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Downloads/Curien00.Pdf>, 09/2016) PREMIO CESARE ALFIERI CUM LAUDE – 4 – PREMIO CESARE ALFIERI CUM LAUDE COMMISSIONE GIUDICATRICE ANNO 2015 Elena Dundovich (Presidente, area storica) Paolo Benvenuti (area giuridica) Emidio Diodato (area politologica) Giorgia Giovannetti (area economica) Gabriella Paolucci (area sociologica) Marzio Di Feo Automi, realtà virtuale e formiche Un’analisi della complessità del fenomeno bellico spaziale FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2016 Automi, realtà virtuale e formiche : un’analisi della complessità del fenomeno bellico spaziale / Marzio Di Feo. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2016. (Premio Cesare Alfieri Cum Laude; 4) http://digital.casalini.it/9788864534169 ISBN 978-88-6453-415-2 (print) ISBN 978-88-6453-416-9 (online PDF) ISBN 978-88-6453-417-6 (online EPUB) Progetto grafico di Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Pagina Maestra snc Immagine di copertina: © Nmedia | Dreamstime.com Certificazione scientifica delle Opere Tutti i volumi pubblicati sono soggetti ad un processo di referaggio esterno di cui sono responsabili il Consiglio editoriale della FUP e i Consigli scientifici delle singole collane. Le opere pubblicate nel catalogo della FUP sono valutate e approvate dal Consiglio editoriale della casa editrice. Per una descrizione più analitica del processo di referaggio si rimanda ai documenti ufficiali pubblicati sul catalogo on-line della casa editrice (www.fupress.com). Consiglio editoriale Firenze University Press A. Dolfi (Presidente), M. Boddi, A. Bucelli, R. Casalbuoni, M. Garzaniti, M.C. Grisolia, P. Guarnieri, R. Lanfredini, A. Lenzi, P. Lo Nostro, G. Mari, A. Mariani, P.M. Mariano, S. Marinai, R. Minuti, P. Nanni, G. Nigro, A. Perulli, M.C. Torricelli. This book is printed on acid-free paper La presente opera . rilasciata nei termini della licenza Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) CC 2016 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press via Cittadella, 7, 50144 Firenze, Italy www.fupress.com Printed in Italy Quum praeter corpora coelestia, omnia alia quae natura gignit, quamvis in suo genere perfecta speciem Universi exprimant, in prima naturae vi, quae est gravitas, sibi non sufficiant, et vi totius oppressa pereant, corpora autem coelestia glebae non adscripta et centrum gravitatis perfectius in se gerentia, Deorum more per levem aëra incedant: animali illi, quod systema solis appellamus, non alia est sublimior puriorque rationis expressio, neque quae philosophica contemplatione dignior sit. G.W.F. Hegel, Dissertatio de orbitis planetarum, 1801 Ancora che per la invida natura degli uomini sia sempre suto non altrimenti periculoso trovare modi e ordini nuovi che si fussi cercare acque e terre incognite, per essere quelli più pronti a biasimare che a laudare le azioni d’altri, nondimanco, spinto da quel naturale desiderio che fu sempre in me di operare senza alcuno rispetto quelle cose che io creda rechino comune benefizio a ciascuno, ho deliberato entrare per una via la quale, non essendo suta ancora da alcuno trita, se la mi arrecherà fastidio e difficultà, mi potrebbe ancora arrecare premio, mediante quelli che umanamente di queste mie fatiche il fine considerassino. N. Machiavelli, Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, Proemio, 1517-1518 Ἵπποι ταί με φέρουσιν, ὅσον τ’ ἐπὶ θυμὸς ἱκάνοι, πέμπον, ἐπεί μ’ ἐς ὁδὸν βῆσαν πολύφημον ἄγουσαι δαίμονος, ἣ κατὰ πάντ’ ἄστη φέρει εἰδότα φῶτα· τῇ φερόμην· τῇ γάρ με πολύφραστοι φέρον ἵπποι ἅρμα τιταίνουσαι, κοῦραι δ’ ὁδὸν ἡγεμόνευον. Ἄξων δ’ ἐν χνοίῃσιν ἵει σύριγγος ἀυτήν αἰθόμενος - δοιοῖς γὰρ ἐπείγετο δινωτοῖσιν κύκλοις ἀμφοτέρωθεν -, ὅτε σπερχοίατο πέμπειν Ἡλιάδες κοῦραι, προλιποῦσαι δώματα Νυκτός. Parmenide, Sulla Natura, Frammenti I, vv. 1-9 SOMMARIO PRESENTAZIONE XI Giusto Puccini PREMESSA XIII LISTA DELLE ABBREVIAZIONI XV INTRODUZIONE XXI PARTE PRIMA TEORIA CAPITOLO 1 PARS DESTRUENS DELLA TEORIA DI UNA GUERRA AEREO- SPAZIALE: AIRPOWER VS. SPACEPOWER 3 1.1 Potere aereo, potere spaziale e strategia: l’aereo-spazio come endiadi tra unità operativa e complementarietà di ambienti 3 1.2 Le teorie del potere aereo: il Leviatano, Behemot e oltre 8 1.3 Una teoria del potere spaziale in nuce, o la rivincita di Mecozzi: Where is the Mahan for the final frontier? 