BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2020 VOL. 15 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

Elderly Chinese men reading in (Far left) See Ewe Lay (right) coffeeshops are a common sight in . founded the Lat Pau Photo taken in 1963. Ministry of Information and in December 1881. He is seen the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives here with his eldest son, See of Singapore. Tiouw Hong. Image reproduced from Chen, M.H. (1967). The Early Chinese Newspapers of Singapore, 1881–1912 (plate 1). Singapore: University of Malaya Press. (Call no.: RSING 079.5702 CHE) (Left) The earliest extant copy of Lat Pau dated 19 August 1887. This front page with the masthead features an editorial and three news items. Image reproduced from Chen, M.H. (1967). The Early Chinese Newspapers of Singapore, 1881–1912 (p. 30). Singapore: University of Malaya Press. (Call no.: RSING 079.5702 CHE) The Chinese newspaper industry in Sin- gapore has a colourful and varied history enriched by a large, revolving cast of missionaries, reformists, revolutionaries, businessmen, writers and the government. civil servant. Due to his busy schedule, (and Southeast Asia), made its debut. and notices, including those by the British Since the first Chinese newspaper was t 9 Gützlaff had to stop the printing ofEastern Lat Pau was founded in December 1881 and Dutch colonial governments. published in Singapore in 1837, over 160 Western Monthly Magazine in May 1834. by See Ewe Lay (薛有礼), a prominent The editorials of Lat Pau tended to newspapers have come and gone.1 Some Readers had to make do with reprints and Melaka-born Straits Chinese who moved be conservative when it came to Chinese of them played an important role in dis- with occasional new issues published in to Singapore to join the Hong Kong and politics, supporting the Qing government seminating information to the people as 1835. In 1837, the magazine operations Bank as a comprador. on anything related to . It took a well as shaping politics, society, culture relocated to Singapore – possibly due Lat Pau, or Le Bao (叻报), derived its pro-Chinese stand when the interests of and literature in Singapore. to the increasingly strained Sino-British name from Se-lat-po or Shi Le Po (石 叻 坡 ), the Chinese community in Singapore were The First Chinese Newspaper relations – and continued as the organ the and Cantonese names for Sin- affected by government policies. in Singapore of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful gapore. The names, in turn, came from the In the early years, Chinese news- Knowledge in China, which had been Malay word selat, which means “straits”. papers in Singapore had a very small Singapore’s first Chinese newspaper was a founded by Gützlaff in Canton. One of the paper’s earliest editors was Yeh circulation because of low literacy rates periodical titledEastern Western Monthly The magazine restarted in earnest in Chi-yun (叶季允) from Hong Kong.7 Yeh among Chinese migrants here. By 1900, Magazine (东西洋考每月统记传). It was Singapore under the editorship of Gützlaff, worked for Lat Pau for 40 years, penning Lat Pau’s circulation had reached 550, up originally published in Canton (now Guang- , the son of Robert numerous editorials under his pen name from 350 in 1883.10 Subscriptions formed zhou), China, on 1 August 1833 by the Morrison (the Missionary Society’s Xing E Sheng (惺噩生). an insignificant portion of the paper’s German missionary Karl Friedrich August first missionary to China and the man The staff of Lat Pau believed in income. Instead, the company derived its Gützlaff. He started the magazine with the who translated the Bible into Chinese) “recording whatever is heard” (有闻必录), revenue from advertising, with the print- aim of making “the Chinese acquainted and, most likely, the English Protestant which meant that many of the reports ing and sale of books helping to sustain with [the] arts, sciences and principles FROM missionary Walter Henry Medhurst, who were based on hearsay, with little or no business as Lat Pau was also a bookseller of [the Westerners]… to show that [the was also involved in the Chinese transla- effort taken to verify facts. According to and ran a commercial printing press.11 Westerners] are not indeed ‘Barbarians’; tion of the Bible.3 