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Stefano Maltese UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA DIPARTIMENTO TeSIS Tempo, Spazio, Immagine e Società SCUOLA SUPERIORE DI STUDI STORICI, GEOGRAFICI, ANTROPOLOGICI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE STORICHE E ANTROPOLOGICHE CICLO XXVII La storia contesa. Usi politici e processi di patrimonializzazione delle fonti nello Nzema contemporaneo S.S.D. M/DEA-01 Coordinatore: Prof. Gian Maria Varanini Tutori: Prof.ssa Anna Maria Paini Prof. Mariano Pavanello Dottorando: Dott. Stefano Maltese Quest’opera è stata rilasciata con licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione – Non commerciale Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia. Per leggere una copia della licenza visita il sito web: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/it/ Attribuzione Devi riconoscere una menzione di paternità adeguata, fornire un link alla licenza e indicare se sono state effettuate delle modifiche. Puoi fare ciò in qualsiasi maniera ragionevole possibile, ma non con modalità tali da suggerire che il licenziante avalli te o il tuo utilizzo del materiale. Non commerciale Non puoi usare il materiale per scopi commerciali. Non opere derivate Se remixi, trasformi il materiale o ti basi su di esso, non puoi distribuire il materiale così modificato. La storia contesa. Usi politici e processi di patrimonializzazione delle fonti nello Nzema contemporaneo Stefano Maltese Tesi di Dottorato Verona, 15 Gennaio 2016 ISBN 9788869250859 Sopra la nudità forte della verità il manto diafano della fantasia, sembra chiara la sentenza, chiara, chiusa e conclusa, anche un bambino sarà capace di capirla e andarla a ripetere all’esame senza sbagliarsi, ma questo stesso bambino capirebbe e ripeterebbe con ugual convinzione una nuova frase, Sopra la nudità forte della fantasia il manto diafano della verità, e questa frase sì, dà molto più da pensare, e immaginare con gusto, solida e nuda la fantasia, diafana appena la verità, se le sentenze capovolte diventassero leggi, che mondo faremmo con loro, è un miracolo che gli uomini non impazziscano ogni volta che aprono bocca per parlare. José Saramago, L’anno della morte di Ricardo Reis. Indice Ringraziamenti ................................................................................................................... 7 Fonti primarie e abbreviazioni ....................................................................................... 10 Avvertenze ........................................................................................................................ 12 Introduzione ................................................................................................................... 13 PARTE PRIMA . I luoghi della storia ............................................................................. 17 Capitolo 1. Storia di un museo senza storia. Verso l’individuazione dell’oggetto della ricerca .................................................................................................................... 20 1.1 La centralità politico-strategica di Fort Apollonia tra XVIII e XX secolo ....................................................................................................... 20 1.2 La casa della Missione ............................................................................. 26 1.3 Temi e prospettive dell’etnografia italiana in area nzema ....................... 33 1.4 La patrimonializzazione della relazione .................................................. 43 1.5 La risignificazione dell’etnografia della MEIG nel Fort Apollonia Museum.................................................................................................... 52 1.6 Patrimoni contesi. La storia locale fuori e dentro al museo ..................... 59 1.7 Il museo-archivio ..................................................................................... 65 1.8 Il problema e la prospettiva. Fonti e usi della storia nella “grande lite” per il Regno di Apollonia ............................................................................... 69 Capitolo 2. Strade di carta. Percorsi di produzione e conservazione dei documenti della chieftaincy ghanese ............................................................................................... 73 2.1 Nascita e sviluppo dei National Archives of Ghana ................................ 73 2.2 Il PRAAD: pratiche di gestione documentale al servizio della good governance ............................................................................................... 75 2.3 Crisi, resilienza e autonomizzazione dei poteri tradizionali .................... 80 2.4 Genesi e consolidamento degli archivi della chieftaincy ......................... 87 PARTE SECONDA . Storie e patrimoni in divenire ...................................................... 