DOCSLIB.ORG

Tg Frumos, Romania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tg Frumos, Romania School “Graabet Ibraileanu” Targu School “Graabet Ibraileanu” Targu School “Graabet Ibraileanu” Targu School “Graabet Ibraileanu” Targu Frumos, Romania Frumos, Romania Frumos, Romania Frumos, Romania Apollo Ceres Jupiter Minerva Minerva was the goddess of Apollo was associated with In ancient Roman religion, In ancient Roman religion wisdom. Her symbol was the owl. law, philosophy, and the arts. He Ceres was a goddess of agriculture, and myth, Jupiter or Jove was the Her Greek name was Athene, and sometimes gave the gift of prophecy grain crops, fertility and motherly king of the gods, and the god of sky Athens was her city. She had a to the mortals he loved, such as the relationships. Her cult took many and thunder. He is the equivalent of strange birth. One day, Jupiter had a Trojan princess Cassandra. forms. She was the central deity in Zeus in the Greek pantheon. As the bad headache. Nothing would cure it. One of the most important Olympian Rome's so-called plebeian or patron deity of ancient Rome, he Eventually Vulcan split open gods; son of Zeus and Leto, twin Aventine Triad, and was paired with ruled over laws and social order. He Jupiter's head. Out jumped Minerva brother of Artemis. her daughter Proserpina in what was one of three gods of the in armour with shield and spear! He is considered the ideal of manly Romans described as "the Greek Capitoline Triad, along with Juno Jupiter felt much better afterwards. beauty, so that a very handsome man rites of Ceres". She played an and Minerva. Don't try this at home! might be called an “Apollo”. essential role in Roman marriage and in funeral rites. Material made during Material made during Material made during Material made during Comenius multilateral project Celtic Comenius multilateral project Celtic Comenius multilateral project Celtic Comenius multilateral project Celtic roots, Roman routes throughout roots, Roman routes throughout roots, Roman routes throughout roots, Roman routes throughout Europe: meeting the first Europeans Europe: meeting the first Europeans Europe: meeting the first Europeans Europe: meeting the first Europeans School “Garabet Ibraileanu”Targu School “Garabet Ibraileanu”Targu School “Garabet Ibraileanu”Targu School “Garabet Ibraileanu”Targu Frumos, Romania Frumos, Romania Frumos, Romania Frumos, Romania Venus Vulcan Juno Mars Venus was a Roman goddess Vulcan (Latin: Vulcanus), mainly associated with love, beauty aka Mulciber, is the god of beneficial Juno was an ancient Roman Mars was the Roman god of and fertility, who played a key role in and hindering fire, including the fire goddess, the protector and special war and also an agricultural many Roman religious festivals and of volcanoes in ancient Roman counselor of the state. She is a guardian, a combination myths. From the third century BC, religion and Roman Neopaganism. daughter of Saturn and sister (but characteristic of early Rome. He the increasing Hellenization of He is known as Sethlans in Etruscan also the wife) of the chief god Jupiter was second in importance only to Roman upper classes identified her mythology. He was worshipped at an and the mother of Mars and Vulcan. Jupiter, and he was the most as the equivalent of the Greek annual festival on August 23 known Her Greek equivalent is Hera. As the prominent of the military gods goddess Aphrodite. In the as the Volcanalia.The god belongs to patron goddess of Rome and the worshipped by the Roman legions. interpretatio romana of the the most ancient stage of Roman Roman Empire she was called His festivals were held in March, the Germanic pantheon during the early religion: Varro citing the Annales Regina ("queen") and, together with month named for him (Latin centuries AD, Venus became Maximi, recalls that king Titus Tatius Jupiter and Minerva, was Martius), and in October, which identified with the Germanic goddess had dedicated altars to a series of worshipped as a triad on the Capitol began and ended the season for Frijjo, giving rise to the loan deities among which Vulcan is military campaigning and farming. in Rome. translation "Friday" for dies mentioned.Vulcan was identified with Veneris.. the Greek god of fire and smithery, Hephaestus. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Imperial Cult and the Individual
    THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE NEGOTIATION OF AUGUSTUS' PRIVATE WORSHIP DURING HIS LIFETIME AT ROME _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Department of Ancient Mediterranean Studies at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by CLAIRE McGRAW Dr. Dennis Trout, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2019 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE NEGOTIATION OF AUGUSTUS' PRIVATE WORSHIP DURING HIS LIFETIME AT ROME presented by Claire McGraw, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _______________________________________________ Professor Dennis Trout _______________________________________________ Professor Anatole Mori _______________________________________________ Professor Raymond Marks _______________________________________________ Professor Marcello Mogetta _______________________________________________ Professor Sean Gurd DEDICATION There are many people who deserve to be mentioned here, and I hope I have not forgotten anyone. I must begin with my family, Tom, Michael, Lisa, and Mom. Their love and support throughout this entire process have meant so much to me. I dedicate this project to my Mom especially; I must acknowledge that nearly every good thing I know and good decision I’ve made is because of her. She has (literally and figuratively) pushed me to achieve this dream. Mom has been my rock, my wall to lean upon, every single day. I love you, Mom. Tom, Michael, and Lisa have been the best siblings and sister-in-law. Tom thinks what I do is cool, and that means the world to a little sister.