Yeh, “The people were not enlightened, Lat Pau was profitable in the early and… convince the Chinese that they have Although published by missionaries, hence very narrow in their outlook. They years and its subscriptions increased. still very much to learn… of the relation the Eastern Western Monthly Magazine were not interested in the affairs of the However, after Yeh died in 1921, there in which foreigners stand to the native was a largely secular periodical that cov- world but only interested in their own were frequent changes to its editorial authorities, the Editor endeavoured to LAT PAU 2 ered the news and included articles on petty amusement. The newspapers… board. The English-educated members conciliate their friendship”. history, geography, science, commerce presented their news items only to catch of the See family who took over the Gützlaff (who adopted the Chinese and literature. Religion only made the the eye. Therefore the newspapers con- management also found it difficult to run name Guo Shilie [郭士立 or 郭实腊 or 郭 occasional appearance in the form of tained a hotch-potch of serious events the Chinese newspaper. Because of these 实猎] and a Chinese pen name Ai Han TO articles on Western culture in comparison and frivolous matters.”8 factors, as well as increasing competition Zhe [爱汉者], which means “one who ZAOBAO with its Eastern counterpart. Its news The paper’s editorial was published from other Chinese newspapers, Lat Pau loves the Chinese”) was the first Lutheran section mostly carried translated articles on the front page, with extracts from the finally ceased publication in 1932.12 The missionary to China, and a translator and A HISTORY OF from foreign newspapers and, in later Peking Gazette on subsequent pages. Gen- earliest extant copy of Lat Pau is dated issues, news from the Peking Gazette.4 eral news consisted of reports reproduced 19 August 1887.13 CHINESE NEWSPAPERS Lee Meiyu is a Librarian with the National Library, The magazine ceased publication in 1838.5 from Hong Kong and Shanghai newspapers, Singapore, and works with the Singapore and translations from local English newspapers Growing Political Awareness Southeast Asia collections. Her research interests Singapore’s First Chinese Daily as well as stories based on hearsay or news In 1898, Thien Nan Shin Pao (天南新报) Chinese newspapers have been published in Singapore since the include Singapore’s Chinese community. She is 邱菽园 the co-author of Money by Mail to China: Dreams A little over four decades after the demise provided by agents living in other parts of was founded by Khoo Seok Wan ( ), 19th century. Lee Meiyu looks at how they have evolved and and Struggles of Early Migrants (2012) and Roots: of Eastern Western Monthly Magazine, Lat Southeast Asia. The remaining pages were Chinese literary pioneer in Singapore who examines their impact on the Chinese community here. Tracing Family Histories – a Resource Guide (2013). Pau,6 the first Chinese daily in Singapore devoted to business-related advertisements was also the paper’s chief writer. After 44 45 BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2020 VOL. 15 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

seeing the Qing government humiliated ment aimed at gathering support for the founded by “Rubber and Pineapple King” tion, later renamed the “Sunday Edition”, and market of these two newspapers The front page of Chong Shing Yit Pao published by Western powers, Khoo became an Chinese revolutionary cause and to raise on 20 August 1907. The newspaper was set up by Tan Kah Kee in 1923 and Sin Chew Jit first came out on 20 December 1931. This expanded in the post-war years and, in 17 advocate for reform and enlightenment in funds for its activities. In the same year, revolutionaries. Besides advertisements, this page Poh (星洲日报) by Aw Boon Haw of Tiger marked the first time that a local news- the 1950s, both papers even purchased China. He established Thien Nan Shin Pao the Singapore branch of Tong Meng Hui features an acknowledgement of donations to the Balm in 1929. Both newspapers played paper was published on a Sunday. Other aeroplanes to deliver copies to their sub- for “the expression of progressive ideas was founded and became the centre of newspaper. Image reproduced from Chen, M.H. an important