VOL. XXIV No. 10 October 2012 Rs. 10.00

Students of a kungfu school showed Shaolin Kungfu during a welcoming ceremony of the 9th International Shaolin Wushu Festival held in Dengfeng, central ’s Henan Province on October 22, 2012. More than 50,000 disciples took part in the ceremony. Ambassador Zhang Yan held a reception to celebrate the A guest selected the books on China during the National 63rd anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic Day Reception on September 24, 2012. of China on September 24, 2012. Mr. Vincent H. Pala, Minister of State, Ministry of Water Resources attended the function as Chief Guest.

Mr. Deng Xijun, Chargé d’ Affaires of Chinese Embassy in “Know More of China-China Happy & Healthy Tour 2012” India, attended China National Day Reception held by the was held at DLF Promenade, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, on India China Friendship Association on September 25, 2012. September 22 and 23, 2012. The Indian friends were talking with Chinese volunteers about traveling in China.

Face-changing of Opera was shown on “Know The overseas Chinese in India were got-together to More of China-China Happy & Healthy Tour 2012” and was celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival in September, 2012 and warmly welcomed by the audience. sang the song “The Moon Represents My Heart”. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 3

CONTENTS

I. China-India Relations

1. Speech by H. E. Ambassador Zhang Yan, at the Reception Marking the 63rd Anniversary of the 4 Founding of the People’s Republic of China 2. Remarks by H. E. Ambassador Zhang Yan at “Know More of China-China Happy & Healthy Tour 2012” 5 3. Chinese Ambassador to India H.E. Mr. Zhang Yan Pays Farewell Calls on Indian High-ranking Officials 7 4. Wang Gang Meets Indian Delegation 7 5. China, India Boundary Disputes Should be Solved through Talks 8 6. The International Conference on “Asian Diplomacy: India’s Foreign Policy and Relations” Held in ISAS 9

II. External Affairs

1. Chinese President Sends Condolences over Ex-Cambodian King’s Death 10 2. China’s Top Legislator Back Home from Four-nation Tour 11 3. Premier Wen Jiabao Awarded Agricola Medal by FAO 12 4. Premier Wen Jiabao Meets with Foreign Experts Winning the 2012 “Friendship Award” of the 13 Chinese Government 5. Zhou Yongkang, Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of CPC Makes 14 Visit to Afghanistan 6. Work Together to Achieve Common Security and Development 15 7. Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Attends Meeting of Foreign Ministers of BRICS Countries 20 8. Yang Jiechi Meets with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 20 9. China Pushes for Internet Cooperation among Emerging Countries 21 10. Media Invited to Cover CPC Congress 22

III. The Issue of Diaoyu Islands

1. White Paper: Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China 23 2. China Slams Japan’s Diaoyu Islands Claim 31 3. China Confirms Naval Patrols Near Diaoyu Islands 32 4. China Continues Fishery Patrols near Diaoyu Islands 32

IV. Domestic Affairs

1. China Starts Construction of 3rd West-to-East Gas Pipeline 33 2. Revitalizing Exports 33 3. Certified Organic 36 4. Taking a Toll 39

V. China Tibet

1. Tibet Mobile Users Exceed 2 Million 42 2. Tibet to Invest 400 Million Yuan in Nomad’s Settlement 42 3. 3.5 Billion Yuan Investment in Tibetan Prefecture’s Roads Announced 43 4. Gesang Flowers —Recording the Border Protectors 43 5. My View on Buddhist Changes in Tibet 48 6. Ongren: Hometown of Tibetan Opera Founder 52 4 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

I. CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS

Speech by H. E. Ambassador Zhang Yan, at the Reception Marking the 63rd Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

New Delhi, September 24, 2012

Honorable Mr. Vincent H. Pala, Minister of State, Ministry of Water Resources, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Tonight we gather here to celebrate the 63rd anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. I would like to warmly welcome all the guests present to share the festivity with us. On this joyful occasion, I am happy to see that China-India relations are developing in a robust and all round manner. Active high level interactions have become a salient feature of Hu Jintao attended 4th BRICS Summit in New our bilateral relations. Early this year, President Delhi and had fruitful meeting with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. During the G20 Summit and the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, President Hu and Premier Wen Jiabao met respectively with Prime Minister Singh on the sidelines of the meetings. In addition, the Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo and Indian National Security Advisor Mr. Menon held the 15th Round of Meeting of Special Representatives on Sino-Indian Boundary Issues, which yielded positive results. The State Councilor and NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 5

Defense Minister Liang Guanglie just concluded a Ladies and Gentlemen, successful visit which greatly enhanced the trust 2012 is an important year for China. In spite and confidence of two countries and two armies. of complicated international political and economic Our Foreign Ministers met four times in the first situation, China has achieved new progress in half of this year. Commerce Ministers of two economic and social development. The Chinese countries co-chaired the 9th Meeting of China- Communist Party is going to convene the 18th Indian Joint Commission on Economy, Trade and National Congress which will lay out the road- Technology earlier this month in New Delhi. Both map for China’s future development. China will sides have reached broad consensus on further continue to follow the path of peaceful expanding our diplomatic and economic relations. development, deepen the economic reform, This year is the Year of China-India Friendship improve the quality of economy and further and Cooperation. Two sides have undertaken a elevate the living standard of people. At the same series of actions to deepen our strategic partnership time, China will unswervingly stick to the foreign relations. Economic cooperation is growing policy of peace and fully committed to the steadily. Both sides are working towards the goal maintenance of world peace and development. of achieving a bilateral trade of 100 billion USD by As two fast emerging economies, China and 2015. Exchanges in cultural, youth, education, India share a lot of commonalities and face with tourism and people-to-people have been further similar challenges. We have every reason to work enhanced. In international and regional affairs, together to deepen mutual trust, promote friendship two countries have also maintained close and and expand cooperation, so as to bring more tangible productive consultations and coordination on benefits to our peoples, and make fresh contribution issues of mutual interests. With those encouraging to the peace and prosperity of the world. developments, I’m confident to say that the current Finally, I wish you all the best in the days status of China-India relationship is the best in ahead. recent years. Thank you.

Remarks by H. E. Ambassador Zhang Yan at “Know More of China-China Happy & Healthy Tour 2012”

DLF Promenade, New Delhi, 22 September 2012

H. E. Mr. Zhu Shanzhong, Vice Chairman of China for the “Year of China-India Friendship and National Tourism Administration, Cooperation”. First of all, I would like to express H.E. Mr. Anand Kumar, Joint Secretary, Ministry warm welcome to Mr. Zhu Shanzhong, Vice of Tourism, Chairman of China National Tourism Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Administration and his delegation, who have traveled purposely to India for the road show of I feel very happy and honored to attend this Chinese cultural tourism. I would also like to grand gathering to launch “Know More of China- express my sincere thanks to Mr. Anand Kumar, China Happy & Healthy Tour 2012” in India. Joint Secretary of Ministry of Tourism, dignitaries Today’s event is one of the major activities planned 6 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

from the Indian Government between two countries and and all Indian friends two peoples. present. Your gracious However, in view of the presence has demonstrated huge population, the fast the importance you have growing economy and attached to the cooperation vibrant tourist market of two in tourism between our two countries, the current level of countries. our cooperation in tourism is China and India, as two still far from satisfactory. In close neighbors, enjoy long- another words, there still standing good relationship in exists great potential in the the history characterized by field of tourism for two friendly exchanges, mutual countries to tap. China will influence and mutual make great efforts to increase inspiration. Over the past bilateral cooperation and 2,000 years or more, the two make tourism cooperation a countries learned from and new highlight in our fast influenced by each other. expanding relations. For that China owes its Buddhism purpose, China National culture to India and India Tourism Administration draws inspirations from Chinese products like tea, wish to further enhance bilateral exchange and porcelain and silk. The exchanges have deeply collaboration between the tourism communities of enriched our respective culture and become an two countries with an aim to further explore the unfailing driving force for evolution of two great flourishing India tourist market. civilizations. Ladies and Gentlemen, In recent years, China-India relations have witnessed an all round development and acquired China Happy & Healthy Tour was kicked off new strategic dimension. In the domain of tourism, at the beginning of 2012, serving as a platform for bilateral cooperation has been expanding rapidly. friends from other countries to gain a holistic China and India are two ancient civilizations and picture about China. Today’s event hosted by blessed with abundant tourism resources China National Tourism Administration and characterized by beautiful landscape, rich histories, Chinese Embassy at the DLF Promenade is part of colorful cultures and friendly and hospitable the world-wide program. It will not only showcase people. Two countries have made each other the the colorful culture and rich tourism resources in tourist destination. Today, over 40 direct flights different parts of China, such as Sichuan, shuttle between China and India every week. Last , Jiangsu, , , Henan, year, more than 6 lakh of Indians visited China. Anhui, Hainan, Shaanxi, , , just Whereas the number of Chinese first-stop visits to to name a few, but also serve as a golden India has reached 1.3 lakh, increasing by more opportunity for tourism communities of two than 20% over 2010. Tourism cooperation has countries to interact with each other, explore the become a very important part of our bilateral respective tourism markets and look for partners relations and played a crucial role in promoting of cooperation. In this regard, I am glad to see that understanding, friendship and mutual trust among the delegation headed by Vice Chairman NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 7

Zhu, there are several officials and personals in Vice Chairman of China National Tourism charge of tourism from Chinese provinces and Administration have a fruitful visit to India, and cities. I hope they will actively engage with their wish this event a complete success. Indian counterparts and achieve good results. Thank you. Finally, I sincerely wish Mr. Zhu Shanzhong,

Chinese Ambassador to India H.E. Mr. Zhang Yan Pays Farewell Calls on Indian High-ranking Officials

On October 11 and 12, 2012, Chinese development of bilateral relations between the two Ambassador to India H.E. Mr. Zhang Yan paid countries. his farewell calls on Indian External Affairs Mr. Krishna and Mr. Menon both appreciated Minister Mr. S.M. Krishna and National Security the positive role Ambassador Zhang played in Advisor Mr. Shiv Shankar Menon. developing India-China relations. They said that Ambassador Zhang appreciated the valuable in recent years, with the joint efforts of support from Mr. Krishna and Mr. Menon as well Ambassador Zhang and people from various fields as Indian government officials and friends from of the two countries, India-China strategic and all walks of life during his tenure in India. He said cooperative partnership has been deepened, major that more than four years stay in India is a precious breakthroughs have been made, practical diplomatic experience for him, during which cooperation has been expanding in various fields, China-India relations developed in a robust and and people-to-people exchanges have been all around manner, marked by active high-level increasing at different levels. Friendly feelings interactions, strengthening mutual political trust, among the peoples are growing stronger, public promoting mutually beneficial economic and trade opinions turning into a favorable stage and the cooperation, enhancing cultural and people-to- common ground for the development of bilateral people exchanges, consolidating and deepening relations becoming more stable. Mutual the strategic partnership. The bilateral relations has understanding and friendship had become the increasingly acquired global and strategic mainstream of cooperation between India and dimensions. He was especially delighted for China. They believed that with joint endeavour, personal involvement in, witness of and making India-China relations will reach a new height. contributions to the stable, healthy and rapid

Wang Gang Meets Indian Delegation

On September 14, 2012, a senior official of the Wang Gang, a member of the Political Bureau Communist Party of China (CPC) met with a of the CPC Central Committee, vowed to enhance delegation of Janata Dal (United), a political party communication and cooperation between the two in India, pledging to strengthen cooperation parties, and inject vigor to the two countries’ between the two groups. relations during the meeting with the delegation 8 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

headed by Sharad Yadav, President of Janata Dal (United). Wang hailed the good momentum in the development of the two countries’ relationship and highlighted the blossoming of the two sides’ strategic cooperative partnership, the establishment of important mechanisms of dialogue, results in exchanges and cooperation in various fields and joint work in safeguarding the interests of developing countries on major international issues. Wang, who is also vice chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Yadav said Janata Dal (United) will increase Consultative Conference National Committee, said contact with the CPC and make greater efforts in the visit by Yadav marks the official establishment promoting India-China relations. of ties between the two parties.

China, India Boundary Disputes Should be Solved through Talks

Beijing, Sept. 20 (Xinhua) — China and India India and Pakistan, we hope both countries can should work together to find a mutually-acceptable resolve the issue through friendly dialogue,” Hong and fair solution to their boundary disputes said. through friendly talks, Chinese Foreign Ministry President Hu Jintao and Prime Minister spokesman Hong Lei said Thursday. Manmohan Singh announced 2012 as the “Year “We should maintain the peace and stability of China-India Cooperation and Friendship”. of the boundary areas before a solution is found,” Bilateral relations have continued to maintain Hong said at a regular news briefing. momentum with healthy and stable development. According to media reports, Indian army chief This has been evidenced by frequent high-level Bikram Singh said Wednesday that Chinese visits, enhanced cooperation in various areas and soldiers were in Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir to sound partnership in regional and international provide protection to their ongoing infrastructure affairs, Hong said. work, such as road, railway and hydro-electric China is willing to make joint efforts with India projects. He also said military conflict at boundary to promote political trust, pragmatic cooperation areas like the one in 1962 would not be repeated. and mutual development to better implement the “China’s stance on the Kashmir issue is important consensus reached between the leaders consistent and clear. As a friendly neighbor to both of the two countries, Hong said. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 9

The International Conference on “Asian Diplomacy: India’s Foreign Policy and Relations” Held in ISAS

International Conference on “Asian Diplomacy: India’s Foreign Policy and Relations” was held in the Institute of South Asian Studies(ISAS) at Sichuan University during Sept. 17 to Sept. 19 in ,the Capital of Sichuan Province of China. Co- sponsored by the Institute of South Asian Studies at Sichuan University and Sichuan Provincial People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (SIFA), the conference was presented by some 60 participants from India, US, Russia, Japan, as well as China (Mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong SAR and 2001, with the confirmation of the Ministry of Macau SAR), and an audience of another 100-plus Education, ISAS was entitled as a Key Research scholars and students. SCU Vice-President Prof. Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Yan Shijing made a opening remark during the Universities. opening session. As the only Chinese higher educational After a warm welcome to all the participants, institute specializing in South Asian studies, ISAS he further opined that: this conference is convened enjoys the most complete collection of research in 2012, the “Year of China-India Friendship and data for South Asia studies in China and boasts its Cooperation”. The fact that keywords of Sino- rich academic achievements. Indian relations has stepped from “Exchanges” into Mr. Shen Zaiwang from SIFA made a opening “Friendship and Cooperation” is a faithful and remark on behalf of SIFA President Qin Lin. He objective reflection of the remarkable progress on pointed out that: Sichuan and India has started Sino-Indian relations and a prediction to the bright exchanges long long ago. In recent years, Sichuan future of the relations between the two neighbors. and India carried out extensive economic and SCU and ISAS are therefore much pleased to co- cultural exchanges and cooperation, achieving host today’s conference in the “Year of China-India fruitful results. The direct flight between Chengdu Friendship and Cooperation 2012.” and Bangalore was opened and Indian Wipro Sichuan University is very proud for its South Company opened outsourcing service base in Asian studies, especially its Institute of South Asian Chengdu. In the 21st century Sichuan-India Studies. The Institute of South Asian Studies, friendly exchange embraces unprecedented Sichuan University (ISAS) was established in 1964 prosperity in its fast development. As the window under late Premier ’s instruction on and bridge to the international friendly exchange, enhancing the studies of foreign affairs. In January the SIFA plays a unique and irreplaceable role. As 10 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

the two largest emerging powers and two major Professor, Institute of Chinese Studies; Prof. Wang Asian powers, the enhanced friendly exchange and Xinsheng, Deputy Dean & Professor, Department mutually beneficial cooperation between China of History, Beijing University; Prof. Wei Chuxiong, and India will be of great significance for their Professor, Department of History, University of domestic harmonious development, for the Macau. During 6 sessions in one and a half day, regional stability and for the world peace. the participants made in-depth discussion on Sino- The conference proceed into presentation and Indian Relations, Regional Diplomacy of India, discussion sessions after 4 Distinguished Guests’ domestic/historical background of India’s Speeches respectively delivered Mr. Indra Mani diplomacy. The conference papers are expected to Pandey, Consul General of India to ; be included in a Conference Proceedings for Prof, Manoranjan Mohanty, Chairperson & publication.

II. EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

Chinese President Sends Condolences over Ex-Cambodian King’s Death

On October 15, 2012, Chinese President Hu Cambodians to independence, national Jintao expressed his condolences over the death reconciliation and peaceful development, was a of former Cambodian king Norodom Sihanouk. huge loss to the Cambodian people. In his message to reigning king Norodom Sihanouk was a great friend of the Chinese Sihamoni and former queen Norodom Monineath people and had contributed much to the Sihanouk, Hu also sent sincere condolences to strengthening of the friendship between the the government and people of Cambodia. peoples of the two countries, Hu said. Hu said the death of Sihanouk, who led the Hu also expressed his firm belief that, with NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 11

the joint efforts of the two countries, the China- Political Consultative Conference Jia Qinglin also Cambodia relationship would continue its strong sent condolence messages to senior Cambodian growth momentum, bringing benefits to both leaders over the former king’s death. peoples. Born on Oct. 31, 1922, Norodom Sihanouk On the same day, Chairman of the Standing reigned from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 Committee of the National People’s Congress Wu till his voluntary abdication on Oct. 7, 2004 in Bangguo, Premier Wen Jiabao and Chairman of favor of his son, the current king Sihamoni. He the National Committee of the Chinese People’s died of illness at the age of 90.

China’s Top Legislator Back Home from Four-nation Tour

Beijing, Sept. 23 (Xinhua) — China’s top Myanmar, Speaker of Parliament of Sri Lanka legislator Wu Bangguo returned to Beijing on Chamal Rajapaksa, and Fiji’s Premier Minister Sunday afternoon after official goodwill visits to Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama. Iran, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Fiji. Wu reaffirmed China’s stance on key bilateral Wu, chairman of the Standing Committee of and international issues during his meetings with the National People’s Congress, China’s top the leaders of the four countries, and the trip legislature, was invited by Iran Majlis’ Speaker has helped cement China’s ties with these Ali Larijani, Speaker of the House of countries amid complex and changing Representatives Thura U Shwe Mann of international situations.

Wu Bangguo (C, front), chairman of the Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress (NPC), presents office supplies to Sri Lanka as he meets with Chamal Rajapaksa (R, front), speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Sept. 17, 2012. (Xinhua/Liu Weibing) 12 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

Premier Wen Jiabao Awarded Agricola Medal by FAO

On October 2, 2012, Premier Wen Jiabao was awarded the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Agricola Medal by FAO at the Great Hall of the People. At the awarding ceremony, FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva said China feeds 21 percent of the world’s population on 9 percent of the world’s arable land and 6 percent of the world’s fresh water, adding China’s grain output has been increasing for nine consecutive years and the output of many of China’s agricultural products ranked first in the world. This is not only China’s year’s output about 150 million tonnes more than achievement, but also a tremendous contribution that of 2003, Wen said. “This has provided a to global food security. guarantee for China’s economic and social Graziano said China’s efforts to meet its own development and the improvement of people’s life. food needs and eradicate extreme poverty have a It has also contributed to the global food security.” global impact. He appreciated the Chinese During the rapid development of China’s government’s principle of giving top priority to agriculture, the people’s livelihood in the rural area agriculture, farmers and rural areas, its has been significantly improved, said Wen. commitment to grain production development and Wen attributed the achievements of China’s its efforts to reduce poverty, saying he believed agricultural and rural development to the rural China, with reform and innovation, will embrace reform, the top priority given to agriculture and a better future. He also hailed China’s efforts to the principle of “industry supporting agriculture carry out South-South cooperation in the and cities supporting rural areas.” The agricultural field and help other developing achievements would also be impossible without the countries improve agricultural production. government’s commitment to safeguarding “Thank FAO Director-General José Graziano farmers’ rights, respecting farmers’ aspiration for da Silva for conferring the medal on me. This is better life and bringing into play farmers’ initiatives more than a personal honor to me. It represents to boost production and build new rural areas, Wen the international community’s full recognition of said. At the same time, the achievements were also and high acclaim for what China has achieved in inseparable from active and extensive international agriculture and rural development,” Wen said in exchanges and cooperation, he added. his remarks in reply. China’s grain output has been Wen said he was engaged in the work of increasing for nine consecutive years, with this agriculture, rural areas and farmers for many years NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 13

and was very well aware that “One who knows system, FAO has 191 member nations, two not Chinese farmers, knows not China”. Wen said associate members and one member organization. since he took office as premier, he has insisted on The FAO’s Agricola Medal, initiated in 1977, is the giving top priority to agriculture, rural areas and organization’s highest honor and it honors state farmers. “It is not only because I personally cherish leaders who have made outstanding contributions profound feelings towards farmers, but also to the world’s grain production and poverty because it is in line with our party and reduction. government’s principle of governing for the The awarding ceremony, hosted by Minister people,” he said. China will seek the steady growth of Agriculture Han Changfu, was attended by of grain and other agricultural products and enable more than 150 people including responsible Chinese farmers to share the achievements of the officials from relevant departments, experts and country’s economic development and social scholars on agricultural science and technology progress, Wen said. He appreciated FAO’s support and representatives of agricultural college students to China’s agricultural development. He said China as well as representatives from the offices of the would like to work with the international United Nations. 15 large-scale grain producers community to promote the global agricultural from major grain-producing provinces were also development, maintain food security and improve invited to the ceremony. farmers’ wellbeing (see another article for the full Prior to the awarding ceremony, Premier Wen text of the speech). met with Director-General José Graziano da Silva As the largest and most influential international and his delegation at the Great Hall of the People. food and agriculture organization in the UN

Premier Wen Jiabao Meets with Foreign Experts Winning the 2012 “Friendship Award” of the Chinese Government

On the afternoon of September 29, 2012, Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council met at the Great Hall of the People with the foreign experts winning the 2012 “Friendship Award” of the Chinese Government and their families. On behalf of the Chinese Government and people, Premier Wen congratulated the award-winning foreign experts, thanked them for their outstanding contribution to China’s economic development and social progress and extended his cordial greetings to all the foreign experts and international friends working in China and their 14 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

families. into play expertise, develop business and realize It is an important part of China’s policy of ideals in China. reform and opening-up to employ foreign experts, “Peace, development and cooperation are the Wen said. The premier briefed the foreigners on irresistible trend of the times in today’s world,” China’s employing overseas talent during the past Wen said. He added that China, as the largest decade. He highlighted the increasing number of developing country in the world and an important foreign experts employed in the country, the force for promoting world peace and development, improved service and working environment for would firmly stick to the path of peaceful them as well as the expanded fields of international development as well as the fundamental policy of cooperation. China’s introduction of foreign opening-up. China will learn from the fine experts not only benefited Chinese people but also achievements of other civilizations and strengthen provided opportunities for intellectual cooperation friendly exchanges and cooperation with other and exchanges between Chinese professionals and countries. China’s development and progress those from all the other nations, said the premier. would be a great contribution to all human beings, “We sincerely welcome foreign experts and talent he said. to join us in various means with China’s The “Friendship Award” is set up by the modernization drive and will as always support Chinese government for the foreign experts who them to start business and develop in China,” Wen have made outstanding contributions to the said. He pledged that the Chinese government economic and social development in China. The would further improve the relevant policies and 50 winners of this year’s award came from 22 regulations, improve working and living conditions countries. Since 1991, a total of 1,249 foreign for foreign intellectuals and protect their legitimate experts from 65 countries have received this rights and interests so that foreign experts will bring award.

Zhou Yongkang, Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of CPC Makes Visit to Afghanistan

Kabul, Sept. 23 (Xinhua) — China’s top will also go to Turkmenistan. security official on Saturday made a visit to The last visit by a Chinese leader to neighboring Afghanistan, the first time in 46 years that a Afghanistan was made by Liu Shaoqi in 1966 Chinese leader set his foot on the soil of this when he was the President of China.In Kabul, landlocked Asian country. Zhou was warmly received by Afghan President Zhou Yongkang, a member of the Standing Hamid Karzai. The two leaders held a bilateral Committee of the Political Bureau of the meeting. Communist Party of China (CPC) Central “It is a priority of China’s foreign policy to Committee, arrived at the Kabul airport late in the strengthen good- neighbored relations with afternoon. The four-hour visit followed a two-day surrounding countries. It is the consistent policy trip of Zhou to Singapore, where he met of the Chinese Government and the CPC to Singaporean leaders on bilateral ties.Zhou, who is consolidate and develop China-Afghanistan also secretary of the Committee of Political and relations,” Zhou said, according to a press release Legislative Affairs of the CPC Central Committee, from the Chinese delegation. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 15

Zhou said China is willing to make due China and Afghanistan established diplomatic contributions to peace and stability in Afghanistan, relations in 1955.The two countries decided in June which is at a critical transition period. “We will to upgrade their ties to the level of a strategic and continue to provide assistance to Afghanistan with cooperative partnership at a meeting between no attached conditions and sincerely hope the Chinese President Hu Jintao and Karzai in Beijing, Afghan people can regain peace as soon as possible marking a new step for the development of bilateral and build a better home in a peaceful relations. environment,” he added.

Work Together to Achieve Common Security and Development Statement by H.E. Yang Jiechi Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China At the General Debate of the 67th Session of the UN General Assembly New York, 27 September 2012

Mr. President, of the international community. On the other hand, the world is still far from I wish to congratulate you on your election as being peaceful. The underlying impact of the president of the 67th Session of the General international financial crisis and the European debt Assembly. I am confident that with your ability crisis remains strong. Destabilizing factors and and experience, you will successfully fulfill this uncertainties affecting global growth have lofty mission. I also wish to thank Mr. Al-Nasser increased. Regional turbulence persists, hotspot for his positive contribution as president of the last issues keep emerging and traditional and non- session. traditional security issues are entwined. The Mr. President, international security environment is highly Ladies and Gentlemen, complex. Facing both unprecedented opportunities and The world is undergoing major and profound challenges, we must not allow the outdated Cold changes. The trend towards multi-polarity, War mentality and zero-sum game theory to stand economic globalization and the application of in our way. We should act like passengers who information technology are gaining momentum. stick together in a boat when crossing a torrential Countries have never been so interconnected and river and seek win-win progress through interdependent as they are today; emerging cooperation. This is the only option for countries markets and developing countries have never had around the world. To ensure one’s own security, a such strong influence, and cross-civilization country should respect and accommodate the dialogue and exchanges are flourishing as never security of other countries. To realize one’s own before. To promote peace, development and development, a country should actively promote cooperation has become the shared aspiration of common development; and in pursuing one’s own people across the world and the common pursuit 16 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

interests, a country should take into account the cooperation, improve cooperation mechanisms interests of other countries. Only by promoting and work together to make economic globalization common security and development for all of its balanced, inclusive and beneficial to all. We should members can the international community accelerate the development of developing countries effectively address complex and multiple security and narrow the North-South gap. We should threats and global challenges, resolve increasingly enhance global cooperation on development to serious difficulties facing development and ensure ensure that the benefits of development reach every durable peace and sustainable development of the one. Since the outbreak of the international world. With this in mind, China, believes that it is financial crisis, China has, while maintaining its important that we do the following: own robust growth, significantly increased We should promote equality and democracy contributions to international financial institutions, in international relations. Mutual respect and extended a helping hand to other developing equality are basic norms governing international countries and increased purchase of bonds of some relations. All countries, big or small, strong or developed countries. All this has helped stabilize weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the the international economic and financial situation international community. Respect for each other’s and maintain economic and social development sovereignty, core interests and choice of social of relevant countries. system and development path is a fundamental We should ensure fairness and effectiveness principle guiding state-to-state relations. We in conducting global governance. Facing growing should vigorously promote greater democracy in global challenges, the international community international relations. The internal affairs of a should strengthen coordination and cooperation, country should be handled by itself, and issues establish a fair, equitable, flexible and effective involving the interests of various countries should system of global governance, properly address be handled by them through consultation. We various global issues and promote the common should remain true to multilateralism and uphold well-being of mankind. China supports the United the purposes and principles of the Charter of the Nations in enhancing its authority and efficiency United Nations and the central role of the United and the ability to address new threats and Nations in international affairs. China endeavors challenges through proper reform as called for. It to strengthen political mutual trust and address is important to advance the building of a global problems and differences with other countries system of economic governance with a focus on through dialogue and exchanges. China does not reforming the international financial system, interfere in the internal affairs of other countries speedily implement the quota and governance or impose its will on others, and China does not reform plans of the IMF and other financial allow outside forces to interfere in its internal institutions and increase the representation and affairs. voice of emerging markets and developing We should seek win-win progress through countries. We should fully implement the outcome cooperation in the course of development. As and consensus of the UN Conference on economic globalization deepens, all countries have Sustainable Development, make new progress in a high stake in each other’s success. We should international cooperation on sustainable therefore enhance cooperation and expand development and discuss the formulation of a post- common interests to achieve win-win and all-win 2015 international development agenda on the progress. We should tap the potential for basis of actively implementing the UN MDGs. We cooperation in all countries, expand and enrich should launch a process of open, transparent and NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 17

democratic intergovernmental consultation with extremism in all forms. development and poverty reduction as the core West Asia and North Africa is undergoing objectives. We should also fully leverage the role profound changes. China respects and supports of the civil society and private sector in this efforts by countries in this region to independently endeavor. Together with all other parties, China handle their internal affairs and respects the is ready to take an active part in the reform of the aspirations and calls of people in this region for international system and in global governance and change and development. The unique features of jointly meet various global challenges. this region, in terms of religion, civilization, history We should pursue common progress by and ethnicity should be respected. We hope that embracing diversity of civilization. According to the relevant parties will settle differences through ancient Chinese philosophy, the world will be a inclusive and constructive political dialogue and great place when “all things thrive without hurting resolve problems peacefully. Safeguarding peace one another, and various endeavors are pursued and stability in the region, upholding the in parallel without collision among them.” We fundamental and long-term interests of Arab should encourage exchanges and mutual learning countries and ensuring the growth of friendly between different civilizations and social systems, China-Arab relations will remain a central goal of draw on each other’s strength through China’s policy towards this region. We will competition and comparison and make joint continue to make unremitting efforts with countries progress by seeking common ground while in the region to promote peace and development reserving differences. We should respect the in keeping with the purposes and principles of the diversity of the world and the right of all countries Charter of the United Nations. to independently choose their development paths. China is deeply concerned about the stalled China encourages cross-civilization dialogue and Palestinian-Israeli peace talks and the economic exchanges. We should replace confrontation with and humanitarian difficulties facing the Palestinian dialogue and bridge differences with inclusiveness people. The turbulence in the region should not so as to make the world a more harmonious place divert international attention from the Palestinian and ensure common progress for mankind. issue. China supports the Palestinian people in We should seek common security amid establishing, on the basis of the 1967 borders, an growing interdependence. No country is immune independent Palestinian state that enjoys full to the complex and multiple security threats and sovereignty with East Jerusalem as its capital. challenges in the world. We should foster a new China supports Palestine’s membership in the thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual United Nations and other international benefit, equality and coordination, take a holistic organizations. China urges both Palestine and approach to address both the symptoms and root Israel to take concrete measures to remove causes of diverse security challenges and build a obstacles and work for the early resumption and peaceful and stable international and regional substantive progress of the peace talks. security environment. The United Nations should China is deeply concerned about the persistent fully play its role in safeguarding world peace and tension and worsening humanitarian situation in security and establishing a fair and effective Syria. We call on all relevant parties in Syria to mechanism for common security. We must put an immediate end to fighting and violence, resolve disputes through dialogue and implement the relevant Security Council negotiation and oppose willful use or threat of resolutions, Mr. Kofi Annan’s six-point plan and force. We must oppose terrorism, separatism and the communiqué of the foreign ministers’ meeting 18 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