    [Show full text]
  • The Architecture of Roman Temples
    P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 The Architecture of Roman Temples - The Republic to the Middle Empire John W. Stamper University of Notre Dame iii P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C John W. Stamper 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Bembo 11/14 pt., Weiss, Trajan, and Janson System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stamper, John W. The architecture of Roman temples : the republic to the middle empire / John W. Stamper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81068-x 1. Temples, Roman – Italy – Rome. 2. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome, Italy) 3. Architecture, Roman – Italy – Rome – Influence. 4. Rome (Italy)
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus As a Case of Etruscan Influence on Roman Religious Architec
    HPS: The Journal of History & Political Science 5 Caput Mundi: An Analysis of the HPS: The Journal of History & Political Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Science 2017, Vol. 5 1-12 as a Case of Etruscan Influence on © The Author(s) 2017 Roman Religious Architecture Mario Concordia York University, Canada While Roman architecture is often generalized as being primarily of Greek influence, there are important periods where other influences can be clearly identified. This paper considers the Etruscan, Greek, and Villanovan influence on Roman religious architecture through an examination of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maxmius, also known as the Capitolium, and argues that the temple is ultimately of primarily Etruscan influence. Introduction Religious temple architecture was a dynamic, evolving tradition throughout the entire span of Roman history. From its founding, customarily dated at 753 BCE with the mythical tale of Romulus and Remus, until the eventual fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE, temples were a central piece of the majesty of Roman architecture. But, like all construction fashion, what was dominant and popular in one period would inevitably change over time. As Becker indicates in his work, “Italic Architecture of the Earlier First Millennium BCE,” many scholars believe that Roman temple architecture is completely indebted to Greek advancements and influence, and that historians should be looking at Classic Greek models when considering Roman architecture,1 but this is hardly a complete answer. While it is true that Rome began to steer toward a more Hellenistic aesthetic some time around the Late Republic to Early Empire Period, there is an entire period before that which cannot be understood in this simple way.
    [Show full text]
  • DIVINE TRIADS on an ARCHAIC ETRUSCAN FRIEZE PLAQUE from POGGIO CIVITATE (Murlo)
    DIVINE TRIADS ON AN ARCHAIC ETRUSCAN FRIEZE PLAQUE FROM POGGIO CIVITATE (Murlo) (Con le taw. I-XII f. t.) On a wooded hill site near the citadel town of Murlo (1), some twenty-five kilometres south of Siena in the heart of Tuscany, excavation by Bryn Mawr College over the past four summers has uncovered a substantial complex of buildings together with a large quantity of architectural terracottas. The buildings, already presented elsewhere (2), date from the Archaic Etruscan period, about the middle of the sixth century B.C. The terracottas, of coarse (1) This study was originally given as part of a seminar on the material from Murlo at Bryn Mawr College in the Fall of 1968. I wish to thank Margaret George Butterworth for the drawing and for extensive ground work done on the frieze as a Senior honors thesis at Bryn Mawr in 1967-8. J. Penny Small, Docent Carl Eric Ostenberg, Professors Georges Dumézil, Einar Gjerstad, Erik Sjöqvist, and Doctor Guglielmo Maetzke, Soprintendente alle Antichità d’Etruria, Florence, were all kind enough to read or discuss various aspects of the paper and offered many useful criticisms and suggestions. Above all, I must record my gratitude to Professor Kyle Μ. Phillips, Jr. of Bryn Mawr College for the oppor- tunity to work with the material over the course of four summers at Murlo and for his unfailing help and guidance on this paper as classroom teacher, field in- structor, and friend. The opinions expressed, needless to say, are entirely my own responsibility. Study photographs of the Murlo friezes were taken by Göran Soderberg; final publication photographs are courtesy of the Florence Archaeolo- gical Museum, where the pieces, recently cleaned, were photographed by Ce- sare Mannucci.