role in the modernisation newspapers, including non-Chinese ones, scribers in the region. and the elucidation of the methods which revolutionary activities in Southeast Asia. (1967). The Early Chinese Newspapers of Singapore, of the industry.25 soon followed with their own Sunday This post-war period also saw the 1881–1912 (p. 96). Singapore: University of Malaya have lifted up the European nations from Singapore became a battleground Press. (Call no.: RSING 079.5702 CHE) Nanyang Siang Pau was set up as edition. Rival Sin Chew Jit Poh started streamlining of work processes at the the empiricism and follies of the past”.14 as reformists and revolutionaries made an advertising platform for Tan’s rubber its “Sunday Special Supplement” five two newspapers: administrative duties The newspaper provided exten- use of the local Chinese newspapers to products. It was a business newspaper months later.30 were hived off from editorial work, sive coverage of the political and social further their cause and denigrate the that also aimed to promote education. The fall of Singapore to the Japanese and new departments such as public reforms taking place in China as well opposition.18 The most intense battle Likewise, Aw used Sin Chew Jit Poh to in February 1942, however, put a halt as local news. In addition, it supported was fought between the reform-minded publicise the Chinese medicinal products to further newspaper developments. (Below) Portrait of “Tiger Balm King” Aw Boon progressive ideas such as education for Union Times (南洋总汇报) and Chong Shing under his Tiger Balm brand.26 He also During the Japanese Occupation, many Haw, who founded Sin Chew Jit Poh in 1929. Image girls. Although short-lived (the news- Yit Pao (中兴日报), which was set up by hoped to make readers better informed Chinese journalists, writers and editors reproduced from Who’s Who in China (4th edition) paper folded in 1905), Thien Nan Shin revolutionaries.19 and to encourage them to invest in ended up being killed during Operation (1931) (p. 497). Shanghai: The China Weekly Review. Pao is significant because it is the first Union Times was founded in 1906 China’s economy.27 Sook Ching31 or had to flee Singapore (Bottom)Portrait of “Rubber and Pineapple King” example of a local Chinese newspaper by two supporters of the revolutionary In the initial issues, news coverage in because of their anti-Japanese writings Tan Kah Kee, c. 1950. He founded the Nanyang that took an ideological position and movement, Teo Eng Hock and Tan Chor both newspapers was limited and tended before the Occupation. All local newspa- Siang Pau newspaper in 1923. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore. actively advocated for a cause – in this Lam,20 but it came under the control of to focus on events in China. Instead the pers were taken over by the Propaganda case Chinese nationalism and reform.15 reformists shortly after and became their papers were filled with advertisements. Department and later by Domei News mouthpiece in Singapore and Southeast However, Tan and Aw spared no efforts Agency, the official news agency of the Reformists Versus Revolutionaries Asia. In response, the revolutionaries set to recruit talent, and the quality of the Empire of Japan. Following the failure of the Hundred up Chong Shing Yit Pao in 1907 to combat content soon improved. News coverage Facilities at Nanyang Siang Pau and Days’ Reform movement,16 reformist the influence of Union Times. was expanded and became more organ- Sin Chew Jit Poh were seized, and the office leader Kang Youwei (康有为) fled China Editorials in Chong Shing Yit Pao ised. Layout was also improved to make of Sin Chew Jit Poh on Robinson Road was and arrived in Singapore in 1900 where ridiculed the belief held by the reform- for easier reading. Segments focusing on used to publish the Chinese newspaper he sought to build the reform movement ists that a constitution would work under commerce, sports, culture and education Zhaonan Ribao (昭南日报), a wartime pro- with the aid of funds and supporters here. the Qing government, while Union Times were added to provide greater variety. paganda channel for the Japanese govern- In August 1905, Sun Yat-sen established argued that revolution was impracti- and Sun can be found in the respective Well-known