which furnish sup­ tion will be returned to its natural state with plantings of port. Fill, ranging from 21/2 to 4 feet in depth, supports meadowgrass and native wildflowers. some of the 25,000 shrubs, 8 varieties of ground covers 39 and hundreds of spring and fall flowering bulbs to be rallight is also introduced into the core of the structure found both on the terraces and the grounds. Throughout through a series of nine skylights. The most dominant of the property, AT&T has planted a total of over 1,000 trees four skylights serving the 40,OOO-volume corporate li­ in 47 varieties. Softly lighted walkways, seating benches brary rests over an informal reading area shaded by Ficus and picnic tables line the terraces and inner courtyards trees and surrounded by grape ivy. which are totally accessible to those inside the building Natural materials used in the exterior of the building and are often enjoyed during a noonday respite. Most are repeated indoors. Floor tiles used on exterior walk­ are pierced by light wells which penetrate into the in­ ways and pre-cast wall panels with their warm aggregate door parking garages beneath, ushering in natural light. finish are found throughout the commons area where Here honey locusts, some up to 10" in diameter and the cafeteria and grill provide dining facilities for 1,000 reaching 35-40 feet high when installed, have been people. In the grill, small Dracaena fragrans and Spathi­ planted in order to introduce landscaping into this un­ phyllum rest in stone-lined beds, as though forming an derstory area and mark the position of elevators leading extension with Swiss stone pine and weeping Norway from the garages to office areas above. spruce to be found in planters on the grill's terraces This basic concept of bringing the outdoors inside the which are frequently used for warm weather dining. building dominates the interior spaces. In the lobby, for AT&T intended to provide the best possible work example, windows scale two stories providing a pano­ environment for its employees. At the same time, rama of the surrounding countryside. Schefflera trees, through its architectural and landscaping design, it has many well over 12 feet tall, tower over ferns and other reaffirmed the fact that an office structure can live in fine leafy plants which surround the lobby's focal point, harmony with its environment. a 32 foot waterfall. Color accents an~ provided by abun­ While some people may still be reserving their opin­ dant chrysanthemums centered in round tables serving ions on this building, at least one group has seemingly each of the lobby's four semi-circular lounges. pronounced its final verdict. For out on Bariatt Pond, While the periphery of the building offers views of the within some 500 feet of the building, a flock of Canada ~ourtyards , terraces, wooded areas and the pond, natu- geese has tenaciously taken up permanent residence.

"Lord & Burnham makes a truly fine greenhouse. It's the one I chose for myself."

"A greenhouse is a very impor­ tant purchase. You'll probably buy just one - as the fulfillment of a lifetime dream. That's why it really makes good sense to get the best - one that will last and give you years and years of gardening pleasure. That's why I chose Lord & Burn­ ham - both for my home and for my T.V. series Crockett's Victory Garden. Their product is excellent and has been for over 120 years. If you're thinking about buying a greenhouse, talk to Lord & Burnham fi rst. I never seriously considered anyone else."

r------,I ~"1 LORD & BURNHAM' I Division Burnham Corporation I • IRVINGTON, N.Y. 10533 Dept. 8 I

•I NAME •I Jim Crockett. Star of Crockett's Victory Garden T.V. Series • ADDRESS • Author of the Time-Life t:ncyclopedia of Gardening I. CITY .1 S~nd today for your copy of the new 1978 Lord & Burnham Catalog, • STATE ZIP • 40 Jim Crockett'S personal guide to the finest greenhouses in America . • ______• growth. Therefore, when ambient levels of ethylene be­ Air Pollution come excessive in polluted air, the above processes are continued from page 19 those which are affected. (The effects are sometimes symptoms imply tissue injury but not death, while acute similar to those of certain herbicides.) Thus, symptoms injury signifies tissue death. Chronic symptoms usually of excess ethylene include: growth reduction, decreased apical dominance, bud abscission, and flower defor­ result from exposure of a plant to low l ~v els of pollution for a long period of time, or occur when a plant is fairly mities or failure to open properly. Leaf symptoms often resistant to a pollutant. Acute injury is observed after a include growth abnormalities along with yellowing, short-term high level