    [Show full text]
  • Powerpoint%201-25 Compressed
    1/24/12 • Monarchy (tradionally, 753-509 BC): - 7 kings, starng with Romulus (but also a senate) - Last few Kings were Etruscan - Ends when Tarquin the Proud is kicked out - trad. date 509 BC for founding of the Republic • True? Specifics are legend, but, yes, there were kings. • Traces of Monarchy: – Regia (king’s house) – Rex Sacrorum (king of sacred rites) a priesthood in the Republic • Meanwhile in Greece: Homer & lyric poets like Sappho Early Republic (c. 509 to 264 BC) (res publica = commonwealth) - supreme power shared by annually elected officials - constant ext. struggle among small Italian city-states - constant internal class struggle over polical power - military and econ. decline aer end of monarchy • NB: kingdom and early Rep. not well known. Few historical sources & many legends, later distorons. • Roman literature only begins in 3rd cent. BC, • Meanwhile in Greece: Fih century = Athenian Golden Age, Classical period of democracy, Greek tragedy, & Athenian hegemony. 1 1/24/12 Middle Republic (c.264 – 133 BC) • huge growth, and creaon of “Roman Empire” as we know it. Rome mistress of Italy by 260s, and then dominates West. and East. Med. • establishes internal polical equilibrium between classes (but precarious) • Meanwhile in Greece: • Hellenisc Age- compeng dynases all over East, fighng over pieces of Alexander the Great’s conquests. Late Republic (c.133-31 BC) • Connued external expansion in all direcons • but paradoxically: internal chaos at Rome. Assassinaons, violence, polically sanconed murder, bribery, revolt, and civil
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Gods Edited
    The Roman gods Romans believed in many deities. These gods were modelled closely after the Greek gods, though they had Latin names and slightly different personalities and attributes. The word used to refer to an entire group of gods is pantheon and comes from a Greek word meaning “all the gods.” The Roman pantheon consisted of about 20 major gods and hundreds of minor deities. Some of these major gods include the king of the gods, Jupiter, who was also the god of the sky. His wife, Juno, was queen of the gods and goddess of marriage. Neptune was the god of the oceans and Pluto the god of the underworld. Mercury was the god of messengers and travellers and messenger to the gods. Ceres was the goddess of agriculture, grain and fertility. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and is often shown with an owl. Apollo and Diana were twin brother and sister. Apollo was the god of medicine, plague, poetry and music. Diana was the goddess of hunters and the moon. Mars, the god of war, was the lover of Venus, the goddess of love. Vulcan was the smith god, who also had power over volcanoes. Roma was the embodiment of the city of Rome and Victoria was the goddess of victory. There were a few groups of gods, usually in threes, or triads, that the Romans felt were the most important and who had grand temples built in their honour. The oldest triad, the Capitoline, was originally composed of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, an ancient god who came to embody the deified Romulus—the mythic founder of Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Invoke the Gods in the Roman World: Examples from the Arval Brethren
    How to Invoke the Gods in the Roman World: Examples from the Arval Brethren The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine the different techniques Roman priests used to invoke the gods in order to draw conclusions about the knowledge base of priests, the functions of ritual and religion, and Roman conceptions of the gods. Specifically, the Arval Brethren, and by extension Roman priests, would tailor their invocations to the given ritual circumstances. They would do so by either focusing their invocation on only a particular aspect of a deity’s power or they would deliberately invoke a deity in its entirety. This permitted the Roman priests a high degree of flexibility in calling down the god, or aspect of a god, best suited to the ritual circumstances. The functional mechanics behind priestly invocation has not been meaningfully studied for a century since Georg Wissowa (Wissowa, 1912). Recent theoretical developments in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and religious studies suggest that a reevaluation of the core principles of Roman religion would yield new insights into the role and importance of Roman religion in the ancient world. Other modern studies reassessing the theological and practical underpinnings of Roman religion, such as the relationship between the gods and Roman society, and the practice of Roman religion (Ando, 2008; Scheid, 1999), have yielded beneficial results. Though this paper includes examples from multiple priestly colleges, including the Pontifices (CIL 11.4172), Augures (CIL 14.2580), and Salii (Carmen Saliare), the Acta of the Arval Brethren remains by far the largest surviving source of recorded ritual among the Romans.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Roman History to the Fall of Tarquin