writers and journal- ment. First published on 21 February 1942, the Tong Meng Hui (同盟会; Chinese cable and branded the revolutionaries newspapers.21 Both newspapers also ists in China and Singapore such as Fu Zhaonan Ribao was the Chinese edition of Revolutionary Alliance) in Tokyo. This as rebels and hooligans causing civil presented the news in a way that sup- Wumen, Khoo Seok Wan, Yu Dafu and The Syonan Shimbun, the English-language was an underground resistance move- strife in China. Articles written by Kang ported their editorial positions. Hu Yuzhi were also hired by the news- newspaper produced by the Japanese to It was in the literary section, how- papers. Their editorials and fukan (副刊; replace The Straits Times. ever, that the debates were the most literary supplements) were well written, One defining feature of Zhaonan FUKAN – THE CRADLE OF Other important fukan that exciting. Here, the writers unleashed their perceptive and informative.28 Ribao was its articles about the Overseas SINGAPORE CHINESE LITERATURE contributed to the development of creativity and literary skills using commen- With substantial financial backing Chinese Association, an organisation set up Chinese literature in Singapore were taries, short stories, dramatic dialogues, and the availability of experienced staff, to mediate between the Japanese govern- In 1907, Chinese daily Lat Pau introduced Huang Dao (荒岛) (1927) and Lu Yi Cantonese ballads, poetry and humour22 the two newspapers soon became the ment and the local Chinese community. The a supplement known as fu zhang (附张; (绿漪) (1927) by Sin Kuo Min Jit Poh; to persuade, argue, refute, condemn and leading Chinese dailies in Singapore. newspaper also carried more content relat- which literally means “attached sheet”) Ye Lin (椰林) (1928) by Lat Pau; Hong even slander the other party. They were Both invested heavily in infrastruc- ing to Japanese culture, values and history in which folksongs and popular tales Huang (洪荒) (1927), Wen Yi San Ri Kan not above calling each other names like ture and built up their distribution net- in a section called “Chao Yang” 朝阳( ).32 along with other miscellaneous articles (文艺三日刊) (1929) and Shi Sheng (狮声) “fleas”, “mad dogs” and “prostitutes”. work. Modern printing machines were were featured.1 (1933) by Nanyang Siang Pau; and Ye These altercations sometimes ended up introduced into their operations in the Post-war Developments Other Chinese newspapers Pa (野葩) (1930) and Chen Xing (晨星) in court as the newspapers sued each 1920s and 1930s. They also successfully Both Nanyang Siang Pau and Sin Chew followed suit and produced their (1937) by Sin Chew Jit Poh. other for libel.23 expanded into the region by establishing Jit Poh resumed publication in Septem- own supplements, now called fukan The fierce rivalry between the an extensive network of agencies and ber 1945, almost immediately after the (副刊). One of the most important fukan two newspapers, however, sparked an sub-distributors. Additionally, the news- Japanese surrendered. The readership published was Xin Guo Min Za Zhi (新国 NOTES increased awareness in world affairs and papers tapped on local correspondents 1 Some sources state 1906, which is likely a 民杂志), the supplement to Sin Kuo Min misinterpretation of Tan Yeok Seong’s statement an interest in newspapers among the in various countries to submit news and Jit Poh (新国民日报), which was founded in The First Newsman in Nanyang (《南洋第一 masses. The pool of foreign journalistic stories via cable.29 in 1919. This supplement was a milestone 报人》). Tan provided the date as “the 3rd day talent in Singapore also raised the bar of Following the Japanese invasion of of the 12th month in the 32nd year of Emperor in the history of Singapore Chinese litera- Guangxu’s reign”. This would be 16 January 1907 the Chinese newspaper industry. Manchuria in 1931, Nanyang Siang Pau ture as it introduced modern Chinese in the Gregorian calendar. Due to financial difficulties, Chong began publishing on Sundays to deliver 2 The New Culture Movement in China, which literature inspired by the New Culture took place between the 1910s and 1920s, Shing Yit Pao folded in 1910 and did not the latest news about the war. This edi- 2 Movement in China to local readers. criticised traditional Chinese culture, blaming