of the Action Group for Syria, and launch an other’s comfort level. We should promote regional inclusive political dialogue and a Syrian-led development with greater determination, advance political transition as soon as possible. China is regional cooperation with increased resources and open towards any political plan that is acceptable handle differences with longer-term interests in to all parties in Syria. The relevant parties of the mind so as to uphold peace, stability and international community should play a positive prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region. and constructive role in this regard, support with Mr. President, credible steps Mr. Lakhdar Brahimi, the UN-Arab League Joint Special Representative, in conducting As an important participant which has impartial mediation, and endeavor to set in motion contributed to building the international system, and advance the process of political transition in China is committed to sharing development Syria. opportunities with other countries and working The Iranian nuclear issue has reached a new with them to overcome various challenges and crucial stage. The relevant parties should remain realize security and development for all. committed to a diplomatic solution and begin a China will stay on the track of peaceful new round of dialogue as soon as possible. We development. We seek a peaceful international should, acting in the spirit of respecting each environment in which China can develop itself. other’s concerns, showing flexibility and By developing itself, China will contribute to global pragmatism, expanding common ground and peace and common development. China is firm in overcoming differences, seek early progress in upholding its core interests. At the same time, it dialogue and negotiation and, over time, achieve respects the legitimate right of other countries to a comprehensive, long-term and proper solution protect their interests. We seek to expand common to the issue. China has always supported efforts interests with other parties for the sake of common to uphold the international nuclear good. China has contributed a total of about 21,000 nonproliferation regime and will continue to work personnel to UN peacekeeping missions and taken with parties concerned and play a constructive role an active part in international cooperation on in seeking a peaceful solution to the Iranian nuclear counter-terrorism, anti-piracy and non- issue through dialogue and negotiation. proliferation. In our efforts to resolve major The Asia-Pacific region has maintained general international and regional hotspot issues, we have stability and rapid growth for many years, thus urged parties concerned to seek peaceful solutions making important contribution to global stability through negotiation and thus played an important and prosperity. Given the growing downward risks and constructive role in easing tensions and in the global economy and increasing volatilities achieving political resolution of these issues. China in the international situation, to maintain peace, has made remarkable progress in pursuing peaceful stability and sound growth in the Asia-Pacific is development and will continue to follow this path crucial to ensuring the well-being of people in the in the years to come. region. This also meets the broader interests of the China will enhance friendly relations and international community. We should fully respect cooperation with all other countries on the basis the reality of a diverse and interdependent Asia- of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and Pacific and continue to follow an approach for strive to build a new type of relations between regional cooperation that has proved effective over major countries based on mutual respect and win- the years, namely, building consensus, making win cooperation. incremental progress and accommodating each Following a policy of building good-neighborly NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 19

relationships and partnerships with neighboring and abroad, China registered a GDP growth rate countries, China has actively expanded exchanges of 9.3 percent and made good progress in adjusting with countries in its neighborhood. China has the economic structure and improving people’s contributed to over 50 percent of Asia’s growth lives. Since the beginning of this year, to address for many consecutive years. We have endeavored some new problems in economic performance, the to build political mutual trust and cooperation Chinese government has stepped up anticipatory mechanisms with other Asian countries and fine-tuning of the economy and introduced a series properly handle differences and frictions with of targeted policy measures. This has boosted relevant countries. On the basis of firmly market confidence and ensured steady growth. upholding China’s sovereignty, security and China’s GDP grew by 7.8 percent in the first half territorial integrity, we have worked with our of the year and the country has enjoyed sound neighbors to maintain sound relations and overall economic and social development. China is still in stability in the region. an important period of strategic opportunities for China treats other developing countries as development. Industrialization, urbanization, good friends and good partners, and we support application of information technology and the each other and seek common development on the agricultural modernization will continue to unlock basis of equality. By the end of 2011, the Chinese great potential of development. We have the government had built over 2,200 projects in confidence, means and ability to maintain steady relevant countries which are important to local and robust growth and achieve long-term, sound economy and people’s lives. We have cancelled and sustainable development. During the 12th Five- debts owed to China by 50 heavily indebted poor Year Plan period (2011-2015), China’s domestic countries and least developed countries. We have market will be one of the largest in the world, its trained over 60,000 personnel in various sectors total imports are expected to exceed US$10 trillion for 173 developing countries and 13 regional and and direct outbound investment is expected to international organizations. All of this has exceed US$500 billion. This will create enormous contributed to economic and social development business and job opportunities for the world and of other developing countries. provide good opportunities for other countries’ China has taken an active part in reforming development. the international system and in global governance, Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands have been and assumed its due share of international an integral part of China’s territory since ancient responsibilities and obligations as its capability times. China has indisputable historical and legal permits. We are working to build a fair, equitable evidence in this regard. Japan seized these islands and non-discriminatory global trading system and in 1895 at the end of the Sino-Japanese War and a more equal and balanced new global partnership forced the then Chinese government to sign an for development. We support the G20 in playing a unequal treaty to cede these islands and other greater role as the premier forum for international Chinese territories to Japan. After the Second economic cooperation and the efforts of emerging World War, the Diaoyu Dao islands and other markets represented by BRICS countries to explore Chinese territories occupied by Japan were a new model of global cooperation. returned to China in accordance with the Cairo The global economy is in a crucial stage and Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and other achieving full recovery and sustained growth international documents. By taking such unilateral remains a long and difficult task. Last year, despite actions as the so-called “island purchase”, the a challenging economic environment both at home Japanese government has grossly violated China’s 20 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

sovereignty. This is an outright denial of the dispute through negotiation. outcomes of the victory of the world anti-fascist Mr. President, war and poses a grave challenge to the post-war international order and the purposes and principles The Communist Party of China will soon hold of the Charter of the United Nations. The moves its 18th National Congress. We are confident that taken by Japan are totally illegal and invalid. They this important meeting will lead China’s reform, can in no way change the historical fact that Japan opening-up and modernization drive to a new stole Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands from stage. Facts have shown and will continue to prove China and the fact that China has territorial that China’s development is peaceful, open, sovereignty over them. The Chinese government cooperative and win-win in nature. We will work is firm in upholding China’s territorial sovereignty. with the international community to follow the China strongly urges Japan to immediately stop trend of history and the call of the times and build all activities that violate China’s territorial a harmonious world of enduring peace and shared sovereignty, take concrete actions to correct its prosperity. mistakes, and return to the track of resolving the Thank you.

Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Attends Meeting of Foreign Ministers of BRICS Countries

On September 26, 2012, Chinese Foreign continuously. He called on the five countries to seize Minister Yang Jiechi attended a meeting of foreign the opportunities and well prepare for the Fifth ministers of BRICS countries in New York, the BRICS Leaders Meeting to push their cooperation United States. to a new level. Yang said that this year witnessed further All participants of the meeting agreed that as deepening of cooperation among BRICS countries. representatives of the emerging economies and The leaders of the five countries met twice and developing countries, it is of important significance reached a series of important consensus. The that the BRICS countries enhance cooperation, BRICS countries have strengthened which is conducive to the recovery and growth of communication and coordination on major world economy and will provide impetus to global regional and international issues, boosted economic governance. The foreign ministers also pragmatic cooperation in all areas, increased their exchanged their views on the regional and influence and expanded common interests over the international issues of common concerns such as past year. The public opinion and social basis for the situation in the Middle East and reform in global cooperation has also been consolidated governance.

Yang Jiechi Meets with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

On September 27, 2012, Foreign Minister Hillary Clinton on the sidelines of the General Yang Jiechi met with U.S. Secretary of State Debate of the 67th Session of the UN General NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 21

Assembly at the UN headquarters in New York, relations matters the world’s future in the 21st the United States. century. Under the international conditions Yang said that a good and stable China-U.S. where uncertainty and challenges have relationship which keeps moving forward serves increased, it is of particular importance to the fundamental interests of the two countries, develop the relations between China and the and is conducive to peace, stability and United States, Clinton noted. The United States development of the Asia-Pacific region and the supports China’s fast development, and is willing world at large. “The two sides should keep the to enhance exchanges at various levels according momentum of dialogue and cooperation, to the important consensus reached by the two continue to enhance exchanges at top and other heads of state, strengthen coordination with levels, fully tap cooperation potentials and work China in regional and international affairs and hard to expand common interests,” Yang said, push forward bilateral ties, she said. adding both sides should prudently handle During their meeting, Yang explained sensitive issues and effectively manage their China’s solemn position on the Diaoyu Islands differences. “China is willing to join the U.S. to issue. He pointed out that the Japanese implement important agreements reached by the government’s decision of “purchasing the top leaders of the two countries, promote the islands” seriously infringed upon China’s building of the China-U.S. cooperative territorial sovereignty, to which China is firmly partnership in order to explore a new type of opposed. The Diaoyu Island and its affiliated relations between major powers.” islands have been China’s inherent territory Clinton, for her part, said that the United since ancient times. Any unilateral action States attaches great importance to the adopted by the Japanese side is illegal and cooperative relations with China. Cooperation invalid. Japan must abandon any illusion, face between the two countries in all areas has up to reality and correct its mistakes with brought tremendous interests for both sides, she credible steps, he said. said, adding various dialogue and cooperation The two sides also exchanged views on mechanisms fully reflect the depth and width of international and regional issues of common the bilateral ties. The development of U.S.-China concern.

China Pushes for Internet Cooperation among Emerging Countries

Beijing, Sept. 18 (Xinhua) — A senior Enhanced international cooperation is urgently information technology official on Tuesday said needed to cope with increasingly severe challenges China hopes to boost Internet-related cooperation regarding Internet security, according to Wang. with other emerging countries and contribute to “Emerging countries have a lot of common “global Internet prosperity.” understanding, similar conduct and appeals Wang Chen, head of the State Internet regarding the development of the Internet, as well Information Office, made the remarks while as common interests and a sound basis for delivering a keynote speech at the 2012 Internet cooperation,” he said. Roundtable for Emerging Countries. Wang described the roundtable as a new 22 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

platform for emerging countries to conduct exchanges and share experience regarding the development of the Internet. The event was attended by government officials, Internet experts and corporate representatives from China, Russia, Brazil and South Africa. The online sector has witnessed rapid development since the country gained access to the Internet in 1994. The number of Chinese Internet Wang Chen, Director of State Internet Information Office, delivers a key- users reached 538 million by the end note speech at an Internet Roundtable meeting for Emerging Countries on of June this year, the most users of Tuesday, September 18, 2012 in Beijing. [Photo/CRI] any country in the world. Over the past 18 years, China has been striving well as for the expression of reasonable and to tap the potential of the Internet as a new constructive ideas, Wang said. medium for the dissemination of information, as

Media Invited to Cover CPC Congress

Journalists at home and abroad are invited to China’s Foreign Ministry in Hong Kong SAR or in cover the upcoming 18th National Congress of the Macao SAR. Communist Party of China (CPC), it was Foreign correspondents based on the Chinese announced on 8th ,Oct. 2012. Applications for mainland can present their applications to the covering the congress can be submitted between Information Department of the Foreign Ministry. Oct. 9 and Nov. 2, according to an official statement Reporters from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan obtained by Xinhua. and foreign countries should also present letters Journalists from the Hong Kong and Macao of representation from their media organizations Special Administrative Regions (SAR) are asked or correspondent certifications when applying. to present their applications to the liaison offices During the congress, a media center will be set of the Central People’s Government in Hong Kong up in Beijing to help organize press conferences SAR and Macao SAR, and correspondents from and arrange interviews for reporters. Taiwan must submit their applications to the In a meeting on Sept. 28, the Political Bureau Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council. of the CPC Central Committee proposed Foreign correspondents are required to submit convening the 18th CPC National Congress on applications to Chinese embassies and consulates Nov. 8 in Beijing. abroad, the Special Commissioner’s Office of NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 23

III. THE ISSUE OF DIAOYU ISLANDS

Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China — The White Paper Issued by the Information Office of the State Council of China

September 2012, Beijing

Foreword I. Diaoyu Dao Is China’s Inherent Territory Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands are an Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands, which inseparable part of the Chinese territory. Diaoyu consist of Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu, Dao is China’s inherent territory in all historical, Nanxiao Dao, Beixiao Dao, Nan Yu, Bei Yu, Fei geographical and legal terms, and China enjoys Yu and other islands and reefs, are located to the indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. northeast of China’s Taiwan Island, in the waters Japan’s occupation of Diaoyu Dao during the between 123ˆ20'-124ˆ40’E (East Longitude) and Sino-Japanese War in 1895 is illegal and invalid. 25ˆ40'-26ˆ00’N (North Latitude), and are After the Second World War, Diaoyu Dao was affiliated to the Taiwan Island. The total landmass returned to China in accordance with such of these islands is approximately 5.69 square international legal documents as the Cairo kilometers. Diaoyu Dao, situated in the western Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation. No tip of the area, covers a landmass of about 3.91 matter what unilateral step Japan takes over square kilometers and is the largest island in the Diaoyu Dao, it will not change the fact that Diaoyu area. The highest peak on the island stands 362 Dao belongs to China. For quite some time, Japan meters above the sea level. Huangwei Yu, which has repeatedly stirred up troubles on the issue of is located about 27 kilometers to the northeast of Diaoyu Dao. On September 10, 2012, the Japanese Diaoyu Dao, is the second largest island in the area, Government announced the “purchase” of Diaoyu with a total landmass of about 0.91 square Dao and its affiliated Nanxiao Dao and Beixiao kilometers and a highest elevation of 117 meters. Dao and the implementation of the so-called Chiwei Yu, situated about 110 kilometers to the “nationalization.” This is a move that grossly northeast of Diaoyu Dao, is the easternmost island violates China’s territorial sovereignty and seriously in the area. It covers a landmass of approximately tramples on historical facts and international 0.065 square kilometers and stands 75 meters jurisprudence. above the sea level at its peak. China is firmly opposed to Japan’s violation of 1. Diaoyu Dao was first discovered, named and China’s sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao in whatever exploited by China form and has taken resolute measures to curb any such act. China’s position on the issue of Diaoyu Ancient ancestors in China first discovered and Dao is clear-cut and consistent. China’s will to named Diaoyu Dao through their production and defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity fishery activities on the sea. In China’s historical is firm and its resolve to uphold the outcomes of literatures, Diaoyu Dao is also called Diaoyu Yu the World Anti-Fascist War will not be shaken by or Diaoyu Tai. The earliest historical record of the any force. names of Diaoyu Dao, Chiwei Yu and other places 24 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