    Early Roman History to the Fall of Tarquin I. Latium and Rome – the site of Rome The plains of Latium were fertile, being composed of a thick layer of alluvial clay with a covering of volcanic lava. The lowlands of were liable to become waterlogged, but by the period of the dawn of Roman history they were systematically drained. The surrounding hillsides were pleasantly wooded with beech trees. Latium was separated from the eastern face of Italy by the Apennine range, which was only easily traversable via a road through the Anio valley and the Lacus Fucinus. The Tiber is not a long river, but it carries a lot of water, particularly in summer, when it is not fordable below the position of Rome. Rome was situated at the last point where the river could be forded. Rome lies on the border between Latium and Etruria and is fifteen miles from the estuary of the Tiber. The West bank of the Tiber has two separate ridges, the Janiculan and the Vatican. The East bank is contained within a single arc of high ground with four spurs – the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline and Cealian. Inside this arc lie three main hills – the Capitoline, the Palatine and the Aventine. Of these the Capitoline was the smallest, but also detached from the lower ground on all sides, so the most defensible. The ancient Latins kept no records of their origins. According to later Roman and Greek authors the Latins originated from a mixture of Aboriginees, Ligurians and Sicels. During the early Iron Age the region was only thinly cultivated.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Styles and Greek Art in Augustan Rome: Issues of the Present Versus
    Originalveröffentlichung in: James I. Porter (Hrsg.), Classical Pasts. The Classical Traditions of Greece and Rome, Princeton; Oxford 2006, S. 237-269 Chapter 7 GREEK STYLES AND GREEK ART IN AUGUSTAN ROME: ISSUES OF THE PRESENT VERSUS RECORDS OF THE PAST Tonio Holscher Questions Roman art, as we have known since Winckelmann, was to a large extent shaped by “classical pasts,” by the inheritance of Greek art of various periods. In this, visual art corresponds to other domains of Roman culture, which in some respects can be described as a specific successor culture. Archaeological research has observed and evaluated this fact from controversial viewpoints.1 As long as the classical culture of Greece was valued as the highest measure of societal norms and artistic creation, no independent Roman strengths could be recognized in Roman art next to the Greek traditions; this was the basis for the sweeping negative judgment against “the art of the imitators.” Then, from around 1900, beginning with Franz Wickhoff and Alois Riegl,2 as the new archaeological arthistory developed a bold concept of cultural plurality and within this framework discovered and analyzed genuinely Roman forms and structures in visual art, the inherited Greek traditions were often judged to be a cultural burden and an interference in the development of an original Roman art. In neither case was the Greek inheritance seen as a productive element of Roman art. From the negative perspective, Roman art was of inferior impor­ tance because of its dependence on Greek models. On the positive side, it retained its originality and independence despite its occasional Greek overlay.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CAPITOLINE TRIAD in ROMAN DACIA Maria-Corina Nicolae* The
    THE CAPITOLINE TRIAD IN ROMAN DACIA Maria-Corina Nicolae* Abstract: Jupiter was the central religious figure within the Roman Empire, especially as Optimus Maximus, who formed a triad together with Juno and Minerva. The worship of these deities was an official act which had the role of assuring the devotion towards the Empire and the Emperor. This circumstance is expressed by the standardization of the inscription formula, and also by the iconography of the three deities within the Capitoline Triad. Worshipping Jupiter, Juno and Minerva has less to do with personal religion, than with the religious policy of the Empire. Their presence in Roman Dacia is attested mainly through inscriptions, thus emphasizing the official character of the cult. Furthermore, the