witness the fall of the Qing dynasty a In 1925, Nan Feng (南风) was it for the country’s subordinate position in the year later. Union Times, which had a more The inaugural issue of Nanyang Siang Pau, world. Intellectuals supporting the movement originally known as Chinese Daily Journal of published by Sin Kuo Min Jit Poh while pushed for the adoption of Western notions established support network, ceased 24 Xing Guang (星光) was published by Lat of science and democracy, and these became publication in 1948. Commerce, published on 6 September 1923. Pau. These supplements helped define the focus of their writings. The movement Image reproduced from Lim, J.K. (Ed.) (1993). Our also called for vernacular literature to replace Modernisation and the War Years 70 Years: History of Leading Chinese Mewspapers Singapore Chinese literature and establish classical literature, which had become in Singapore (p. 107). Singapore: Chinese its future direction of growth. unintelligible to the masses. Two important newspapers appeared in Newspapers Division, Singapore Press Holdings. the 1920s: Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报) (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 OUR) 46 47 BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2020 VOL. 15 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

Times Press Limited and Times Publish- THE SWORDSMAN MAKES ITS DEBUT by Cha and the founder of Axe Brand Xiao Ao Jianghu (笑傲江湖) by the Hong Kong ing Berhad – merged to form Singapore THE RISE AND FALL OF in the highly competitive market. On the Universal Oil, Leong Yun Chee. writer (金庸; also known as Louis Cha) Press Holdings Limited (SPH). The pub- CHINESE TABLOIDS basis that these tabloids were promot- Fans of Chinese sword-fighting, orwuxia , This was even before the novel was was first serialised in the inaugural issue of lishing conglomerate currently owns ing “yellow culture”,1 the government Chinese tabloids first appeared and novels would be familiar with Linghu published in the Hong Kong newspaper Shin Min Daily News on 18 March 1967. Image all the major newspapers produced in banned a number of such publications 金庸 《笑 flourished in Singapore in the 1920s, Chong (令狐冲), the honourable, happy- Ming Pao (民报), which was also founded reproduced from [Jin Yong]. (1996). Singapore.36 or revoked the printing licences of the 傲江湖》[The Wandering Swordsman]. 新加 providing readers with a different go-lucky swordsman with a weakness by Cha. Serialisation of his other novels Today, SPH publishes 17 newspapers companies in the 1960s. 坡: 明河社出版有限公司. form of entertainment compared to for alcohol. He is the protagonist in Xiao in Shin Min soon followed. titles in the four official languages (Eng- the dailies. Known as xiao bao (小报), Ao Jianghu (笑傲江湖), a story written by The entrance of Shin Min Daily lish, Chinese, Malay and Tamil). The main Xin Li Bao (新力报) reporting on the opening of these tabloids were usually published the Hong Kong writer Jin Yong (金庸; also News livened up the Chinese newspaper Chinese daily, , has a print the latest nightclub in Singapore in December once every two to three days and were known as Louis Cha). publishing scene in Singapore with its and digital circulation of 212,200, with 1950. Xin Li Bao, 29 December 1950 (issue 16). much thinner than the dailies. Known in English under various focus on the world of entertainment. subscribers from Singapore as well as The first Chinese tabloid, Xiao titles such as The Wandering Swordsman The daily became an instant hit, thanks Indonesia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Xian Zhong (消闲钟), was published in and The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, the to its lottery results, sword-fighting Beijing and Shanghai. In 1995, as part of Singapore in 1925. It featured mostly novel is so popular that it has been novels, exclusive entertainment news its digital transformation,Lianhe Zaobao entertainment news, while other adapted for the stage, television, the and horse racing tips. began publishing an online edition to tabloids focused on topics such as big screen, comic books and even video In 1983, Shin Min Daily News enlarge its subscriber pool.37 photography, commerce, literature, games. To attract readers, the novel was became a subsidiary