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The Case of the Elmina Castle and the Community

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The Case of the Elmina Castle and the Community Department of Tourism and Northern Studies A community-based Tourism Approach for Sensitive Tourist Destinations: The Case of the Elmina Castle and the Community. — Kelvin Owusu Master thesis in Tourism Studies … May 2019 To my lovely wife Maame Otiwaa Owusu and son Stein Owusu-Adusei. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound thanks to the Almighty God for protecting me and my family and for bringing us this far. Many thanks to my supervisor Professor Stein Roar Mathisen, for his knowledgeable directions to the study. My appreciation to my family and friends for their support and inspiration. I say thank you to all my research participants without whose help this study would not have been a reality. Finally, I thank the staff of the Department of Tourism & Northern Studies in Alta, University of Tromso, Norway for their significant contribution to my studies. ii Abstract The historical slave castles and forts along the coast of Ghana presents a touristic experience full of emotions. These sensitive sites attract a number tourist to Ghana bringing revenue for government expenditure. Whereas these sites are owned and run by government, communities within which these sites are located have had poor development due to their isolation from tourism development. The neglect of community involvement in tourism have resulted in problems reflective in the host communities such as lack of development, resident’s isolation and possible community backlash. Also, the sensitive issues related to these sites have not been given enough attention. This study uses qualitative interviews to explore the possibility of employing the community-based tourism (CBT) approach to these historical sites. The study uses the Elmina castle and the community as its case of reference to explore the fundamental concepts of the CBT to determine the level of participation of stakeholders in Elmina tourism and the required initiatives necessary to establish a CBT model for the community. The study also explores the economic, social and environmental impacts of utilizing the CBT model for the sites. Finally, the study assesses the barriers that tend to impede establishing CBTs in Ghanaian communities. While these issues are discussed, suggestions on issues such as dealing with sensitivity, policy recommendations, and community alternative to CBT are also outlined. Keywords: Tourism, Community participation, Community-based tourism, Elmina castle, sensitivity. Master’s Thesis, Title: A COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM APPROACH FOR SENSITIVE TOURIST DESTINATIONS: THE CASE OF THE ELMINA CASTLE AND THE COMMUNITY. Kelvin Owusu, UiT. iii List of Abbreviations CBT….........................Community-Based Tourism CBOs………………...Community-Based Organisations ECHMP……………...The Elmina Cultural Heritage and Management Programme GMMB……………... The Ghana Museums and Monuments Board GTA…………………Ghana Tourism Authority ICC…………………. Intercommunal company JHS…………………. Junior High School KEEA……………… Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal district NGOs………………. Non-Governmental Organizations SHS……………….... Senior High School WW II ………….…...World War Two iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ iii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One: STUDY BACKGROUND.......................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problem statement ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Objective of the study ................................................................................................................ 6 1.3. Research questions ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Significance of the study ............................................................................................................ 6 1.5. Study Structure........................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter Two: ELMINA, THE CASTLE AND THE NATURE OF TOURISM ............................. 8 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Elmina brief history ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. The Elmina Castle and Fort St. Jago: World Heritage Sites, UNESCO. ................................. 10 2.2.1. Other Tourist Destinations and Activities in Elmina ........................................................ 11 2.2.1.1. The Dutch Cemetery ................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1.2. Festivals in Elmina ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1.3. The Elmina Java Museum .......................................................................................... 12 2.3. A justification for CBT approach ............................................................................................ 12 2.4. The nature of tourism ............................................................................................................... 13 2.5. Chapter Summary .................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter Three: METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 17 3. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Methods and strategies ............................................................................................................. 17 3.1.1. Constructivism worldviews of the study ........................................................................... 17 3.1.2. Advocacy/Participatory ..................................................................................................... 18 3.2. Data Collection Techniques ..................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Qualitative interviews ........................................................................................................ 19 3.2.1.1. Semi-Structured Interviews ....................................................................................... 20 3.2.1.2. Combining individual interviews and focus group..................................................... 20 3.2.1.3. Recording and transcription ........................................................................................ 21 3.2.2. Secondary sources of data ................................................................................................. 21 3.3. Study area................................................................................................................................. 22 3.4. Participants ............................................................................................................................... 22 v 3.4.1. Participant Selection .......................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2. Sample Size ....................................................................................................................... 23 3.5. Gaining access to Participants ................................................................................................. 23 3.6. Methodological issues and field reflections ............................................................................. 24 3.6.1. Influence of researcher’s perspectives on research process .............................................. 24 3.6.2. Questioning research questions ......................................................................................... 26 3.6.3. Generalizability issues and interviewees selection ........................................................... 27 3.6.4. Interviewees influenced by the interview situation ........................................................... 27 3.7. Ethical considerations .............................................................................................................. 28 3.7.1. Seeking consent ................................................................................................................. 29 3.7.2. Anonymity and confidentiality.......................................................................................... 29 3.8. Chapter summary ..................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter Four: RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FOCUS ................................. 31 4. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 31 4.1. Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.1.1. Summary of literature reviews .........................................................................................
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