can be found in the book Voyage With a Tail Wind supervision of Ryukyu’s prime minister Xiang (Shun Feng Xiang Song) published in 1403 (the Xiangxian (Kozoken), confirmed that Gumi first year of the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Mountain (also called Gumi Mountain, known Ming Dynasty). It shows that China had already as Kume Island today) is part of Ryukyu’s discovered and named Diaoyu Dao by the 14th territory, while Chi Yu (known as Chiwei Yu and 15th centuries. today) and the areas to its west are not Ryukyu’s In 1372 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor territory. In 1708, Cheng Shunze (Tei Junsoku), Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty), the King of Ryukyu a noted scholar and the Grand Master with the started paying tribute to the imperial court of the Purple-Golden Ribbon (Zi Jin Da Fu) of Ming Dynasty. In return, Emperor Hongwu (the Ryukyu, recorded in his book A General Guide first emperor of the Ming Dynasty) sent imperial (Zhi Nan Guang Yi) that “Gumi Mountain is envoys to Ryukyu. In the following five centuries the mountain guarding the southwest border of until 1866 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Ryukyu.” Tongzhi of the ), the imperial courts These historical accounts clearly demonstrate of the Ming and Qing dynasties sent imperial that Diaoyu Dao and Chiwei Yu belong to China envoys to Ryukyu 24 times to confer titles on the and Kume Island belongs to Ryukyu, and that the Ryukyu King, and Diaoyu Dao was exactly located separating line lies in Hei Shui Gou (today’s on their route to Ryukyu. Ample volume of records Okinawa Trough) between Chiwei Yu and Kume about Diaoyu Dao could be found in the reports Island. In 1579, Xie Jie, a deputy imperial title- written by Chinese imperial envoys at the time. conferring envoy of the Ming Dynasty, recorded For example, the Records of the Imperial Title- in his book, Addendum to Summarized Record of conferring Envoys to Ryukyu (Shi Liu Qiu Lu) Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Lu Cuo Yao Bu Yi) that he entered written in 1534 by Chen Kan, an imperial title- Ryukyu from Cang Shui to Hei Shui, and returned conferring envoy from the Ming court, clearly to China from Hei Shui to Cang Shui. Xia Ziyang, stated that “the ship has passed Diaoyu Dao, another imperial envoy of the Ming court, wrote Huangmao Yu, Chi Yu... Then Gumi Mountain in 1606 that “when the water flows from Hei Shui comes into sight, that is where the land of Ryukyu back to Cang Shui, it enters the Chinese territory.” begins.” The Shi Liu Qiu Lu of another imperial Miscellaneous Records of a Mission to Ryukyu (Shi envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Guo Rulin, in 1562 Liu Qiu Za Lu), a book written in 1683 by Wang also stated that “Chi Yu is the mountain that marks Ji, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, stated the boundary of Ryukyu.” In 1719, Xu Baoguang, that “Hei Shui Gou,” situated outside Chi Yu, is a deputy title-conferring envoy to Ryukyu in the the “boundary between China and foreign land.” Qing Dynasty, clearly recorded in his book Records In 1756, Zhou Huang, a deputy imperial envoy of of Messages from Chong-shan (Zhong Shan the Qing Dynasty, recorded in his book, the Annals Chuan Xin Lu) that the voyage from Fujian to of Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Guo Zhi Lue), that Ryukyu “is Ryukyu passed Huaping Yu, Pengjia Yu, Diaoyu separated from the waters of Fujian by Hei Shui Dao, Huangwei Yu, Chiwei Yu and reached Naba Gou to the west.” (Naha) port of Ryukyu via Gumi Mountain (the The waters surrounding Diaoyu Dao are mountain guarding the southwest border of traditionally Chinese fishing ground. Chinese Ryukyu) and Machi Island. fishermen have, for generations, engaged in fishery In 1650, the Annals of Chong-shan (Zhong activities in these waters. In the past, Diaoyu Dao Shan Shi Jian), the first official historical record was used as a navigation marker by the Chinese of the Ryukyu Kingdom drafted under the people living on the southeast coast. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 25

2. Diaoyu Dao had long been under China’s jurisdiction of Gamalan, Taiwan (known as Yilan jurisdiction County today). In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, China 3. Chinese and foreign maps show that Diaoyu placed Diaoyu Dao under its coastal defense to Dao belongs to China guard against the invasion of Japanese pirates The Roadmap to Ryukyu (Liu Qiu Guo Hai Tu) along its southeast coast. In 1561 (the 40th year of in the Shi Liu Qiu Lu written by imperial title- the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty), conferring envoy Xiao Chongye in 1579 (the An Illustrated Compendium on Maritime Security seventh year of the reign of Emperor Wanli of the (Chou Hai Tu Bian) compiled by Zheng Ruozeng Ming Dynasty), the Record of the Interpreters of under the auspices of Hu Zongxian, the supreme August Ming (Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu) written commander of the southeast coastal defense of the by Mao Ruizheng in 1629 (the second year of the Ming court, included the Diaoyu Dao Islands on reign of Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty), the “Map of Coastal Mountains and Sands” (Yan the Great Universal Geographic Map (Kun Yu Hai Shan Sha Tu) and incorporated them into the Quan Tu) created in 1767 (the 32nd year of the jurisdiction of the coastal defense of the Ming reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty), court. The Complete Map of Unified Maritime and the Atlas of the Great Qing Dynasty (Huang Territory for Coastal Defense (Qian Kun Yi Tong Chao Zhong Wai Yi Tong Yu Tu) published in Hai Fang Quan Tu), drawn up by Xu Bida and 1863 (the second year of the reign of Emperor others in 1605 (the 33rd year of the reign of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty) all marked Diaoyu Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty) and the Dao as China’s territory. Treatise on Military Preparations • Coastal Defense The book Illustrated Outline of the Three II • Map of Fujian’s Coastal Mountains and Sands Countries written by Hayashi Shihei in 1785 was the (Wu Bei Zhi • Hai Fang Er • Fu Jian Yan Hai Shan earliest Japanese literature to mention Diaoyu Dao. Sha Tu), drawn up by Mao Yuanyi in 1621 (the The Map of the Three Provinces and 36 Islands of first year of the reign of Emperor Tianqi of the Ming Ryukyu in the book put Diaoyu Dao as being apart Dynasty), also included the Diaoyu Dao Islands from the 36 islands of Ryukyu and colored it the same as part of China’s maritime territory. as the mainland of China, indicating that Diaoyu The Qing court not only incorporated the Dao was part of China’s territory. Diaoyu Dao Islands into the scope of China’s The Map of East China Sea Littoral States coastal defense as the Ming court did, but also created by the French cartographer Pierre Lapie clearly placed the islands under the jurisdiction of and others in 1809 colored Diaoyu Dao, Huangwei the local government of Taiwan. Official Yu, Chiwei Yu and the Taiwan Island as the same. documents of the Qing court, such as A Tour of Maps such as A New Map of China from the Latest Duty in the Taiwan Straits (Tai Hai Shi Cha Lu) Authorities published in Britain in 1811, Colton’s and Annals of Taiwan Prefecture (Tai Wan Fu Zhi) China published in the United States in 1859, and all gave detailed accounts concerning China’s A Map of China’s East Coast: Hongkong to Gulf administration over Diaoyu Dao. Volume 86 of of Liao-Tung compiled by the British Navy in 1877 Recompiled General Annals of Fujian (Chong Zuan all marked Diaoyu Dao as part of China’s territory. Fu Jian Tong Zhi), a book compiled by Chen Shouqi and others in 1871 (the tenth year of the II. Japan Grabbed Diaoyu Dao From China reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty), Japan accelerated its invasion and external included Diaoyu Dao as a strategic location for expansion after the Meiji Restoration. Japan seized coastal defense and placed the islands under the 26 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

Ryukyu in 1879 and changed its name to Okinawa Kaoru replied in a letter to Yamagata Aritomo on Prefecture. Soon after that, Japan began to act October 21, “At present, any open moves such as covertly to invade and occupy Diaoyu Dao and placing sovereignty markers are bound to alert the secretly “included” Diaoyu Dao in its territory at Qing imperial court. Therefore, it is advisable not the end of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. to go beyond field surveys and detailed reports on Japan then forced China to sign the unequal Treaty the shapes of the bays, land and other resources of Shimonoseki and cede to Japan the island of for future development. In the meantime, we will Formosa (Taiwan), together with Diaoyu Dao and wait for a better time to engage in such activities all other islands appertaining or belonging to the as putting up sovereignty markers and embarking said island of Formosa. on development on the islands.” Inoue Kaoru also made a special emphasis that “it is inappropriate 1. Japan’s covert moves to seize Diaoyu Dao to publicize the missions on official gazette or In 1884, a Japanese man claimed that he first newspapers.” As a result, the Japanese landed on Diaoyu Dao and found the island to be Government did not approve of the request of uninhabited. The Japanese Government then Okinawa Prefecture to set up sovereignty markers. dispatched secret facts-finding missions to Diaoyu The governor of Okinawa Prefecture submitted Dao and attempted to invade and occupy the the matter for approval to the Minister of Internal island. The above-mentioned plots by Japan Affairs once again on January 13, 1890, saying that triggered China’s alert. On September 6, 1885 (the Diaoyu Dao and other “above-mentioned 28th day of the seventh month of the 11th year of uninhabited islands have remained under no the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing specific jurisdiction,” and that he “intends to place Dynasty), the Chinese newspaper Shen-pao them under the jurisdiction of the Office of (Shanghai News) reported: “Recently, Japanese Yaeyama Islands.” On November 2, 1893, the flags have been seen on the islands northeast to governor of Okinawa Prefecture applied once again Taiwan, revealing Japan’s intention to occupy for setting up sovereignty markers to incorporate these islands.” But the Japanese Government did the islands into Japan’s territory. The Japanese not dare to take any further action for fear of Government did not respond. On May 12, 1894, reaction from China. two months before the Sino-Japanese War, the After the secret facts-finding missions to secret facts-finding missions to Diaoyu Dao by Diaoyu Dao, the governor of Okinawa Prefecture Okinawa Prefecture came to a final conclusion, sent a report in secrecy to the Minister of Internal “Ever since the prefecture police surveyed the Affairs Yamagata Aritomo on September 22, 1885, island in 1885 (the 18th year of the Meiji period), saying that these uninhabited islands were, in fact, there have been no subsequent investigations. As the same Diaoyu Tai, Huangwei Yu and Chiwe a result, it is difficult to provide any specific reports Yu that were recorded in the Records of Messages on it... In addition, there exist no old records related from Chong-shan (Zhong Shan Chuan Xin Lu) to the said island or folklore and legends and known well to imperial title-conferring envoys demonstrating that the island belongs to our of the Qing court on their voyages to Ryukyu, and country.” that he had doubts as to whether or not sovereignty Japan’s attempts to occupy Diaoyu Dao were markers should be set up and therefore asked for clearly recorded in Japan Diplomatic Documents instruction. The Minister of Internal Affairs compiled by the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Yamagata Aritomo solicited opinion from the Relevant documents evidently show that the Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru on October 9. Inoue Japanese Government intended to occupy Diaoyu NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 27

Dao, but refrained from acting impetuously as it was Second World War. However, the United States fully aware of China’s sovereignty over these islands. arbitrarily included Diaoyu Dao under its Japan waged the Sino-Japanese War in July trusteeship in the 1950s and “returned” the “power 1894. Toward the end of November 1894, Japanese of administration” over Diaoyu Dao to Japan in forces seized the Chinese port of Lushun (then the 1970s. The backroom deals between the United known as Port Arthur), virtually securing defeat States and Japan concerning Diaoyu Dao are acts of the Qing court. Against such backdrop, the of grave violation of China’s territorial sovereignty. Japanese Minister of Internal Affairs Yasushi They are illegal and invalid. They have not changed Nomura wrote to Foreign Minister Mutsu and cannot change the fact that Diaoyu Dao Munemitsu on December 27 that the belongs to China. “circumstances have now changed,” and called 1. Diaoyu Dao was returned to China after the for a decision by the cabinet on the issue of setting Second World War up sovereignty markers in Diaoyu Dao and incorporating the island into Japan’s territory. In December 1941, the Chinese Government Mutsu Munemitsu expressed his support for the officially declared war against Japan together with proposal in his reply to Yasushi Nomura on January the abrogation of all treaties between China and 11, 1895. The Japanese cabinet secretly passed a Japan. In December 1943, the Cairo Declaration resolution on January 14 to “place” Diaoyu Dao stated in explicit terms that “all the territories Japan under the jurisdiction of Okinawa Prefecture. has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Japan’s official documents show that from the Formosa [Taiwan] and the Pescadores, shall be time of the facts-finding missions to Diaoyu Dao restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also in 1885 to the occupation of the islands in 1895, be expelled from all other territories which she has Japan had consistently acted in secrecy without taken by violence and greed.” In July 1945, the making its moves public. This further proves that Potsdam Proclamation stated in Article 8: “The Japan’s claim of sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao does terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out not have legal effect under international law. and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku 2. Diaoyu Dao was ceded to Japan together with and such minor islands as we determine.” On the Taiwan Island September 2, 1945, the Japanese Government On April 17, 1895, the Qing court was defeated accepted the Potsdam Proclamation in explicit in the Sino-Japanese War and forced to sign the terms with the Japanese Instrument of Surrender unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki and cede to Japan and pledged to faithfully fulfill the obligations “the island of Formosa (Taiwan), together with all enshrined in the provisions of the Potsdam islands appertaining or belonging to the said island Proclamation. On January 29, 1946, the Supreme of Formosa.” The Diaoyu Dao Islands were ceded Commander for the Allied Powers Instruction to Japan as “islands appertaining or belonging to (SCAPIN) No.677 clearly defined Japan’s power the said island of Formosa.” In 1900, Japan changed of administration to “include the four main islands the name of Diaoyu Dao to “Senkaku Islands.” of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku) and the approximately 1,000 smaller III. Backroom Deals Between the United States adjacent islands, including the Tsushima Islands and Japan Concerning Diaoyu Dao are Illegal and the Ryukyu Islands north of the 30th parallel and Invalid of North Latitude.” On October 25, 1945, the Diaoyu Dao was returned to China after the ceremony for accepting Japan’s surrender in 28 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

Taiwan Province of the China War Theater was administration” over Diaoyu Dao held in Taipei, and the Chinese Government On June 17, 1971, Japan and the United States officially recovered Taiwan. On September 29, signed the Agreement Concerning the Ryukyu 1972, the Japanese Government committed with Islands and the Daito Islands (Okinawa Reversion all seriousness in the China-Japan Joint Statement Agreement), which provided that any and all that “the Government of Japan fully understands powers of administration over the Ryukyu Islands and respects this stand of the Government of the and Diaoyu Dao would be “returned” to Japan. People’s Republic of China [Taiwan is an The Chinese people, including overseas Chinese, inalienable part of the territory of the People’s all condemned such a backroom deal. On December Republic of China], and it firmly maintains its stand 30, 1971, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation.” issued a solemn statement, pointing out that “it is These facts show that in accordance with the completely illegal for the governments of the United Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and States and Japan to include China’s Diaoyu Dao the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, Diaoyu Dao, Islands into the territories to be returned to Japan as affiliated islands of Taiwan, should be returned, in the Okinawa Reversion Agreement and that it together with Taiwan, to China. can by no means change the People’s Republic of China’s territorial sovereignty over the Diaoyu Dao 2. The United States illegally included Diaoyu Islands.” The Taiwan authorities also expressed Dao under its trusteeship firm opposition to the backroom deal between the On September 8, 1951, Japan, the United States United States and Japan. and a number of other countries signed the Treaty In response to the strong opposition of the of Peace with Japan (commonly known as the Chinese government and people, the United States Treaty of San Francisco) with China being excluded had to publicly clarify its position on the sovereignty from it. The treaty placed the Nansei Islands south over Diaoyu Dao. In October 1971, the US of the 29th parallel of North Latitude under United administration stated that “the United States Nations’ trusteeship, with the United States as the believes that a return of administrative rights over sole administering authority. It should be pointed those islands to Japan, from which the rights were out that the Nansei Islands placed under the received, can in no way prejudice any underlying administration of the United States in the Treaty claims. The United States cannot add to the legal of Peace with Japan did not include Diaoyu Dao. rights Japan possessed before it transferred The United States Civil Administration of the administration of the islands to us, nor can the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) issued Civil United States, by giving back what it received, Administration Ordinance No. 68 (Provisions of diminish the rights of other claimants... The United the Government of the Ryukyu Islands) on States has made no claim to Diaoyu Dao and February 29, 1952 and Civil Administration considers that any conflicting claims to the islands Proclamation No. 27 (defining the “geographical are a matter for resolution by the parties boundary lines of the Ryukyu Islands”) on concerned.” In November 1971, when presenting December 25, 1953, arbitrarily expanding its the Okinawa Reversion Agreement to the US jurisdiction to include China’s Diaoyu Dao. Senate for ratification, the US Department of State However, there were no legal grounds whatsoever stressed that the United States took a neutral for the US act, to which China has firmly opposed. position with regard to the competing Japanese 3. The United States and Japan conducted and Chinese claims to the islands, despite the return backroom deals concerning the “power of of administrative rights over the islands to Japan. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 29