company of The In this digital age, however, subscrip- education and politics. first serialised in the inaugural issue of Straits Times Press Limited. One year tions to physical newspapers have been The late 1940s and the 1950s Shin Min Daily News (新民日报) on 18 later, in 1984, the paper became part of steadily decreasing. On 18 October 2019, marked another golden age for Chinese March 1967, a local newspaper started Singapore Press Holdings group. SPH reported that the total circulation tabloids in Singapore. Ye Deng Bao of all print newspapers in its stable had (夜灯报) and Xin Li Bao (新力报) were the declined by 7.3 percent compared with two most popular tabloids during that relations and operations were estab- seven and 29 months.34 In 1973, another Perhaps the most important mile- the previous year. On the contrary, its period. Chinese tabloids were mainly lished. Both papers also moved with senior executive was arrested under the stone in the history of the industry was digital business showed healthy growth known for their frivolous reporting the times by using simplified Chinese Internal Security Act. He was only released the merger of the two rival dailies in 1983. with Chinese newspapers attracting more of entertainment news on the latest characters and horizontal typesetting five years later. Due to potential falling readership as a than 10,000 signs-up, of which three- movies, celebrity gossip, getai (live in the 1970s, and incorporating new In 1974, the Newspaper and Print- result of English being taught as the first quarters were new subscribers. stage performances) and popular bar technology in the 1980s.33 ing Presses Act came into force. Under language in schools and mother tongues Moving forward, SPH has announced NOTE hostesses. They also prided themselves It was not all smooth sailing though. this legislation, all newspaper publishing as the second, the two Chinese dailies that it will focus on the digital trans- 1 The Singapore government launched a campaign on their ability to get the inside scoop against “yellow culture” on 8 June 1959 to clamp In 1971, the arrest of four senior staff companies had to be converted into decided to pool resources and end their formation of its core media business down on various aspects of Western culture that were on these subjects and regularly covered from Nanyang Siang Pau sent shockwaves public companies. The company that decades-long rivalry. The merger led to and intensify efforts to make content seen as promoting a decadent lifestyle. The term titillating topics like sensational crime “yellow culture” is a direct translation of the Chinese through the industry. The government owned Sin Chew Jit Poh was reorganised the formation of Singapore News and available across different platforms. It and prostitution. phrase huangse wenhua (黄色文化), which refers accused the newspaper of jeopardising the into a public entity under the name Sin Publications Limited, which produced the remains to be seen, however, if Chinese to undesirable behaviour such as gambling, opium- Some tabloids resorted to por- internal security and stability of Singapore. Chew Jit Poh (Singapore) Limited, while morning paper Lianhe Zaobao (联 合 早 报 ) newspapers in Singapore will continue smoking, pornography, prostitution, corruption and nography to increase their readership nepotism that plagued China in the 19th century. The relationship between the newspaper Nanyang Siang Pau became owned by and the evening paper Lianhe Wanbao to evolve and transform with the same and the government became tense, with Nanyang Press Singapore Limited. The (联合晚报). innovative spirit and fervour that their both sides releasing statements denying act also required the companies to issue In 1984, the three newspaper com- predecessors did.38 issues of Chinese newspapers can be – and also from the microfilm collection each other’s claims. The four people were both ordinary shares and management panies in Singapore – Singapore News The author wishes to thank Mr Lee accessed via NewspaperSG – a search- at level 11 of the Lee Kong Chian Refer- detained for periods ranging between shares, which they did in 1977.35 and Publications Limited, The Straits Ching Seng for reviewing the essay. Past able, online archive of local newspapers ence Library.

Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh. (Call no. Chinese RCLOS: located two notices on 9 and 10 December 1881 in revolutionaries in Singapore, Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor One hundred years’ history of the Chinese in Operation Sook Ching (the Chinese term means “purge NOTES 079.51 BRI); Zhang, 2007, pp. 40–41. The Singapore Daily Times, which mentioned that Lam and Lim Nee Soon, state the year as 1905. See Singapore (p. 441). Singapore: Oxford University through cleansing”). It is not known exactly how 1 This essay is unable to cover the history of all 4 Also known as Di Bao (邸报), these were official Lat Pau would be published under the editorship Nanyang and founding of the Republic (《南洋与创立民 Press. (Call no.: RSING 959.57 SON-[HIS]) many people died; the official estimates given by the Chinese newspapers published in Singapore publications by the Chinese imperial court to of T. Chong Eng. However, Wong was unable to 国》), Wan Qing Yuan and the (《晚晴园 24 郑文辉 [Tay, B.H.]. (1973).《新加坡华文报业史, 1881- Japanese is 5,000, but the actual number is believed to since the 19th century. Only selected ones are circulate news on imperial decrees and official ascertain whether T. Chong Eng, the editor of Lat 与中国革命史略》) and A record of the Tong Meng Hui 1972》[History of Chinese newspapers in Singapore, be eight to 10 times higher. mentioned. It is estimated that there were about memoranda among the ruling class. Di Bao was an Pau’s first issue, was Yeh Chi-yun. in Singapore (《星洲同盟会录》). See “When was the 1881-1972] (pp. 36, 38). 新加坡: 新马出版印刷公司. 32 Zhaonan Ribao, 21 February 1942–31 May 1944. 164 Chinese newspaper titles published between early form of a Chinese news-related publication 8 Chen, 1967, pp. 35–36, 50. Singapore branch of Tong Meng Hui established?” (星 (Call no.: Chinese RCLOS 079.5957 CWH); Chen, 1967, 33 Lim, 1993, pp. 60, 65, 85, 87–89. 1881 and 1959. See 王慷鼎 [Wang, K.D.]. (2014). before modern journalism took root in China. 9 Chen, 1967, pp. 33, 34, 35, 38–39, 44–45. 洲同盟会到底何时成立) in Lianhe Zaobao (6 October p. 105–107, 110; Yen, 1976, p. 202. 34 Lim, 1993, p. 85. 《王慷鼎论文集》 [A compilation of articles by Wong 5 Zhang, 2007, pp. 3, 40; Zhao, Y.Z., & Sun, P. (2018). A 10 Chen, 1967, p. 40. 2011) for a discussion of the discrepancies. 25 Lim, J.K. (ed.) (1993). Our 70 years: History of leading 35 George, C. (2012). Freedom from the press: Hong Teng] (p. 253). 新加坡: 南洋学会. (Call no.: history of journalism and communication in China (pp. 11 Chen, 1967, p. 41. 18 Chen, 1967, pp. 70–71, 86, 92, 94. Chinese newspapers in Singapore (pp. 82–89). Journalism and state power in Singapore (pp. 30– Chinese RSING 079.5957 WKD) 13–14, 24). New York: Routledge. (Call no. R 079.51 ZHA). 12 Chen, 1967, pp. 52–53. 19 Chen, 1967, pp. 43, 53; 彭剑 [Peng, J.]. (2011).《清 Singapore: Chinese Newspapers Division, Singapore 31). Singapore: NUS Press. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 2 Zhang, X.T. (2007). The origins of the modern Compiling the magazine issues found in the holdings 13 The earlier issues of the newspaper are no longer 季宪政大辩论:〈中兴日报〉与〈南洋总汇新报〉论 Press Holdings. (Call no.: RSING 079.5957 OUR) GEO); Lim, 1993, pp. 85, 88. Chinese press: The influence of the Protestant of Harvard-Yenching Library, The British Library, Yale available. The 19 August 1887 copy of Lat Pau 战研究》[Debates on constitutionalism in late Qing: 26 As the two leading Chinese dailies in Singapore, 36 George, 2012, p. 127; 崔贵强 [Chui, K.C.]. (2002). missionary press in late Qing China (p. 39). New University Library and Cornell University Library, S.J. has been digitised and can be read on the NUS The arguments between Union Times and Chong Nanyang Siang Pau and Sin Chew Jit Poh aggressively 《东南亚华文日报现状之研究》 [A study of the current York: Routledge. (Call no.: R 079.51 ZHA) Huang indicated that the last available issue was printed Libraries website: lib.nus.edu.sg/lebao/index.html. Shing Yit Pao] (pp. 19–20). 