standardized iconography of the members of the Capitoline Triad sustains the hypothesis of political rather than personal religious options. Rezumat: Jupiter era figura centrală a panteonului Imperiului Roman, fiind adorat ca Optimus Maximus, formând o triadă împreună cu Iuno şi Minerva. Închinarea în faţa acestor divinităţi era un act oficial ce avea rolul de a asigura devotamentul atât faţă de statul roman, cât şi faţă de împărat. Această situaţie este exprimată de limbajul standardizat folosit în inscripţiile dedicate acestora, dar şi de iconografia celor trei divinităţi reprezentate în artă sub forma Triadei capitoline. Astfel, se observă că actul de devoţiune faţă de Jupiter, Iuno şi Minerva are de-a face mai puţin cu opţiunea personală, cât mai mult cu politica religioasă a Imperiului. Prezenţa acestora pe teritoriul Daciei este atestată mai ales prin intermediul inscripţiilor, subliniindu-se astfel caracterul oficial al cultului, în timp ce iconografia lor, profund standardizată, susţine ideea unor opţiuni mai degrabă politice decât personale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syncretism of Belifes As Expressed in Roman Provincial Sculpture
    SADRŽAJ PREDGOVOR ________________________________________________ 9 EINE SCHILDAMAZONOMACHIE BY MIRJANA SANADER AUS NASSENFELS ________________________________________ 101 VON GERHARD BAUCHHENSS FOREWORD ________________________________________________ 11 BY MIRJANA SANADER BAUPLASTIK AUS DEM BEREICH DES PODIUMTEMPELS VON FUNERARY MONUMENTS FROM DALMATIA, BADENWEILER (D) ______________________________________ 107 ISTRIA AND THE CROATIAN PART VON GABRIELE SEITZ OF PANONNIA. A COMPARATIVE STUDY _________ 13 BY NENAD CAMBI AUGUSTA RAURICA, EINE STATUETTENGRUPPE LES STELES FUNERAIRES A PERSONNAGES AUS WEISSEM PFEIFENTON _________________________ 115 ORIGINE DES THÈMES, MODÈLES ET DATES VON TEODORA TOMASEVIC BUCK À TRAVERS L’EMPIRE ROMAIN ________________________________ 31 DE FRANÇOIS BRAEMER ATTIS, PARTHER UND ANDERE BARBAREN. EIN BEITRAG ZUM VERSTÄNDNIS FLEXIBLE INTENT: SHIFTING VALUES VON ORIENTALENDARSTELLUNGEN & DISCREPANT MEANINGS IN AUF GRABSTEINEN DER NÖRDLICHEN ROMANO-BRITISH RELIGIOUS SCULPTURE _____ 53 PROVINZEN ______________________________________________ 121 BY MIRANDA ALDHOUSE-GREEN VON ALICE LANDSKRON CIVILIAN SCULPTORS AND THE CREATION BEMERKUNGEN ZU DEN FREISTEHENDEN OF ROMANO-BRITISH CIVILISATION IN GRABMEDAILLONS IN NORICUM _________________ 131 SOUTHERN BRITAIN ____________________________________ 59 VON ELISABETH WALDE BY MARTIN HENIG DIE DIONYSISCHEN DREIFIGURENRELIEFS TYPOLOGIE ET DÉCOR DES MONUMENTS VON HARTBERG UND BAD WALTERSDORF FUNÉRAIRES DE L’ARMORIQUE ROMAINE ______ 65 (STEIERMARK) ____________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Cults and Religious Integration in the Roman Cities of the Drava Valley (Southern Pannonia)
    CULTS AND RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION IN THE ROMAN CITIES OF THE DRAVA VALLEY (SOUTHERN PANNONIA) BY BLANKA MIŠIĆ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND PHILOSOPHY ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON JANUARY 2013 1 DECLARATION OF AUTORSHIP I, Blanka Mišić, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Signed: ______________________ Dated: _______________________ 2 For my dearest parents. 3 ABSTRACT This work is a detailed examination of pagan cults and deities in three settlements along the Pannonian section of the Drava river (Aquae Iasae – modern Varaždinske Toplice; Iovia- Botivo – modern Ludbreg; and Mursa – modern Osijek) situated within the present-day territory of Croatia. The evidence examined consists primarily of inscribed votive dedications in stone, dating from the Roman conquest of Pannonia to the late third century A.D. Evidence is examined within the theoretical framework of cultural change, taking into account recent theoretical developments in the concepts of “Romanisation”, acculturation, identity- expression and syncretisation in order to determine the extent of cultural and religious integration along the Drava. A thorough examination of evidence reveals the emergence of differing and flexible religious identities specific to each settlement although united by the larger prevailing trend of nature-divinity worship. Our Drava evidence also reveals that economic, social, political and geographic factors all produced an impact on the process and extent of cultural and religious integration, thus helping to form local, regional, provincial and imperial expressions of identity(ies). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS………………………………………......07 2.
    [Show full text]