IV. Japan’s Claim of Sovereignty Over Diaoyu Diaoyu Dao has always been affiliated to Dao Is Totally Unfounded China’s Taiwan Island both in geographical terms and in accordance with China’s historical On March 8, 1972, Japan’s Ministry of Foreign jurisdiction practice. Through the unequal Treaty Affairs issued the Basic View on the Sovereignty of Shimonoseki, Japan forced the Qing court to over the Senkaku Islands in an attempt to explain cede to it “the island of Taiwan, together with all the Japanese Government’s claims of sovereignty islands appertaining or belonging to it,” including over Diaoyu Dao. First, Japan claims that Diaoyu Diaoyu Dao. International legal documents such Dao was “terra nullius” and not part of as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Pescadores, Formosa [Taiwan] or their affiliated Proclamation provide that Japan must islands which were ceded to Japan by the Qing unconditionally return the territories it has stolen government in accordance with the Treaty of from China. These documents also clearly define Shimonoseki. Second, Japan claims that Diaoyu Japan’s territory, which by no means includes Dao was not included in the territory which Japan Diaoyu Dao. Japan’s attempted occupation of renounced under Article 2 of the Treaty of San Diaoyu Dao, in essence, constitutes a challenge to Francisco, but was placed under the administration the post-war international order established by of the United States as part of the Nansei Islands such legal documents as the Cairo Declaration and in accordance with Article 3 of the said treaty, and the Potsdam Proclamation and seriously violates was included in the area for which the the obligations Japan should undertake according administrative rights were reverted to Japan in to international law. accordance with the Okinawa Reversion Diaoyu Dao was not placed under the Agreement. Third, Japan claims that China didn’t trusteeship established by the Treaty of San regard Diaoyu Dao as part of Taiwan and had Francisco, which was signed between the United never challenged the inclusion of the islands in the States and other countries with Japan and is partial area over which the United States exercised in nature. The United States arbitrarily expanded administrative rights in accordance with Article 3 the scope of trusteeship to include Diaoyu Dao, of the Treaty of San Francisco. Such claims by which is China’s territory, and later “returned” Japan fly in the face of facts and are totally the “power of administration” over Diaoyu Dao unfounded. to Japan. This has no legal basis and is totally Diaoyu Dao belongs to China. It is by no means invalid according to international law. The “terra nullius.” China is the indisputable owner government and people of China have always of Diaoyu Dao as it had exercised valid jurisdiction explicitly opposed such illegal acts of the United over the island for several hundred years long States and Japan. before the Japanese people “discovered” it. As stated above, voluminous Japanese official V. China Has Taken Resolute Measures to documents prove that Japan was fully aware that Safeguard Its Sovereignty Over Diaoyu Dao according to international law, Diaoyu Dao has China has, over the past years, taken resolute long been part of China and was not “terra measures to safeguard its sovereignty over Diaoyu nullius.” Japan’s act to include Diaoyu Dao as Dao. China has, through the diplomatic channel, “terra nullius” into its territory based on the strongly protested against and condemned the “occupation” principle is in fact an illegal act of backroom deals between the United States and occupying Chinese territory and has no legal effect Japan over Diaoyu Dao. On August 15, 1951, according to international law. before the San Francisco Conference, the Chinese 30 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

Government made a statement: “If the People’s of offshore islands and prescribes the determination Republic of China is excluded from the and announcement of the names of offshore preparation, formulation and signing of the peace islands, on the basis of which China announced treaty with Japan, it will, no matter what its the standard names of Diaoyu Dao and some of content and outcome are, be regarded as illegal its affiliated islands in March 2012. On September and therefore invalid by the central people’s 10, 2012, the Chinese Government issued a government.” On September 18, 1951, the Chinese statement announcing the baselines of the Government issued another statement stressing territorial sea of Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated that the Treaty of San Francisco is illegal and islands. On September 13, the Chinese Government invalid and can under no circumstances be deposited the coordinates table and chart of the recognized. In 1971, responding to the ratifications base points and baselines of the territorial sea of of the Okinawa Reversion Agreement by the US Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands with the Congress and Japanese Diet, the Chinese Foreign Secretary-General of the United Nations. Ministry issued a stern statement which pointed China has maintained routine presence and out that the Diaoyu Dao Islands have been an exercised jurisdiction in the waters of Diaoyu Dao. indivisible part of the Chinese territory since China’s marine surveillance vessels have been ancient times. carrying out law enforcement patrol missions in In response to Japan’s illegal violation of the waters of Diaoyu Dao, and fishery China’s sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao, the Chinese administration law enforcement vessels have been Government has taken active and forceful conducting regular law enforcement patrols and measures such as issuing diplomatic statements, fishery protection missions to uphold normal making serious representations with Japan and fishing order in the waters of Diaoyu Dao. China submitting notes of protest to the United Nations, has also exercised administration over Diaoyu Dao solemnly stating China’s consistent proposition, and the adjacent waters by releasing weather principle and position, firmly upholding China’s forecasts and through oceanographic monitoring territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and and forecasting. interests, and earnestly protecting the safety of life Over the years, the issue of Diaoyu Dao has and property of Chinese citizens. attracted attention from Hong Kong and Macao China has enacted domestic laws, which compatriots, Taiwan compatriots and overseas clearly provide that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China. Chinese. Diaoyu Dao has been an inherent territory In 1958, the Chinese Government released a of China since ancient times. This is the common statement on the territorial sea, announcing that position of the entire Chinese nation. The Chinese Taiwan and its adjacent islands belong to China. nation has the strong resolve to uphold state In light of Japan’s repeated violations of China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao since the 1970s, compatriots across the Taiwan Straits stand firmly China adopted the Law of the People’s Republic together on matters of principle to the nation and of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous in the efforts to uphold national interests and Zone in 1992, which unequivocally prescribes that dignity. The compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao “Taiwan and the various affiliated islands and Taiwan and the overseas Chinese have all including Diaoyu Dao” belong to China. The 2009 carried out various forms of activities to safeguard Law of the People’s Republic of China on the China’s territorial sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao, Protection of Offshore Islands establishes the strongly expressing the just position of the Chinese protection, development and management system nation, and displaying to the rest of the world that NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 31 the peace-loving Chinese nation has the particular the so-called “nationalization” of determination and the will to uphold China’s state Diaoyu Dao. This severely infringed upon China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. sovereignty and ran counter to the understanding and consensus reached between the older Conclusion generation of leaders of the two countries. It has Diaoyu Dao has been an inherent territory of not only seriously damaged China-Japan relations, China since ancient times, and China has but also rejected and challenged the outcomes of indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. As the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War. China and Japan were normalizing relations and China strongly urges Japan to respect history concluding the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and and international law and immediately stop all Friendship in the 1970s, the then leaders of the actions that undermine China’s territorial two countries, acting in the larger interest of China- sovereignty. The Chinese Government has the Japan relations, reached important understanding unshakable resolve and will to uphold the nation’s and consensus on “leaving the issue of Diaoyu Dao territorial sovereignty. It has the confidence and to be resolved later.” But in recent years, Japan ability to safeguard China’s state sovereignty and has repeatedly taken unilateral measures territorial integrity. concerning Diaoyu Dao and conducted in

China Slams Japan’s Diaoyu Islands Claim

Beijing, Oct. 12 (Xinhuanet) — China’s Foreign he has done so. To prove his stance with such Ministry spokesman, Hong Lei, has said Japan has fragmented materials, regarding such a major and never had legal sovereignty over the Diaoyu serious issue concerning national territory and Islands. Hong made the remarks in response to sovereignty, only demonstrates that Japan has Japan’s Foreign Minister Koichiro Gemba, who never legally owned the Diaoyu Islands.” recently rejected China’s claim to the Diaoyu Hong stressed that scholars from both China Islands. and Japan have conducted a full and accurate Japan’s Foreign Minister, Koichiro Gemba, said historical account of the Japanese theft of the China only began asserting territorial sovereignty Diaoyu Islands, in the 1895 Sino-Japanese war. over the Diaoyu Islands in the 1970s. He has called on Japan to return to the He suggested China previously did not view negotiating table and maintain bilateral ties with the islands as part of its territory. concrete actions. In an attempt to support his claims, Gemba Hong said, “The Chinese Government has cited a letter sent from the then consul of the noted recent remarks by the Japanese side that they Republic of China in Nagasaki in 1920, and a hope to avoid further destabilization of ties. If Chinese map published in 1960. Japan is serious about maintaining good bilateral Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, Hong relations, it should realize its mistake in using Lei, was quick to dismiss the documentation. provocative words and actions. The Japanese side Hong Lei, Spokesman of Chinese Foreign should return to negotiations with concrete actions, Ministry, said, “Gemba’s materials are fragmented in order to solve this issue.” and taken out of context and it is not the first time 32 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

China Confirms Naval Patrols Near Diaoyu Islands

(Xinhua News Agency, September 27, 2012)

Defense Ministry spokesman Yang Yujun on “Chinese troops perform a duty of military Thursday confirmed that Chinese naval ships readiness to quickly react to maritime and have carried out patrolling and military training airspace emergencies and closely work with the in waters off the Diaoyu Islands recently. departments of maritime surveillance and fishery Yang’s confirmation was made in response administration to provide security for the to a media request following reports by Japanese country’s maritime law enforcement, fishery media last week of two Chinese naval frigates production as well as oil and gas development,” navigating waters off the Diaoyu Islands. he said. Yang said the Diaoyu Islands have been an When asked to comment on Japanese right- inseparable part of Chinese territory since wingers’ clamor for upgrading the Japanese Self- ancient times and it is legitimate for Chinese Defense Forces to normal national defence naval ships to carry out patrolling and training forces, Yang pointed out that the war of for military readiness in waters under Chinese aggression by Japanese militarists had brought jurisdiction. severe disasters to Asian people. The Chinese military shoulders the “Japan should learn from history and strictly responsibility of safeguarding national territory keep to a purely defensive policy to build trust and state sovereignty as well as its maritime with its neighboring countries and the rights and the safety of its people, according to international society,” he said. the spokesman.

China Continues Fishery Patrols Near Diaoyu Islands

(China Daily, October 7, 2012)

China’s fishery authorities said Saturday The five ships, setting sail on October 1, are that five fishery patrol ships were in the waters responsible for ensuring the safety of Chinese off the Diaoyu Islands during the National Day fishermen and safeguarding the fishing activity holiday to continue their patrol and protection which resumed in the area after typhoon Jelawat missions. abated, the statement said. It is the second routine patrol for the ships China’s fishery administration bureau has after the summer fishing moratorium in East included areas surrounding the Diaoyu Island China Sea ended in September, the Ministry of and affiliated islets in its regular patrol scope Agriculture said in a statement issued on since 2010. Saturday. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 33

IV. DOMESTIC AFFAIRS

China Starts Construction of 3rd West-to-East Gas Pipeline

Beijing, Oct. 16 (Xinhua) — Construction of yuan (19.7 billion U.S. dollars) to build, according China’s third pipeline that will send natural gas to the CNPC. from the nation’s resource-rich western regions to Ceremonies were held in Beijing, Fujian the energy-starved east started on Tuesday. Province in east China, and Xinjiang Uygur The pipeline is expected to transmit 30 billion Autonomous Region in the northwest to mark the cubic meters of gas annually. It will measure 7,378 launch of the construction. km and cross 10 provinces and autonomous The CNPC, Baosteel and China’s Social regions, including Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia. Security Fund agreed in May to jointly invest in The third pipeline is a key project approved the scheme through a joint venture company. The this year by the State Council, the country’s project is also open to private investment. Cabinet. It consists of one trunk line and eight As the top shareholder of the joint venture branch lines. company, CNPC holds a 52-percent stake. The trunk line will measure 5,000 km. It will The first pipeline, crossing 10 provinces and start from Horgos in Xinjiang and end at Fuzhou, regions, has transferred more than 138 billion cubic capital city of Fujian. meters of gas since 2004. The pipeline starts from The project is expected to be completed before Xinjiang and ends in Shanghai. 2015. Around 25 billion cubic meters of gas will The second pipeline, measuring around 8,700 come from central Asian countries each year, km, can transfer 30 billion cubic meters of gas meanwhile, five billion cubic meters of gas will come annually, and will be fully operational by the end from Xinjiang, according to the China National of the year. It starts from Xinjiang to Guangdong Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). Province in the south. The new project is expected to cost 125 billion