武汉: 华中师范大学出版 competed for readers. Their rivalry continued right up to Chinese dailies in Southeast Asia] (p. 15).新加坡: 华裔馆. 3 S.J. Huang and J.G. Lutz in the sources stated in 1838 (p. 9). However, J.G. Lutz said that the last issue 14 Chen, 1967, p. 68. 社. (Call no.: Chinese R 951.07 PJ) the years before their merger in 1983. See Fernandez, I. (Call no.: RSING 079.59 CGQ); Peng, W.B. (2005).《东 below indicated that the 1835 issues were printed of the magazine was dated 13 February 1839 (p. 182). 15 Chen, 1967, pp. 63, 66–69, 71, 74. 20 Sources referred to in this article mention two (1982, April 22). The history of two rivals. The Straits 南亚华文报纸研究》[A study of Chinese newspapers in Singapore, while R.S. Britton and X.T. Zhang She did not indicate the source of her information. 16 The Hundred Days’ Reform was a failed 103- dates: late 1905 or early 1906. Unfortunately, as Times, p. 18. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. in Southeast Asia] (p. 36). 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. said that these were printed in Canton. 爱汉者 6 Chen, M.H. (1967). The early Chinese newspapers of day reform movement undertaken by Emperor the early issues of Union Times are lost, there is no 27 Lim, 1993, pp. 82, 86. (Call no.: RSEA 079.59 PWB) 等编 [Ai, H.Z. et al.]; 黄时鉴整理 [Huang, S.J. Singapore, 1881–1912 (p. 24). Singapore: University Guangxu and his supporters in 1898. Accepting way to ascertain the correct year. 28 Yap, 1996, pp. 49, 60–66, 74, 81, 83. 37 Singapore Press Holdings Limited. (2019). comp.]. (1997).《东西洋考每月统记传》(Eastern of Malaya Press. (Call no.: RSING 079.5702 CHE); suggestions made by Kang Youwei, Emperor 21 Chen, 1967, pp. 86, 89, 94, 97; See J. Peng for a detailed 29 Lim, 1993, pp. 82-83, 86–87; Yap, 1996, p. 52. Homepage. Retrieved from Singapore Press Western Monthly Magazine) (pp. 4, 7, 10–12). Yap, K.S. (1996). The press in & Singapore Guangxu enacted a series of reforms aimed list of articles and names of main writers (pp. 27–39). 30 Lim, 1993, pp. 83, 87. Holdings website; Singapore Press Holdings Limited. 北京: 中华书局. (Call no.: Chinese R 059.951 EAS); (1806–1996) (pp. 1–3). : Yap Koon at making sweeping social and institutional 22 See J. Peng for a detailed list of the literary articles 31 Following the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942, (2019). Lianhe Zaobao/Lianhe Zaobao Sunday. Lutz, J.G. (2008). Opening China: Karl F.A. Gützlaff See. (Call no.: RSING 079.595 YKS) changes. The movement failed when the opposing (pp. 49–55). Chinese males between 18 and 50 years of age Retrieved from Singapore Press Holdings website; and Sino-Western relations, 1827–1852 (pp. 3–4). 7 Chen, 1976, pp. 31–32; Wong Hong Teng mentioned conservative forces initiated a coup that led to 23 Chen, 1967, pp. 100–104; Yen, C.H. (1976). The were ordered to report at designated centres for Chui, 2002, pp. 17, 23, 33. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. in his article, “The confirmation of Lat Pau’s first date the emperor’s house arrest. Overseas Chinese and the 1911 revolution (p. 188). mass screening. Many of these ethnic Chinese were 38 SPH to shed 130 jobs to rein in costs. (2019, October (Call no.: RSEA 266.0092 LUT); Britton, R.S. (1933). of issue” (《 叻 报 》创 刊 日 期 正 式 确 定 ), published 17 Academic sources list the year as 1906. However, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. (Call no.: then rounded up and taken to deserted spots to 18). The Straits Times, p. C2. Retrieved from The Straits The Chinese periodical press, 1800–1912 (pp. 22–24). in the Sin Chew Jit Poh on 24 May 1982 that he had personal recollections by the three leading RSING 301.451951095957 YEN); Song, O.S. (1984). be summarily executed. This came to be known as Times website.

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