of pollution, or when a plant is very death of tissue, and premature abscission. Tomato sensitive. Acute S02 injury on conifers usually appears plants produce a characteristic downward curvature of as a reddish-brown discoloration of the needle tip. De­ the petiole, resulting in a condition known as pending upon the severity of the fumigation, the discol­ " epinasty." Tomato plants are thus useful indicators of oration may progress towards the needle base. Bands excess ethylene in greenhouses. may appear on the needle when successive fumigations This is not a complete treatment of this subject. Other are involved, each band representing a distinct fumiga­ pollutants such as fluorides, are very toxic to gladiolus, tion. Chronic injury may also involve some tipburn, but iris, and other spring flowering bulbs. Severe injury to mainly is observed as a general mottling or yellowing of entire gladiolus fields has been observed downwind needles, with premature defoliation of older needles. from sources of fluorides, such as aluminum, or glass This premature defoliation may give the crown a sparse, manufacturing industries. Particulates from cement or tufted appearance. If a seedling is involved, after re­ lime industries, hydrogen chloride from incineration of peated assaults the entire plant may become severely PVC plastics, chlorine from leaking swimming pool cyl­ dwarfed over a period of time. inders, ammonia from spills, etc. all can cause plant damage in localized areas. On broadleaved species, " classic" S02 injury appears If more information is des ired, such as tables listing the as areas of injured tissue located between green veins. susceptibility or tolerance of various plants species to air The injured tissue may appear yellow, if the damage is pollution, please writ e the author for the free , color booklet light. If the case is severe, however, the interveinal areas "Air Pollution and Trees," and lists of useful references. will tum ivory to tan as the tissues die. The cells and tissues adjacent to the veins remain alive, yielding the characteristic pattern of green veins and brown inter­ veinal tissue. Send Now For The Ethylene Sources.-Ethylene (CH2=CH2) has been recognized as an air pollutant for one hundred years. In the early New 1978 FREE days, the main source of atmospheric contamination by ethylene was leaks of illuminating gas. Vegetation dam­ Park Seed Catalog age was generally restricted to localized areas adjacent to PARK OFFERS 3000 the leak. In recent years the threat to plants from ethylene VARIETIES OF FLOWERS appears to be more widespread since it is now known AND VEGETABLES IN that ethylene is emitted from automobile exhaust. Ad­ ONE OF AMERICA'S ditional ethylene is also released in the burning of nearly FINEST CATALOGS. any organic substance including agricultural waste, and Fi nd all you need to plan a showplacel Many varieties not available elsewhere; residential trash. Incomplete gas combustion in green­ hybrid seed of great value because of house heaters and C02 generators has caused severe disease resistance, ability to grow larger. more abundant flowers and fruit, with ethylene injury to a wide variety of greenhouse crops. brighter, clearer colors. The complete combustion of propane, or kerosene, 124 PAGES IN FULL COLOR should yield only carbon dioxide and water. However, if I ------_._- the burm~r is not adjusted properly, large amounts of III GEO. INC. II ethylene can be produced. The fumes are often trapped ~~:~:k~5~~r~DR:~·' MAIL TODAY! Greenwood, South Carolina 29647 in the tight, plastic greenhouse and cannot escape. If I Please rush my FREE copy of Park's Flower and .I possible, propane or kerosene greenhouse heaters I Vegetable Book. I should always be vent€ld to the outside. Effects.-Ethylene is also a natural plant hormone, 1 NAME I and as such it plays an important role in regulating plant I ADDRESS I development. This compound appears to playa domi­ nant role in many growth processes, including shoot : CITY : elongation, fruit ripening and coloration, leaf and flower STATE ZIP IL- ______~41I senescence and abscission, root induction and lateral The Hershey Nursery Screening Vines Presenting, for the Announces Continued from page 37 first time anywhere, the AN INCREDIBLE mulch over the planting site will MAGNIFICENT DISCOVERY••• greatly improve the moisture con­ tent of the soil. Often gardeners A Rose for all Seasons! overlook the value of mulch when %td planting vine·s. It seems they feel the vine will grow and cover fast PatiOPatty enough to make mulching unneces­ m .