Revitalizing Exports

— China needs new export policies to expand economic growth by Lan Xinzhen

How can China’s exports rebound? This is a makes people think of expanding domestic question Shi Shiwei thinks about almost demand. That’s important, but this doesn’t mean obsessively. Shi, a professor at the University of we’ll give up on exports,” Shi said. International Business and Economics and a On August 24-25, Premier Wen Jiabao paid a scholar of Sino-EU trade, hopes he can do visit to Guangzhou, Foshan and Dongguan in something to lift China’s gloomy export numbers. Guangdong Province to investigate the economic ”The severe economic situation naturally situation and proposed that targeted measures be 34 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

adopted to promote exports and stabilize economic growth. Shi believes the reason Premier Wen is focused on export growth has to do with the weak foreign trade.According to figures released by the General Administration of Customs, in the first eight months of this year, China exported $1.31 trillion worth of goods, up by 7.1 percent over a year ago. Exports of general trade grew by 7.7 percent and those of processing trade climbed 3.5 percent. In August, year-on-year growth of exports rose STRONGER EXPORTERS: Workers assemble excavators at a factory slightly to 2.7 percent from 1 percent belonging to Sunward Intelligent Equipment Co. Ltd. The company’s in July, but fell dramatically from products are exported to more than 60 countries and regions (LONG HONGTAO) 11.3 percent in June. “China’s exports now face big difficulties,” Shi said. has been touted by some as a driver of economic The Chinese Government has already taken expansion. But given the fact that China’s social action to boost exports, including raising the tax security net remains weak and inflation high, the rebate to 17 percent from 13-15 percent of some likelihood of consumption fueling economic growth exported goods, such as furniture, garments and is low. Domestic consumption makes up 70 percent toys. of the U.S. economy. But it is unlikely for China to ”We are earnestly implementing the State realize a similar rate in the near future. Exports, Council’s measures of stabilizing foreign trade therefore, remain the spine of its economic growth growth and reducing export costs for enterprises,” and cannot readily be abandoned. And China said Jiang Yaoping, Vice Minister of Commerce, must reverse its slump in exports in order to retain at a press conference on August 28. a sound economy. For Shi, the current decline in China’s exports Gloomy Exports is attributed to a number of reasons, including the Exports were once—and to a certain degree sluggish markets in Europe, the United States and continue to be—an engine of China’s rapid Japan, the country’s three traditional export economic growth. The 2008 global financial crisis destinations.According to data from the National caused demand in China’s exports to tumble. In Bureau of Statistics, bilateral trade between China the second quarter of this year, China’s GDP and the European Union, the country’s largest growth was 7.6 percent, the lowest in three export market, dropped 1.9 percent between years.Although exports are beginning to show January and August. From the 1990s until the signs of improvement, market stability remains outbreak of the global financial crisis, China’s elusive. Many Chinese economists believe that exports to the EU had grown at an annual rate of steady export growth is the key to continuous 20 percent. economic increase. Trade between China and Japan, Asia’s second Stimulating growth in domestic consumption largest economy, has fared no better. In the first NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 35

eight months of this year, trade between the two Change for Better giants dropped 1.4 percent. Although the U.S. Shi found that many Chinese export-oriented economy is showing signs of recovery, the perils enterprises are changing their dependence on of high unemployment and the desire to bring European, U.S. and Japanese markets and tapping manufacturing jobs back home are no boons for into the potential of markets in Latin America, Chinese exports, not to mention the rampant trade Africa and the Middle East. Many emerging protectionism and anti-dumping probes in the industrial countries are developing rapidly and United States, with anti-subsidy investigations their purchasing power is rising. Compared with underway against China’s photovoltaic industry, products made in Europe and the United States, for example. Chinese products, with better cost-performance Other reasons for China’s slumping exports are value, are more suitable. Some high-end products growing domestic labor costs and the appreciation made in China, such as automobiles, are finding it of the renminbi, which positions “made-in-China” difficult to enter the European and U.S. markets in the international market at a disadvantage, said but are suitable for consumers in emerging Shi. Since the exchange rate reform in 2005, the countries. China’s bulk commodities, such as renminbi has appreciated by 30 percent against mobile phones, computers and other electronic the U.S. dollar, squeezing the profits of Chinese products, are also very popular in developing enterprises and weakening their competitiveness. countries for their high cost-performance ratio. Although China’s trade volume was rated the “Therefore we should not simply shift to world’s highest in 2011, China’s foreign trade expanding domestic consumption just because development remains unbalanced, according to exports recede. Domestic demand is of course Shi. Since 60 percent of Chinese exports are from important, but we should pay due attention to the processing trade and lack independent brands external markets,” Shi said. and distribution networks, foreign companies and Shi also believes that it isn’t easy for domestic retailers are earning large profits. “Under this enterprises to simply shift from the international blanket of low profits, heavy losses will be inflicted market to domestic consumption. Being used to upon Chinese enterprises when market demands the processing trade, export-oriented enterprises decrease,” said Shi. are highly dependent on foreign enterprises in The goal of export growth in 2012 set by the product design, brand establishment and Chinese Government is 10 percent, which is hardly distribution networks. To transfer to the domestic ambitious but still difficult to achieve. market, these enterprises need to build up their Li Jian, a research fellow at the Chinese own distribution networks and design their own Academy of International Trade and Economic products suitable to Chinese consumers, both of Cooperation (CAITEC) affiliated with the Ministry which are huge challenges. Hence, many of Commerce (MOFCOM), said that at present enterprises would ultimately return to an export- trade-related policies, including those on tax oriented focus. rebates, credit and renminbi exchange rate, are all “Exports should still be maintained because we stable. The CPI growth has remained low, and so still have advantages,” Shi said, adding that the cost pressure of China’s export-oriented although the United States and European countries enterprises is somewhat alleviated. have hopes of reviving their manufacturing sectors, “The biggest variable factor affecting China’s few enterprises are willing to do so. exports is still external demand, and the external China’s exports still face plenty of uncertainty. environment is still not optimistic,” Li said. Chinese enterprises should therefore be more pro- 36 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 active in making strategic adjustments, said Shi. is to encourage enterprises to expand exports Export-oriented enterprises have three choices: because the government assumes foreign exchange shifting focus to the domestic market, building up risks. To strengthen the support of export credit their own brands, and directly transfering to other insurance is conducive to both expanding exports industries. Each enterprise should choose the most and reducing international anti-subsidy litigations favorable path based on its own strengths. against Chinese products and reducing trade frictions. Compared to international levels, China Policy Suggestions still has room to cut premiums to export credit When visiting Guangdong Province, Premier insurance. Wen came chalk-full of suggestions to improve Mei Xinyu, a research fellow at the CAITEC, exports, including government plans to improve believes that China must adopt the following policies on stabilizing exports, accelerating the measures in order to revitalize its exports. First, process of tax rebates and enlarging the scale of the measure that helps its trade partners, such as export credit insurance. Furthermore, China the EU, to stabilize their economies, thus benefiting should improve financial services and guide China from bailing out heavily indebted European financial institutions to introduce more products nations. Second, the effort to carry out taxation to evade exchange rate risks while paying close and financial policies for stabilizing exports. Third, attention to market changes. Finally, China should accelerated pace in implementing foreign aid plans encourage enterprises engaged in foreign trade to to help drive up exports and overseas engineering nurture intellectual property rights, develop contracts. independent brands and build up international MOFCOM spokesman Shen Danyang said the distribution networks. ministry is considering adopting measures in two Industrial insiders believe that given the respects. First, it will implement government present circumstance, the government should take policies to support the steady growth in foreign full advantage of financial institutions and raise trade, particularly helping enterprises to reduce the coverage of export credit insurance, cut export costs and improving the trade environment. insurance premiums and enlarge the scale of Second, it will continue encouraging enterprises insurance payouts. to transform their pattern of growth and upgrade Zhang Lei, a macroeconomic analyst at their structures. Minsheng Securities Co. Ltd., said export credit “We will strengthen efforts in developing a insurance is an international practice adopted by pluralistic market and try to realize the goal fixed a number of countries to support exports. The aim at the outset of this year,” Shen added.

Certified Organic — New organic product certification rules in place to regulate the market by Wang Hairong

Neatly-packaged vegetables and fruits greet fresh and clean. Some boxes bear organic customers at the entrance of the Ganbei certification marks and some do not. Supermarket in Beijing’s Xicheng District. The Hanging from the top of a shelf are the organic produce, usually sold in small plastic boxes, looks certificates of a vegetable producer in NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 37

Xiaotangshan in Beijing’s north suburb. The certificates list the vegetable varieties certified and their planting acreage. But Yan, a woman in her 70s, was too focused on inspecting the vegetables lying on the shelf to notice the three pages of paper above her head. She put a box of grape tomatoes and a box of green bean sprouts in her shopping basket. Yan told Beijing Review that the products she brought from the stall in the past had been excellent. The woman was not aware of the new FAMILY TIME: A mom works in the farmland of the Little Donkey Farm as government regulation on organic her daughter looks on in Beijing’s suburb on April 16, 2011. The farm encourages consumers to rent its land and do farm work themselves (LUO XIAOGUANG) produce certification, and she did not even know the producer of her choice is a that they chose the products because of the government-certified organic producer. producers’ reputation, whereas none verified The box of a dozen or so grape tomatoes, whether the products were certified organic. weighing about one third of 1 kg, was sold at a Strict Rules price of 10 yuan ($1.5), several times the price of regular grape tomatoes, and the bean sprout costs In the past few years, food safety scandals have about 8 yuan ($1.2) per kg., almost double the price prompted more and more Chinese consumers to of regular bean sprouts. Yan said that while these turn to organic products, which claim to be vegetables were expensive, their quality and safety produced in a natural way, free of fertilizers, gave her peace of mind. pesticides and other chemical additives. On top of a meat counter, a television shows China’s annual organic food consumption is several black pigs foraging in a green forest. That predicted to reach 4.8 million tons in 2012, up 27.2 is the advertisement for Jingqishen Organic percent from the previous year, according to Agriculture Co. Ltd. The video emphasizes that Beijing Huajing Zongheng Consulting Co. Ltd., a the pigs are reared in a natural environment in market research company. While initially Chinese the Changbai Mountains in northeast China, and organic producers were primarily export-oriented, that they are not fed antibiotics or toxic additives. today the country imports organic food in order A middle-aged woman who selected a packet to meet surging domestic demand. of pork said that she often ate black pig meat from But Zhou Zejiang, a researcher with the this producer because she found the meat tastier. Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences in east The price tag indicated that the meat was about China’s Jiangsu Province, warned that China’s twice as expensive as a similar non-organic product. organic product market had been growing too fast Over 15 minutes, five customers put organic to be effectively regulated. items into their shopping carts, including “The market is currently chaotic with too many vegetables, pork and organic eggs. They all said fake products,” Zhou said. 38 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

Zhou participated in drafting China’s latest event that the quality of their products does not regulation for certifying organic products. He meet national standards or prohibited substances believes the new regulation, which he said is one are detected, and a revoked certificate cannot be of the strictest certification standards in the world, restored for any reason. will help clean up the sector after coming into force Post-certification administration is a focus of on March 1. market regulation. A certifying organization is The new regulation defines the purpose and required to make at least one post-certification on- scope of certification, certification standards, site inspection of a certified producer. The certifier certification procedures and required qualifications can determine the frequency of on-site inspections for certifying organizations and personnel. according to the type and risks of certified The Certification and Accreditation products, the quality of the producer’s Administration of China (CNCA) has also released management system and the overall credibility of the Organic Product Certification Directory, listing the locality. 37 categories of organic products including Organic products are usually sold at prices vegetables and milk. A national organic product much higher than regular items. This price certification logo database management system difference offers an incentive for fraud. has been put into operation, so that any certified Last October, investigations on fake organic organic product can be traced to its origin. products carried out by Xinhua News Agency Data from the CNCA show that as of the end reporters exposed misuse of certification marks in of 2011, a total of 9,337 organic product the Chinese market. Some producers use expired certificates had been issued in China and 2 certification marks, some vendors label their non- million hectares of farmland had been certified organic products organic and some even use for organic production. counterfeit organic certification marks. Liu Gang, Currently, 23 Chinese certifiers have been an organic food broker who’s been trading, authorized to certify organic products for domestic processing and packaging organic food in Beijing, consumption, whereas production for export is Shandong and Guangxi for years, said that an certified by foreign certifiers approved by China. According to the CNCA, the new certification regulation differs from the previous one in that it has stricter certification standards on the production, processing, labeling and marketing of organic products. For instance, a certifying organization is required to conduct site inspections on all production activities at the organic production site in every production season for all products to be certified. The new regulation also departs from the old one in spelling out that the certificates of dishonest producers ORGANIC FOOD: Certificates of organic producers are displayed above a shall be revoked or suspended in the vegetable shelf in the Ganbei Supermarket in Beijing (WANG HAIRONG) NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 39

organic product certificate could be bought for scale are too strict for ordinary farmers, and the between 20,000 yuan ($3,171) and 30,000 yuan certification is also too expensive for them,” said ($4,756). Ren Yuanyong, Director of the Agricultural To make certification marks more difficult to Technology Promotion Center in Dongxi Town, tamper with, the new government regulation Jianyang City in southwest China’s Sichuan specifies that every certification mark should have Province. a unique code, which should be put on the smallest Nonetheless, Zhou at the Nanjing Institute of package of certified organic products, so that the Environmental Sciences said that individual product can be traced and verified. The code farmers can win consumers’ trust with their should consist of the information of the certifying reputation and good will instead of certification. organization, the certifying year and some random Pan Jiaen, an executive at the Little Donkey numbers. Farm in Beijing, agreed with Zhou. Pan said as an The CNCA also periodically inspects the market organic producer, the Little Donkey Farm would to crack down on illegal use of certification marks not seek certification, because annual certification for organic products. According to the CNCA, in is too expensive for small producers, and many 2011, it inspected 845 vending venues and 1,610 counterfeit certified products have undermined the certified producers and investigated 69 cases credibility of certification. involving counterfeit organic certification marks. Shi Yan, founder of the Little Donkey Farm, encourages consumers to first visit her farm, to see Small Producers the facilities and crops and to chat with local Although the tight certification standards are farmers about how it works. intended to boost organic production, some argue Farmers at the Little Donkey Farm are required the regulation will hinder small producers and to follow the principles of organic farming, such prevent them from shifting to this green as not using any synthetic fertilizer or pesticides. production model. “Livestock should be fed with the farm’s own grass “The requirements in the new regulation for and vegetables and not commercially produced production environment, processes, material and animal feed,” Shi said.

Taking a Toll

— Toll-free holidays bring massive congestion and opposition by highway operators by Zhou Xiaoyan

Dubbed the “Golden Week,” the National Day nationwide for passenger vehicles with seven seats holiday (normally October 1-7) is a traditional peak or less during four major Chinese holidays—Spring travel period for many Chinese who hit the road. Festival, Tomb Sweeping Day, May Day and But this year’s holiday was different from years National Day. For the last National Day holiday, past: most motorists across the country were it came into effect on September 30 and ran until exempt from paying toll fees. October 7. The Chinese Government in August decided Driven by the new policy, the number of to lift highway tolls on roads and bridges travelers on highways totaled 85 million by 4 p.m. 40 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

on September 30, the first day of the holiday, up 13.3 percent year on year, said the Ministry of Transport. With more people than usual on the road, China’s major expressways saw congestion beginning as early as 5 a.m. on September 30. On some roads, car accidents caused congestion and slowed traffic to a speed of less than 20 km per hour. As of 3 p.m. on September 30, congestion was reported on 24 expressways in 16 provinces, due PAYING A PRICE: Drivers and passengers are jammed on the Beijing-Shanghai to accidents and a sharp increase Highway on September 30, when travelers enjoyed a toll-free highway (WANG of cars on road. ZHEN) “Congestion after the toll-free policy is within our expectation,” added Xu Yunfei, sectors in China include banking, alcohol and real an expert in transportation in Shandong Province. estate, but financial reports of listed highway “We should stick to this policy and keep on companies reveal that this industry is not implementing it.” necessarily struggling. But it would strike a blow to Chinese highway In 2011, the total revenue of all 19 listed companies. Industry insiders predict a 2-percent highway companies was 41.48 billion yuan ($6.57 drop in their market performance. billion), a 22-percent year-on-year increase and the China’s highway construction has been in a gross profit margin was 53.53 percent, according rapid-expansion phase since 1988, when the first to hexun.com, China’s biggest financial news Web highway was completed in Shanghai. The Chinese portal. The gross profit margin of 19 listed Government adopted the principle of “building highway companies was as high as 61.76 percent roads with bank loans and paying off debt with in the first half of 2012, according to Wind toll fees,” and the standard has been in effect until Information Co. Ltd. (Wind Info), a Shanghai- today. based leading service provider of financial data, By the end of 2011, the total length of highway information and software. had amounted to 85,000 km. China’s roads—and Toll fees account for over 90 percent of the highways in particular—have withstood over 75 income of listed highway companies, according to percent of the country’s freight volume and over their financial reports. 90 percent of passenger volume. Toll fees have Although profits are high, the return on equity become a major source of revenue for highway (ROE) for the highway industry is only 10.43 companies and local governments. percent, lower than other sectors. Some analysts argue that the ROE is lower because of massive Profitable, But Indebted previous investments, and investors should be Most people would assume that high-profit aware of this fact. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 41