97 Capitolo 3. “Safeguarding Nzema History”. Verso la definizione dei patrimoni archivistici dei Traditional Councils .......................................................................... 100 3.1 Orizzonti digitali .................................................................................... 100 3.2 EAP569: ristrutturazione e digitalizzazione dei fondi di Eastern e Western Nzema Traditional Council .................................................................... 103 3.3 Caratteri e usi dei record dei Traditional Councils ................................ 107 3.4 Rappresentazioni e prospettive .............................................................. 112 3.5 Tra due fuochi. Problemi di posizionamento sul campo........................ 119 Capitolo 4. La grande lite sul seggio dello Nzema unitario. Riconfigurazioni dell’orizzonte storico e retoriche della “verità” ...................................................... 125 4.1 La lite come “fatto sociale totale” .......................................................... 125 4.2 Varietà e caratteri delle fonti storico-etnografiche sulla lite .................. 131 4.3 Problemi storiografici ............................................................................ 140 4.4 La costruzione retorica del passato nella cornice della lite .................... 154 4.5 La rilevanza sociale ed economica della lite sul seggio di Apollonia ... 172 «The future of our history». Note conclusive sulla patrimonializzazione della storia nzema .................................................................................................................. 187 Appendice A. Carte e figure ......................................................................................... 193 Appendice B. Immagini ................................................................................................ 198 Appendice C. EAP569 – Safeguarding Nzema History. Documents on Nzema Land in Ghanaian National and Local Archives. Survey Report. ............................................ 207 Glossario ........................................................................................................................ 292 Fonti giuridiche citate ................................................................................................... 295 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................... 297 VI Ringraziamenti Un genuino e profondo senso di gratitudine mi spinge a ricordare qui quanti hanno a vario titolo contribuito, con pazienza e straordinaria empatia, alla stesura di questo lavoro, ora ispirandolo ora sostenendone lo sviluppo. Il primo e più intenso ringraziamento è rivolto a Benedetta Lepore, compagna di vita e di campo, con la quale ho condiviso lunghi mesi di ricerca in Ghana e infinite ore di discorsi, riflessione, gioia, spensieratezza. A lei devo anche un ringrazia- mento particolare per aver generosamente condiviso con me testi e materiali d’ar- chivio nei quali si è imbattuta nel corso della sua ricerca di Dottorato. Il secondo ringraziamento va a coloro che mi hanno sostenuto durante la ricerca, stimolando in me l’acquisizione di strumenti teorico-epistemologici e metodologici via via più raffinati: la prof.ssa Anna Maria Paini, che ringrazio per la pazienza nell’ascolto e per la puntualità dei rilievi metodologici; e il prof. Mariano Pavanello, la cui profonda conoscenza del campo etnografico ha per me rappresentato sempre un porto sicuro, anche nei momenti di maggiore incertezza. Ringrazio con immenso affetto tutti i colleghi e le colleghe della Missione Etnolo- gica Italiana in Ghana con cui ho abitato il campo in questi anni: Mariaclaudia Cri- stofano, Elisa Vasconi, Francesco Longo, Cecilia Draicchio, Dario Scozia, Tom- maso Tercovich e tutti gli altri. Siamo tutti partecipi di un immaginario e di espe- rienze comuni; ci legano storie, ricordi e avvenimenti che difficilmente potranno sbiadire col passare del tempo. Mi piace pensare che lavorare a fianco di tutti questi amici, tanto leali quanto intellettualmente stimolanti, abbia contribuito in maniera determinante al conseguimento dei miei obiettivi di ricerca. Un ringraziamento profondo va a Matteo Aria: innanzitutto per l’amicizia che ci lega, e poi per il sostegno critico alle mie ricerche e per aver generosamente arric- chito la mia prospettiva di indagine attraverso un confronto sempre serrato e stimo- lante sui temi riguardanti i processi di patrimonializzazione. Ringrazio sinceramente il prof. Pino Schirripa, succeduto a Mariano Pavanello nella direzione scientifica della Missione Etnologica Italiana in Ghana, per aver garantito in questi anni un decisivo e incondizionato sostegno ai progetti di valorizzazione e digitalizzazione delle fonti archivistiche dei Traditional
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