%u~ Rose Mini-Flora sary. Even with vines, the extra moisture in the soil is helpful. Amazing one-of-a-kind mini-rose. Equally important, the mulch will Ylme With proper care, it will reduce unsightly weed growth, A strong-growing, long-lasting live as long as you do! prevent erosion, moderate soil tem­ rose with eye-catching color! peratures and improve the appear­ ance of the area until the vine is able to establish and cover. Once a vine has been planted and established, pruning is its principle cultural requirement. Without periodic pruning most vines be­ come unsightly and overpowering. Vines are best if pruned, thinned and shaped at regular intervals to remove dead or weak wood and suckers. It is beneficial to cut some • Specially bred to grow indoors stems from the center of the vine so • Specially created for the formal or out. Grows in winter, indoors. that air may circulate freely through gardens at Hotel Hershey, one of • Perfect outdoor border plant or the great resorts of N. America in pots for patio display. Grows the plant. The important point to • Reaches 3-31h ft. the first season to approximately 18 inches. keep in mind is the necessity for an­ • Flowers are long-lasting even when cut for indoor use This all-new breed of rose com­ nual pruning to prevent the vine This vibrant and versatile rose is the bines ,!he mQst desirable features of from losing its decorative value and result of a unique combination of the the flori"bl:inda and the traditional wonders of nature and the science of minia ture rose. It's la rger a nd becoming a garden pest. man. The Hotel Hershey Rose is a stronger thi\n the mini a tur~ rose, The choice of a vine will be deter­ cross between two All-America award yet smaller than the flonbunda. winners; and this brilliant neon orange Each tiny bud is perfectly formed, mined by your specific needs and red grandifiora refiects the finer quali­ fragrant and bursting with color. what you expect the plant to ac­ ties of its parents. Ideal for home gar- complish on the wall or building. thruAvailable the only $~95 world-famous The following vine descriptions will ~E~;E~'~ $S~~ Hershey.Nursery, EACH serve to point out the varieties Nursery, Hershey, Pa. 2 for $9.50 commonly available to you. Hershey, Pa. 2 for $11 Akebia quinata (Fiveleaf Akebia) is r------~Patio Patty Rose Order Form a native of China and Japan. It is a r------~------~Hotel Hershey Rose Order Form Hershey Nursery (2-AH) woody plant with a fine, graceful Hershey Nursery (2-AH) 621 Park A venue habit but does need annual atten­ 621 Park A venue Hershey, Penna. 17033 tion. The dark green leaves each Hershey, Penna. 17033 Please ship the Hotel Hershey Rose in Please ship the Patio Patty Rose in consist of five small leaflets arranged the following quantities (postpaid): the following quantities (postpaid): finger-fashion on purplish petioles. Price It grows as a twining stem and Gan Price soar to heights of 15 to 20 feet with $5.95 ea.!2 for $11 NAME ______NAME ______adequate support. In milder cli­ ADDRESS ______mates the vine is semi-evergreen ADDRESS ______CfTY ______well into winter. The flowers on CITY ______STATE ______ZIP _____ Akebia are not too common, but STATE ______.ZIP ______Pa. residents add 6% sales tax. Check when present they are fragrant, Pa. residents add 6% sales tax. Check or money order, no C.O.D.'s please. or money order, no C.O.D.'s please. Offer good only in the 48 continental purplish, 1/2 - 1 inch in diameter in Offer good only in the 48 continental 42 United States. loose clusters to 4 inches long in the United States. ~------. .------~ axils of the leaf. Flowering occurs in evenly in a neat mat and completely location with a rich, moist well­ April to May but fruit is seldom de­ cover a surface. It will climb as high drained soil. It will flower only in veloped. as 20 feet on a wall. full sun. Akebia prefers a sunny location The flowers of Wintercreeper are Lonicera jap onica 'Halliana' (Hall's but will tolerate partial shade. Op­ inconspicuous whereas the fruit is a Honeysuckle) is a native of Eastern timum growth occurs in a rich, light, small capsule which splits open to Asia but has escaped cultivation in well-drained loam. expose an orange-ish inner portion. many parts of this country. It climbs Amp elopsis brev ip edun culata The fruit is present from September by twining stems and has grown 30 (Porcelain Ampelopsis) is native to until frost. or more feet. It may completely sur­ Northeastern Asia. It is a strong­ If planted in a shady location it round trees and shrubs. It is not a growing vine with heavy and coarse will not spread as rapidly, yet it plant for small areas. features. The leaves are bright adapts well to most sites. Moist, The leaves of the plant are dark green, 3-lobed and heart-shaped in well-drained soil and a sunny loca­ green, 1 to 3 inches long with an ob­ outline. tion will produce the bes t growth long shape. They are deciduous but It climbs on supports by twisting and cover in the shortest time. turn a bronzy color in fall as cold tendrils and may go as high as 10 to Hedera helix (English Ivy) is native weather begins. The flowers are fra­ 20 feet. The plant is deciduous, thus to Europe. Its uses in the landscape grant, tubular, I-Ph inches long the stems and branching pattern is are almost unlimited. It climbs by and creamy white from June attractive in winter. The flowers are aerial rootlets which allow it to at­ through September. Its fruit is a greenish and inconspicuous. The tach easily to most surfaces, or it black berry. fruit is 1/4 inch in diameter, and may be trained over a trellis or simi­ One reason for its rapid growth bright blue in fall. lar support to construct specific and development is its ability to tol­ Ampelopsis does well in sun or forms . If allowed to grow on a struc­ erate a variety of site conditions. shade, tolerates wind and adapts to ture it may climb 50 to 75 feet. This Honeysuckle withstands a variety of soil types. Ivy foliage is dense, dark green drought, heat, sun or shade and will Campsis radicans (Trumpet and 3- to 5-lobed. The leaf is 2 to 4 grow very rapidly if placed in op­ Creeper) is a native of Eastern inches long and equally wide. The timum soil and site conditions. United States. It has limited use in a plant is used mainly for its foliage. Parth enacissus quinquefalia (Vir­ small garden because of its heavy, Only very old and mature plants de­ ginia Creeper) is a native vine that coarse growth. It attaches to struc­ velop fruit. climbs by rootlike holdfasts or ten­ tures with aerial rootlets and by English Ivy and its varieties are drils that attach directly to its sup­ twining. Its foliage is dark green and best suited to shady locations. Too port. It is an open growing plant that coarse. It is deciduous. Once estab­ much sun can injure the leaves and sends out slender, drooping side lished the plant may climb to 30 or 40 retard its development. The site branches. It often climbs to 50 or feet. should be cool, with a moist, well­ more feet. In time it forms a dense Its flowers are attractive from July drained soil. Hot, dry locations are mat on the structure. through September. They are trum­ not well suited to Ivy. The leaves are palmately com­ pet-shaped, 3 inches long with the Hy dran ge a anom ala p eti ola ri s pound with 5 coarsely toothed leaf­ tube bright orange and the lip scar­ (Climbing Hydrangea) is a climbing lets 3 to 6 inches long. In summer, let. The blossoms are borne in clus­ vine with root-like holdfasts. It is a the leaves are a dull green but be­ ters of 6 to 12 . The fruit is not as in­ native of Japan and is planted for its come a brilliant scarlet in the fall be­ teresting but develops as stalked flowers and attractive foliage. It can fore dropping. capsules 3 to 5 inches long in fall. climb as high as 50 feet or more but Flowers of Virginia Creeper are For best growth and flowering develops heavy woody stems in the inconspicuous among the foliage. Campsis should be located in full process. Its holdfasts may damage The fruit, however, is ornamental sun where the soil is rich, moist and wooden supports. and turns bluish black in the fall. well-drained. However, it will tol­ The leaves are a bright green, 2 to Berries are about 1/2 inch in diameter erate a variety of soil conditions and 4 inches long and heart-shaped. The on red-stalked clusters which con­ may escape cultivation. white flowers are borne in large flat trast well with the red fall foliage. Euonymus fortunei (Wintercreep­ clusters, 6 to 10 inches across during The plant adapts well to most sites er) and its varieties is native to Cen­ June and July. Its fruit is not very at­ (even light shade). tral and Western China. The plants tracti ve. The orange-ish colored If you wish to try climbing plants are shrubby vines with evergreen or stems do add interest to the garden for use as screens, evaluate your semi-evergreen foliage that is 112 - 2 in winter months after the foliage needs and conditions carefully. inches long with a rounded shape. It drops. Then proceed-the proper plant clings tightly by means of rootlike Climbing Hydrangea is slow to well maintained can turn an eyesore holdfasts. The vine will spread establish even when set in a sunny into an area of beauty. 43 Gardeners MarkeFrlace