“If you analyze the financial statements of exceeded 70 percent, according to a report from highway companies carefully, you will find that Dongxing Securities at the end of 2011. the ROE is not as high as the gross profit margin The Future may indicate,” said Guo Shenghui, Securities Representative of Chutian Expressway. To charge or not to charge—that’s the big road Moreover, despite the exorbitant profits, most question, which requires long-term negotiation highway companies are heavily in debt due to among the Central Government, local their ongoing expansion plans. Massive profits lure governments and highway companies. companies to further expand their construction Toll charges may even account for an projects. This expansion brings debt and that debt astounding 15 percent of China’s GDP and are a is passed onto passengers. The entire sector is major engine for local GDP growth, said Zhao locked into this system. Haijun, an independent researcher. The total debt of these highway companies In response to the outcry over high toll fees, amounted to 124.79 billion yuan ($19.78 billion) five ministries, including the National in the first half of 2012, up 18.48 percent from the Development and Reform Commission and the previous year, according to Wind Info. Ministry of Transport, launched a one-year In June 2011, the Yunnan Provincial Road campaign against irregular toll charges in June last Development Investment Co. Ltd. broke its year, including confronting companies that had contract with a bank because it failed to pay back already paid off their debts. its debt and interest payments on time. Although From a major crackdown on over charging to the problem was eventually resolved, liability a free pass on holidays, it may be no surprise where plagues the highway industry and rating agencies the Central Government is headed with road tolls. have lowered the credit ratings of road “Judging from ongoing highway reform, road construction businesses. tolls will eventually be lifted nationwide,” said “Some highway companies have a very high Zhang. “Maintenance fees should be earmarked asset-liability ratio,” said Zhang Xiaode, a professor by central and local governments.” at the Chinese Academy of Governance. “Most Some argue that scrapping toll fees nationwide highway companies have a government-backed is not a realistic or feasible move. financing platform. If credit policies are tightened Listed highway companies belong to and the income of highway companies shrinks, the shareholders. How can the country decide to scrap whole industry chain could break, leading to a all or some toll charges? Toll fees cannot simply be government debt crisis.” removed. Besides, highway construction needs a The asset-liability ratio of Henan Zhongyuan large amount of capital and securing investment is a lengthy process, which is why so little private Expressway Co. Ltd. and Guangxi Wuzhou capital has been injected into the sector, an Communications Co. Ltd. was as high as 79.07 industry insider told the China Economic Weekly. percent and 71.02 percent, respectively. The After the crackdown, 12 of the 19 listed liability ratio of Hubei Chutian Expressway Co. highway companies saw profits fall, according to Ltd. was 68.53 percent. the China Economic Weekly. “We’ve already reported “The whole highway industry is now cash- results of last year’s crackdown to industry strained,” said Guo of Hubei Chutian Expressway. supervisors,” said Guo of Hubei Chutian Unlisted highway companies face an even more Expressway. “We don’t know what the severe situation. The liability ratio in transportation government is going to do next, so the future of investment companies in six provinces has highway toll charges is still unclear.” 42 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

V. CHINA TIBET

Tibet Mobile Users Exceed 2 Million

— The number of mobile phone users in southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region has exceeded 2 million.

As of June, Tibet had 2.17 million registered than in other parts of China. mobile users, accounting for nearly 75 percent of In May 2008, when mankind for the first time the total population of the high-altitude region, Li took the Olympic flame to the 8,844.43-meter-high Zhen, chief of the region’s industry and Mt. Qomolangma, news reporters traveling with information technology department, said on the torch team successfully released photos of the Tuesday at a seminar on the region. historic moment by mobile phones, marking signal There are 402,000 fixed-line phone users and coverage on the world’s highest peak. 1.34 million Internet users in the region, added Li. Rigzin, a 20-year-old Tibetan woman living at With total planned spending of 10.2 billion the foot of the mountain in the prefecture of Xigaze, yuan (1.6 billion U.S. dollars) on said a mobile phone has become one of her most telecommunication infrastructure construction, important tools. the official is expecting the number of mobile and She makes phone calls, sends messages and fixed-line phone users to exceed 2.8 million by the reads news every day through a smartphone she end of 2015. described as “magic.” The plateau region is known as “the roof of “My grandpa told me it took 10 days to deliver the world” due to its average altitude of over 4,000 a letter from here to capital city Lhasa by horse meters, and building telecommunication when he was young, but now I can reach my elder infrastructures there is more difficult and costly brother there within seconds.”

Tibet to Invest 400 Million Yuan in Nomad’s Settlement

With an average altitude of 4,000 meters, in 60 alpine counties majoring in animal Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possesses main native husbandry during the ten years from 2001 to 2011, pasture in China. According to the statistics, over to construct residential communities and auxiliary one million Tibetan herders have bid farewell to projects such as housing, pens, straw storages and their centuries-old nomadic lifestyle and settled drinking water for both people and livestock. down in towns and cities during the past few Tibet plans to invest 400 million yuan more in years. nomad’s settlement of 13.4 thousands households China has invested 1.2 billion yuan in in the approaching five years£¬during the settlement of more than 4,000 thousands nomads “Twelfth Five-Year” plan period of China. NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 43

3.5 Billion Yuan Investment in Tibetan Prefecture’s Roads Announced

The Chinese government is to spend 3.5 billion one day, according to Liu. yuan (551 million U.S. dollars) before the end of Golog covers 76,000 square km on the Qinghai- the current five-year plan (2011-2015) to build Tibetan Plateau and has a population of 180,000 roads in a remote, poor Tibetan plateau prefecture — mostly herders. The topography of the region, to boost economic development. with an average elevation of 4,200 meters, is About 3,000 km of new roads will be built by dominated by daunting snow-capped mountains 2015 to link major towns and herdsman and sprawling meadowland. communities in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Golog is also the poorest among China’s 10 Prefecture, in Qinghai Province, Liu Yingde, head Tibetan autonomous prefectures. Average per of the prefecture’s transportation bureau, told capita income was only 2,964 yuan last year. The Xinhua on Saturday. government is hoping that better roads can bring By 2015, one will be able to travel from the businesses to the region. prefecture seat to major towns and return in just

Gesang Flowers—Recording the Border Protectors Text & Photo by Chen Dan

Having visited Tibet many times, I have never known what Gesang flowers really looked like, though they are very famous. Why are Tibetans fond of this flower? Today, I will interview the “Gesang-flower Service Team”, a group of border protectors serving at Nyalam Border- check Port. I have a review of all documents regarding the Gesang flower. In Tibetan, “Gesang” refers to “happiness”. The Gesang flower grows in the highland. It is very common, having slim haulm and small petals. It looks too weak to “Gesang-flower Service Team” at Nyalam Border-check Port–Li Pei, Zeng withstand a gust of wind. Qian, Wu Shurong, Muke Remu and Palma Yang (from left to right). Notwithstanding the strong wind, it remains slim and graceful. Under the sunlight, it strongest flowers in the highland. It commands the appears very elegant and beautiful. In the mind of profound affection of Tibetans, causing them to Tibetans, Gesang flowers are the most common but 44 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

dream of an auspicious life. Liu Weiqiong has few words: “My life is very Viewing these documents, I conclude the common. I have served in the military for 17 years keywords of Gesang flower are beauty, strength and stayed at Dram for 12 years.” Her husband is and persistence. People who have experience in also serving at Dram, and a son is placed with her passing through a border check post know how parents in her hometown. Once she returned to important a border service is for a country. Such her hometown to see parents and child, her nine- service needs to be performed by professionally year boy asked with puzzling face: “Mom, am I a capable people who are not only equipped with migrant child?” On hearing this suddenly, Liu comprehensive knowledge but are also good at Weiqiong was shaken and then immediately dealing with emergencies. But my question is… hugged her son and said: “No, my baby…” As a how can these very serious persons relate to females mother, in particular as a mother in military and “Gesang flowers”? I am puzzled. service, her heart felt sorrow. Today, she tells the The first flower we meet today is Liu story to us with a smile, but I can still see her regrets Weiqiong. She is the honorable team leader of the regarding her son. Gesang-flower Service Team, as well as the deputy At the border check counters, we see these director of the Nyalam Border-check Port. She has team members of Gesang-flower Service Team. been working here for over ten years. Our They are wearing olive-colored uniforms, and are impression of her is that she is a very modest, very beautiful. Their amiable smile engulfs the sincere and moderate person. She does not work checking counters with harmony. at the front counter but administers the whole Palma Yang is a tall and slim girl, wearing a border check post. She gives us very detailed pair of glasses. Before the interview, we had information about the system of the border-check actually read some information about her. She post. Especially when she introduces us to her graduated from the Armed Police School in female team members in Gesang flowers Service Langfang of Hebei Province. After coming to Team, her words just like the speaking of an elder Nyalam, she works hard and has won high praise sister or a mother while her eyes show sparkling, from colleagues and organizations, but she is tender and amiable. “The female Gesang-flower suffering from rheumatism. Whenever the weather Service Team is our brand. Since its foundation in 2010, we have recruited 12 female staff from all over the country. They are ethnic Tibetan and Han graduates from universities, as well as the most beautiful scenery at Nyalam Bordercheck Port. These girls are overloaded with work. They often check up to a thousand people who pass through the border. Sometimes, they are bothered by various kinds of difficulties, such as too many passengers or sickness amongst them. Notwithstanding, they overcome difficulties and are standing at the solemn position at the border of

China…” Blossoming Flowers NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 45

turns moist and cold, she has to tolerate pain at the check port. because of her illness. Nevertheless, she shows her Liu Yiman is a girl from Beijing. She also has persistence and keeps working on her counter short hair and looks very quiet and smart. After without any leave. graduating from university in 2010, she was sent Feng Yuchen is another girl working at the to Guangzhou to gain more knowledge and skills check counter. She has short hair. She has won about border checking. When her parents heard class-three commendations because of her success that she would come to Tibet, her parents expressed in checking for counterfeit passports and strong disagreement. But she finally convinced her documents from illegal passengers. She has worked parents though she always appeared quiet by out a series of strategies to provide better service nature, She has no sense of being pampered and at the border-check counters. She is beloved by the advantaged as a girl from big city. Despite her passengers passing through the border. gentle appearance, she is not overwhelmed by Wu Shurong is an outspoken girl from difficulties, but adapts rather quickly to a harsh Sichuan Province. She has a pair of beautiful eyes situation. When we see her at the counter, she looks that often show her to be smart but carefree. Apart very strong and professional. from working at the checking counter, she also Tseshi Lhamo is a beautiful Tibetan girl. She provides service as interpreter since she commands has twin dimples on her smiling face. She is excellent English and Nepalese. At present, she is working in the front line to guide passengers using her spare time to prepare for examinations passing through the checking counters. The crowds in order to get her university master’s degree. of passengers are attracted by her and orderly as In a group picture of the Gesang-flower they pass through. Zeng Qian is working at a two- Service Team, I saw a sweat girl standing with the meter-square counter table. She politely receives other team members. She is Li Pei. She has seven every document and gives it a professional check. or eight years experience working as a soldier and With just seven seconds, she has skillfully finished military student. Compared with other team the check of all documents and returned them to members, she is an old soldier. She is good at passengers. writing, so she is working on preparing documents Zhu Hao is postgraduate and came to the in an office. She has successfully recorded and border check this year. On the day she arrived at passed on information regarding what happened the border post, it was New Year’s Eve. She

The excellent performance of “Gesang-flower Service Team” Taking care of an old granny. produced a cheerful mood of the customer. 46 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

discarded the opportunity to have a family reunion in her hometown of Northeast, but came to this small town on the border of China. It has only taken her one-month to blend into the team. Li Wenbin, the deputy director of Nyalam Border Check Port has commented on these girls born after 1985 by saying: “They are very good at quick response and receiving new ideas. Although they have less ability to cope with difficulties because most of them are the single child in family and may be pampered, the team will Li Jing, a team member of the “Gesang-flower Service Team”, on duty. discipline them. Sooner or later, they will adapt to the life here. These soldiers have to woman was suddenly beginning to give birth to a work six to eight hours every day. Sometimes, they baby while she passed through the border, the may have no job shift for a long time. But no matter journey to Shigatse Hospital from Dram Port was what, they never complain and they are actually several hundred kilometers and the road condition very good.” was not good. On encountering this problem, she There are others in the Gesang-flower Border had to go back to Nepal to deliver her baby since Team, such as Chen Guojing, Muke Remu, Xu Dan the hospital of Nepal was just about one hundred and Li Jing, but we did not get chance to meet kilometers away. While the border check counter them. However, they form the beautiful team and received such information, a green channel was have their own stories through “blossoming” at especially opened to this Tibetan woman. The girls the border check port. of Gesang-flower Servicing Team immediately Border check post is actually a special place helped the woman by getting her stretcher and since it represents the country and the government. carried her to pass through the border. They found It is solemn location and a powerful place. More a car in Nepal to send her to the Hospital of Nepal. or less, passengers are often nervous. Accompanied The woman later in the year brought her child and with tiredness on the journey, they may also her husband to express their appreciation to the become unwilling to having their documents girls who gave mother and child so much help. checked. However, these girls working at the Another example was an old Tibetan counters with their smiling faces and better service grandma who suddenly fainted in front of the reduce their tension dramatically. They feel the border. Her son claimed she had serious blood kindness of these girls. The Gesang-flower Border pressure accompanied with heart disease. On Team aims to improve their service quality. They seeing this, the girls brought tea to the grandma. promote a smiling service to bring a peaceful feeling In the same way, a border girl also saved the life of from the journey. an injured construction worker who needed quick These girls always give great assistance to medical service in Nepal Hospital. passengers. There are so many stories about this. Whenever the girls at the check counters meet One example is, one time a pregnant Tibetan any kind of situation with the passengers, they NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 47

always provide their highly effective and efficient them while checking. These passengers may shout service. Their help is free and without restriction. at the girls or use bad language. They may even One day, a girl returning back to China came to Li empty their luggage everywhere. Whenever Pei who was serving at the counter and asked for encountering with such situation, the young girls help as she lost her cell phone and wallet. The control their emotions and preserve their etiquette merciful Li Pei immediately went back to her to provide service until they have invited these dormitory to get several hundred RMB and a passengers to pass through. thousand RMB borrowed from another colleague Within two years, Gesang-flower Servicing to help this girl so that she could return to her Team has served 200 thousand passengers to pass home. The girl was very grateful and said she through the border counters and given extra 200 would immediately pay back the money to Li Pei examples of free service. They provided help to 37 after she went back home. However, five months cases of difficult passengers. In their position, they has already gone by, and the girl did not pay back confiscated 216 counterfeit documents and anything and had left no information. Today, Li provided educational service with regard to the Pei still smiles and says to me: “I believe she will law and the regulations of the border of China to pay me back.” over 300 people. The team visited 33 households “There are so many people needing our help. to get service feedback and provided free donations We girls like to pay detailed attention to such (valued over 10 thousand Yuan) to local children, things. We need have a high ability of observation. as well as the children on the Nepal border. Their Whenever we find anything unusual, we would contributions to the country and community are like to come to ask if the passengers need help. highly regarded by local people and the Whenever we find passengers suffering emotional government. They won three flags symbolizing upsets, we girls take advantage as females to excellent performance and many “thank you” comfort them in order to avoid conflicts,” said Wu letters from passengers came to them. Respectively, Shurong. many of the team members got decorations from Surely, these girls may also encounter some both nation and the local Tibet authorities, such irrational passengers who may not cooperate with as “excellent policewoman”. These Gesang flowers may not attract a lot of attention as they quietly do their job, but their every little task done in the course of their job has together formed a big wave and penetrated into the heart of the people. This is the character of Gesang flower. These flowers take root in the highland and brave all kinds of difficulties to grow up. They sacrifice their young and beautiful lives to safeguard the door to China and add prosperity to the plateau. Of course, they bring good will to the people through their best service.