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CATALOG FREE Illustrated booklet and listing of Bromeliads, Wespecialize in native, hardy Wildflowers, Catus Wholesale Only Tillandsia Novelties and Succu lents, $1 .00 Fern':;' Hardy Orchids and Perennials. (refundable). Walther's Exotic House Plants, wGrown in Vermont, It's Hardy." World's largest importer of Mexican cactus R.D. #3, Box 30AH, Catskill, NY 12414. PUTNEY NURSERY (authors of The Complete Guide to Mexican Box AH28, Putney, Vermont 05346 Cacti) seeking midwestern and northern out­ lets for bare root cactus. All plants healthy Plants and sturdy. U.S. Dept. Agriculture inspected. GROWERS CATALOG-(our 52nd Year) WATER LILIES Large assortment of plants and sizes. Loads GOLDFISH. SCAVENGERS Thousands of items. Trees, Shrubs, Plants, may be designed to suit your particular AQUA TIC PLANTS. LIGHTS Fruits, Seedlings, Seeds, Pots, Tools, Sup­ PUMPS • FILTERS. FOUNTAINS needs. Plants easily established, guaranteed plies, Books. Stamps appreciated. Mellin­ FIBERGLASS GARDEN POOLS. 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Earl Sholley, 150 Colonial Village, Amherst, MA 01002. Dr. Taylor is a professor of horticul­ CATALOG ture a t Michigan Sta te University w h ere Handsome trees for he has taught since 1960 . His book is a all year g reenery. Publications Fast Growing. very good one for beginning indoor gar­ FULL COLOR EPIPH YLLUM SUPPLEMENT deners and also for most of those who 18 hardy everg reen have been grow ing plants for years. trees fully described. featuring new varieties, special money-saving Excellent for living offers, included wi th orig inal illustrated It starts with bas ic information on fences, windbreaks catalog and plant care informatio n. Send parts and functions of plants and flo w ­ .all and landscaping . $1.00 to KELLY 'S EPIPHYLLUM COLLEC­ ers, covers cultural requirements such as Yay.ESTERN TION , Dept. AH , 141 Quail Dr ive, Encin itas, lighting, humidity, watering, fertiliz­ ~AI N E For ••' Nur•• ru Co. CA 92024. ing, and the identification and treat­ BOX AH-18 , FRYEBURG, MAINE 04037 More than 600 varieties. Exbury and Ever­ ment of common plant problems. In ad­ green, Azaleus, Japanese Map les , Dwarf dition, there are directions for making Conifers, and Bonsai material . Color catalog and caring for dish gardens, terrariums, TREE PEONIES worth having as a reference book-$1 .00 and hanging baskets. Queen Of The Garden GREER GARDENS (HT) , 1280 Go odpasture For example, the author points out Largest assortment of named varieties in Rd , Eugene, Or. 97401 . the world . that most houseplants are grown in Also HERBACEOUS-HYBRIDS-SPECIES greenhouses or nurseries where water­ World's most complete Peony catalog with WRITE "THE UNCOMMON NURSERYMAN " ing, temperature, light and humidity are over 150 colored photographs. for free folder offering trees and shrubs sel­ usually at optimum levels. Taking a ALSO ASK FOR WHOLESALE LIST LOUIS SMIRNOW & SON dom found in garden centers. All container­ plant that was produced under almost 85 Linden Lane grown . Satisfaction guaranteed. Examples: ideal conditions and placing it in the at­ Glen Head P. O. Brookville, L.I., N.Y. 11545 Japanese Maple , Hinoki Cypress, Ginkgo. mosphere of most homes, apartments, Add distinctive character to your yard . The dormitories, or offices is a great shock. Uncommon Nurseryman , Box 10-C, DeWitt, Michigan 48820. Some plants never survive this move. Others respond by dropping lower leaves and/or flowers (or buds); some die If PLANTS excite you , so will PACIFIC HOR­ TICULTURE , a quarterly magazine acclaimed back from the top. YOU CAN GROW, throughout the world for its useful information , There are several things that indoor EAT AND SELL­ fine color illustrations and lasting value. $6 gardeners can do (the process is called AND GUARANTEED! per year ($7 foreign) . PACIFIC HORTICUL­ acclimatization). 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"Water "Lilies,. "Lotus Te help new plants adjust to different "Fountains a:: IUILOING' iI'lANTING WAlH C;UDfNS levels of light intensity, gradually ex­ _~ I0OI( ~• " HOW TO- SOt Visits to Gardens in England pose them to the levels at which you plan evan "Ness "Water Gardens to grow them. If their new home is in a 2460 N. Euclid Ave., Rt. 2. Upfllnd, Ceo q1786 - (7104' 992·2125 We offer holiday courses on Garden History south-facing window, start exposing held at Oxford Colleges in Association with Give a friend a gift them to full sunlight for only a half hour the Garden History Society 24-29 July and membership in the 11-16 September. Also, History of Buildings or so, early or late in the day. After a few and Architecture 10-15 April. Details from: days start increasing the length of expo­ American Horticultural ISIS SEMINAR , Malt House, Cottage, Tackley, sure until they are receiving full sunlight Oxford , OX5 3AH, england. for the entire day. Society. 45