Team members cleaning the national landmark. 48 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

My View on Buddhist Changes in Tibet Text by Wang Ggi

In Tibetan areas, prior to the Democratic Reform (1959-1960), there were over 2,700 monasteries, and the population of monks and nuns totaled about 110,000, accounting for 10 percent of the total Tibetan population (1.2 million). Since the Democratic Reform, the number of the monasteries has decreased to some 1,700, with 46,000 monks and nuns, only one-sixtieth of the total population (some 2.70 million). These numbers has caused universal concern among people studying Tibet from home and abroad. Furthermore, Eminent monks (Photo by Ge Jialing) it also has been used a pretext to campaign against “destroying Tibetan religious than 60,000 if one included the people of the culture” and “infringing on human rights” by western and northern suburbs and neighboring international separatist forces seeking to attack the Deqing Zong (present-day Darze County). Central Government. However, the number of monks and nuns in three As to how to handle this change, this writer major monasteries in this area and in the other will illustrate his own view and mutual discussions smaller monasteries and Lhakang reached some with people concerned with on Tibet from home 20,000. The population in the upper and lower and abroad. In fact, considering the entire world, Yadong area totaled only 3,500, but there were the large number of monasteries and monks and five monasteries and 340 monks and nuns in the nuns in Tibet, with religious professionals area. accounting for such a large percentage of the total There are three main reasons for this. First, population, was abnormal. people voluntary sought to become monks and Under the temporal and religious nuns out of their religious belief; second, some administration of Tibet, besides the medium and poverty-stricken serf families could not raise their larger monasteries built through history, nobles, children so they sent them to monasteries or headmen and other powerful figures fell over each nunneries; third, people were forced into other to build a great many middle and small monasteries also due to the following two causes: monasteries and Lhakang (temples) to show their (a.) a family with three children had to send one piety. Generally, there were at least two child to serve as a monk or nun, (b) when a monasteries in every Zong (county), Xika (manor) monastery was built, for fear of the number of and at least one Lhakang in every village. monks and nuns being inadequate, the nobles and At that time, the population of Lhasa urban headmen submitted a report to the Yecang, then area totaled only some 20,000, rising o not more they would force people to be monks or nuns and NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 49

this boosted number of monks and nuns when the report had been approved. During that period, monks and nuns constantly escaped secretly from monasteries to resume their secular lives, even though facing all kinds of censure and discrimination. The 10th Panchen Erdeni told Chairman Mao Zedong on January 23, 1961 that some of the lower-class monks became monks because they led a poverty-stricken life while others assumed monastic duties because of the requirement for a family with three children to give up one of them for religion. This is true with small Reciting sutras is the daily work of monks(Photo by He Yunxiao) monasteries only, and only few their time absorbed in study of the Tibetan monks were in the case in bigger monasteries. language and sutras, even having the chance to In the monasteries at that time, some monks enter the leadership and enjoy certain privileges sent from rich families could buy the title of in the monasteries. “Qunche” and give alms in the temples so that Monks who came from the poor families they could free from the burden of various kinds without financial means had to shoulder all kinds of forced labor in the monasteries and could spend of onerous labor such as carrying water (the hardest), sweeping the floor, tending horses, mowing, gathering firewood, etc. Many hardly had time to study sutras and the Tibetan language, let alone enter the leadership of the monasteries. They were often scolded and beaten, living in a grievous and wretched condition, actually slaves wrapped in a kasaya. Regarding this, the 10th Panchen Erdeni told Chairman Mao: “Of the monks, mainly the middle class truly understand religion and study sutras. Few of the upper monks in monasteries study sutras actually, and the lower monks who are the slaves of the monasteries are busy with chores, having no time to study sutras, while some of them are even Monk musicians during the Buddha painting unfolding festival (Photo illiterate.” by Tong Gaoming) 50 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

With the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, became involved in revolutionary work, becoming the PLA implemented carefully the policies of a member of the CPC and working as head of Tibet ethnic equality and unity and freedom of religious Commerce Commission. belief, speaking politely, fair marketing; they also Now, he works as vice-chairman of the CPPCC established cultural sodality of patriotic youths, all Tibet Committee. Since suppressing the armed kinds of study classes and various entertainment rebellion launched by Tibetan reactionaries in 1959, activities. Some young monks and nuns who and carrying out the vigorous and mighty pursued freedom and progress as well as the monk Democratic Reform in the fanning and herding officials of original Tibetan government were areas, the monasteries also took part in various naturally attracted to join in such activities. Those movements to crush rebellion and end privilege who wanted to free themselves from the Bondage and exploitation. of being forced to serve as monks and nuns by the old feudal system could resume their secular lives of their own accord; some appealed to study in the ethnic minority colleges in the hinterland or in the Tibet Public School (called Tibet Nationalities Institute later) in Xianyang of Shanxi Province; some gradually change their beliefs voluntarily and joined the Communist Youth League or the CPC. For example, Lobsang Qamba a young monk from the Donggar Monastery (in Upper Yadong), joined the Yadong Patriotic Youth Culture Association in 1955 and was elected president. He is still working for the CPPCC Yadong County Committee. Banjor Norbu, another young monk from the Donggar Monastery, took The Potala Palace under repair(Photo by Zhang Guiying) the initiative to go to Xianyang to study in the Tibet Public School in 1957 and later joined the CPC; he acted as Secretary of the CPC The poverty-stricken monks and nuns like the Yadong Duina District Committee over a long farmers and herders in the farming and herding period. areas were outraged at the exploitation and Xoikang Tubdain Nyima, a monk official from oppression by the reactionary upper echelon of the original ranks of Tibetan government nobles, monks and nuns. For example, monks from the participated in the cultural activities of patriotic Gandain Monastery ascertained that 63 of the 80 youths in Lhasa in 1953, joined the Communist upper-class monks had joined the armed rebellion, Youth League and the CPC soon after, and was compelling 2,800 from among the 4,000 common elected as the Communist Youth League in 1955; monks to join them, and organizing the siege of he was active in the work for suppressing armed the Shannan Work Committee and the PLA, even rebellion. Jinzhong Gyaincain Puncog, another forcing 50 monks to act as a “suicide squad” of monk official from the riginal Tibetan government, the armed rebellion forces in the Norbu Lingka after NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 51

March 10, 1959. to work or study. Furthermore, the people’s A meeting attended by over 3,200 government also appropriately arranged the lives representatives of monks, farmers and herders of the 312 monks who were voluntary to stay in belonging to the Gandain Monastery was held on the monasteries and sent them provisions in fixed August 5, 1959. Over 100 people made charges quantity, and also invested 100,000 Yuan as regarding the rebellious activities of reactionary managing expenditure for the monastery. This is monks and the brutal exploitation of exploited the epitome of the experience of over 2,000 farmers and herders. A 13-year-old daughter of monasteries during the Democratic Reform in Tibet. Serf Lhamo had been gang raped by six evil monks As the CPC Tibet Work Committee stipulated and then fell ill for several months; such stories at that time, the monks and nuns who wished to are horrifying! stay in the monasteries could do so; and those who One must be shocked by the sight of shackles, did not want to continue to be monks and nuns anklets, staves for cruelly killing serfs as well as were able to resume their secular lives could get the instruments of torture like cutting tongues, back home with traveling expenses provided. It pulling out tendons and peeling off the skin that was stipulated in explicit terms in the policy of the were found in the monastery. Tibet Work Committee “to abolish monasteries, the On August 10, under the strong appeal of the system of forcing ordinary people to become serfs, the documents and written pledges of ula monks”, and “it depends on their own will corvee labor, practicing usury and indenture by whether to remain or to leave the monasteries.” which one sells oneself or a member of one’s family, That is the fundamental reason for the great etc were all burnt. decrease in the number of Tibet monasteries, monks After this movement, over 300 monks and nuns and nuns during the Democratic Reform (1959- resumed their secular lives immediately, 13 of 1960). This decrease is due to the personal liberation whom were appointed by the people’s government of the slaves and serfs wrapped in a kasaya, and part of the advancement of Tibetan society and an important move for protecting, guaranteeing and improving the human rights of Tibetans. It was utterly wrong to say that this was an act of “destroying Tibetan religious culture” and “infringing on human rights”. It is really an infringement of human rights, and extremely immoral and totally violates the policy of freedom to believe or not believe religion, to force those monks and nuns to stay in the monasteries if they really wished to resume a secular life. It is true that we committed mistakes of oppressing religious activities during the “cultural Monks with the Rewoqe Monastery in Qamdo(Photo by Degyi) revolution” (1966-76). But we 52 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

thoroughly corrected such mistakes after having of money to repair many famous monasteries and crushed the “gang of four”. Through earnestly cultural relics. implementing the policy of religious freedom, Nowadays, the ratio between the number of normal religious activities in Tibet have been religious professionals and the total population in resumed. Tibet tends to be reasonable. The ratio of one- Today, there are 1,700 monasteries and over sixtieth of monks and nuns in the total population 46,000 monks and nuns in the Tibetan areas, is relatively more reasonable than the one-tenth enough to meet the demand for religious activities. before the Democratic Reform. This benefits Tibet’s The people’s government set up all kinds of political, economic and cultural development and Buddhism classes, built a Higher Institute of progress; cultural and scientific knowledge have Buddhism in Beijing and invested a large amount been further promoted among the Tibetans.

Ongren: Hometown of Tibetan Opera Founder Text by Geleg

Since the 1980s, I don’t know how many times Gangdese Mountain as the eastern boundary, and I have walked along the road from Lhasa to Sagya is close to Nagqu in the north, as well as being via Yangzhog Yumco, Gyangze Town and Xigaze, part of the Xigaze area. The county is 397km west so the scenery along the road holds no surprises. It of Lhasa and 160km west of Xigaze. is only when we arrive at Ongren Ngamring that Before the Democratic Reform (1959-1960) it new sights impinge on my consciousness. was known as Ongren Zong, but in 1959 this was I talk it over with Prof. Nancy about staying changed to Ongren County, becoming another couple of days. The traditional anthropologist only wants to reach our destination as soon as possible to begin an on-the-spot, and is unwilling to delay halfway, so I have to accept her idea. The reason why I advise to stay another few days is that there are many places deserving of study. Ongren County is situated in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and lies in the western part of Xigaze. It abuts Xeitongmoin County and Lharze County in the east, Tingri in the south, and Ngari of Coqen in the southwest. The northern part is a stretch of no-man’s land. It borders on Nepal taking A segment of Zhimei Gunden, one of the famous eight Tibet Opera (Photo by Zhang Ying) NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012 53

subordinated to Xigaze, with a total area of 13,000 square km and a population of 35,000. The topography is undulating and varied, with mountains, plain rivers, valleys, extensive grassland. It belongs to what it is called the “Dui area” (including Ngari) in Tibetan traditional history books. For example, the coterminous part of Ongren County and the Northern Grasslands was called “Lhaduichiang” or northern “Lhadui” in ancient times. About this history, Melvyn C. Ongren County seat and Ongqu Monastery(Photo by Degyi) Goldstein, a famous American anthropologist and Tibetologist, and his companion, Cynthia M Beall, lived with the entitled Peasants and Herders in West Tibet. It local farmers and herders in the grasslands of vividly describes the local conditions and customs northern Ongren for 16 months and wrote a book of this area complete with a great many well- captioned illustrations. Indiana University Professor Elliot Sperling, who is also a Tibetologist, read out a thesis entitled The Period of Changladui Kingdom at an annual meeting on Tibetan studies in Beijing. The thesis for the first time introduced systematically how the power of the Tubo Kingdom gradually disintegrated in the 9th Century and civil war broke out repeatedly after Nam Dama, the last king, was killed. Since the 10th century, Ongren had been a small state named “Gungtang Zinbo”. Both the research of Sperling and the records in history books show that the king ruling the small state was called “Changbo Dabo”, meaning the Lord of the north. But they themselves claimed to be descendants of the Xixia royal family. In the Yuan Dynasty, Pagba of the Sagya Monastery divided the whole of Tibet into “1,310,000-Household Offices”, and Changbo Dabo was granted the honorific title of the chief of the 10,000-Household Office. From then on, the place name of Water gusing from the Tagegyi Fountain runs to five meters high in Ongren (Photo by Degyi) “Lhaduichiang” was found in the Chinese and 54 NEWS FROM CHINA /OCTOBER 2012

Tibetan literature. What I am most interested in is Local legend has it that this dagoba was built the route by which the descendants of the Xixia earlier than that of Palkor Monastery. Shortly after royal family got here by and how they migrated. it was completed, a monk begging alms was very We passed by the southern part of Ongren. much attracted to the unique form and style of the Along the Yarlung Zangbo River there are a lot of structure, so he carved a radish into a model, took disturbed tombs of the Tubo period. The Yarlung it to Gyangze, and used this to build the Dagoba Zangbo River is the cradle of Tibetan culture. there. During a long stay, I took some photos and learned According to my knowledge, this is a the structure and distribution characteristics of monastery of the Gagyu Sect, inside which there tumulus rock. is a figure of Tangdong Gyibo and some exquisite Ongren also is the hometown of Tangdong frescos. The third layer of the frescos, on which Gyibo (1385-1464), the founder of Tibetan Opera. there is a dancing girl with the upper part of the As a child he helped grave the herds. When he body bare and wearing a skirt that sweeps the grew up, he was tonsured to a monastery, and ground, not only has the style of the flying beauties traveled everywhere. He studied all the doctrines at Dunhuang but also combines features of the of the Gagyu, Sagya and Nyingma sects and was Tibetan ethnic group. The others, like Buddhist expert at both the open and secret Tantric schools, warriors, are different in style too. Their expressions so he was called “Tangdong Gyibo”, meaning the are very rich, and whether they are angry, light- superior person. Legend has it that he built hearted, peaceful or gentle, they display these countless bridges throughout his life. The oldest emotions completely by movement and expression iron-chain bridge, the Riwochi Bridge in Ongren, in their eyes. is the first iron-chain bridge built by him. This In this area we also find the cliff carvings and bridge was, according to the historical records, built statues alike that of Yushu of Qinghai and the in the 15th century, though, legend has it that it Garma Monastery in Qamdo. It was pity that I was built in the 14th century. Some people said just saw the excellent photos taken by a foreigner that he also built the famous Luding Bridge in the and could see them with my own eyes. Western part of Sichuan. In order to build the Riwochi Bridge, he organized people to perform Tibetan Opera to raise the necessary money. A few years ago, I got to know a white-haired foreign scholar at an international seminar on Tibetan studies. He intended to specialize in the deeds of Tangdong Gyibo, and wanted to walk to all the places where he had built iron-chain bridges. At the seminar, he introduced the golden dagoba in the Riwochi Monastery in Ongren County. This dagoba is very famous, and looks exactly alike one in the Palkor Monastery in Gyangze County. Seen from a long distance, Chomolong Tibet Opera Troupe is the most famous of its kind in Tibet (Photo by Zhang Ying) it looks much like a pyramid.

Postal Regd. No. DL-SW-16/4034/12-14 R.N.I. No. 47440/88 October 2012

Combo picture showed lamas debating on the sutra of Tibetan Buddhism at the Sera Monastery in Lhasa, capital of southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region on October 8, 2012. The Sera Monastery, one of the three leading monasteries in Lhasa, holds Tibetan Buddhism sutra debate every afternoon except Sunday.