14 CAPITOLO 2 LO SPAZIO COME CAMPO DI BATTAGLIA: QUESTIONI TEORICHE PRELIMINARI DI STRATEGIA DELLA GUERRA SPAZIALE 33 2.1 Le scuole di Lupton sulla «space weaponization» 34 2.2 Il dibattito sull’inevitabilità di un dispiegamento di armamenti nello spazio 37 2.3 Cenni preliminari di astrofisica della guerra 45 Marzio Di Feo, Automi, realtà virtuale e formiche. Un’analisi della complessità del fenomeno bellico spaziale ISBN 978-88-6453-415-2 (print) ISBN 978-88-6453-416-9 (online PDF) ISBN 978-88-6453-417-6 (online EPUB) CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 IT, 2016 Firenze University Press VIII UN’ANALISI DELLA COMPLESSITÀ DEL FENOMENO BELLICO SPAZIALE PARTE SECONDA OSSERVAZIONE DEL FENOMENO CAPITOLO 3 I DISPOSITIVI SATELLITARI 59 3.1 Elementi di un satellite 60 3.2 Classificazione dei satelliti 66 3.3 Innovazione della comunicazione laser e a fibra ottica 85 CAPITOLO 4 USO DELLA FORZA NELLO SPAZIO TRA VERITÀ EFFETTUALE E IMMAGINAZIONE DI ESSA 89 4.1 Armi spaziali e caratteristiche dell’uso della forza nello spazio 90 4.2 Attacchi ‘invisibili’ contro un assetto spaziale 92 CAPITOLO 5 FUNZIONE NET-CENTRICA DELLO SPAZIO IN FUTURI SCENARI DI GUERRA: IL CASO NATO NEC OVER SATCOM 113 5.1 (Infra)struttura spaziale e funzioni di Comando e Controllo (C2) 113 5.2 «Share to Win»: C2 nell’ambito della NNEC 120 5.3 NATO NEC over SATCOM (IST-113) e Tactical IP 127 PARTE TERZA CONTRIBUTO ALLA TEORIA CAPITOLO 6 EPISTEMOLOGIA DELLA COMPLESSITÀ COME CHIAVE DI ANALISI DELLA LINEARITÀ DELLA GUERRA SPAZIALE E COME TENTATIVO DI ABBATTERE L’INCERTEZZA NEL FENOMENO BELLICO SULLA TERRA DALLO SPAZIO 133 6.1 La guerra è geometria non-euclidea 133 6.2 Non-linearità del fenomeno bellico in Clausewitz 142 6.3 Linearità del fenomeno bellico nel segmento spaziale 149 CAPITOLO 7 STUDIO IN LABORATORIO SULLA COMPLESSITÀ DEL FENOMENO BELLICO SPAZIALE 155 7.1 Antagonismo o duplice identità? 155 7.2 Tentativo n. 1. Microfisica e semantica della macchina, o i sensus agiliores della realtà aumentata come primo passo dell’integrazione di questa con l’uomo 159 SOMMARIO IX 7.3 Tentativo n. 2. Simulazione di un modello basato su agente (o su avatar) tramite proposta di integrazione di VBS3 e STK: prepararsi all’incertezza 171 7.4 Tentativo n. 3. Comprendere la complessità del fenomeno bellico nell’organizzazione di una colonia di formiche 186 CONCLUSIONI 199 1. Uso militare dello spazio: quale futuro? 199 2. Sulla natura umana dei guerrieri spaziali 203 3. Il fenomeno bellico nel punto Omega 206 4. Bellum non facit saltum 207 5. Possibili approfondimenti futuri 209 BIBLIOGRAFIA 213 SITOGRAFIA 233 PRESENTAZIONE Giusto Puccini Nel 2010, la allora Facoltà di Scienze Politiche “Cesare Alfieri” dell’U- niversità degli studi di Firenze – oggi omonima Scuola – decise di isti- tuire un Premio per Tesi di Laurea Magistrale intitolato a Guido Galli, funzionario dell’ONU rimasto vittima del terremoto di Haiti del 12 gennaio 2010 mentre era impegnato in una riunione di lavoro all’Hotel Christopher, quartier generale dell’ONU, insieme ad altri suoi colleghi. Con l’istituzione di questo premio di laurea, la Facoltà intendeva onorare la memoria di questo suo ex studente nel modo più consono ai propri fini istituzionali e, al tempo stesso, allo spirito del tutto partico- lare che ha caratterizzato la vita e l’attività professionale di Guido Galli. A tale ultimo proposito, merita innanzitutto ricordare che Guido Gal- li, nato a Firenze il 5 settembre 1967, si è iscritto alla “Cesare Alfieri” nel 1985, dopo aver conseguito il diploma di maturità classica, sempre a Firenze, presso il Liceo Dante. Fin dall’inizio degli studi superiori, egli ha manifestato sia una no- tevole propensione all’impegno personale nella vita universitaria e nella politica studentesca, sia uno spiccato interesse per le tematiche inerenti alle relazioni internazionali ed alle vicende umane e sociali dei popoli. Così, da un lato egli figura fra gli animatori della mobilitazione stu- dentesca del 1990 (il movimento c.d. della ‘Pantera’), e viene poi anche eletto come rappresentante degli studenti nel Consiglio di Facoltà. Da un altro lato, egli opta per l’indirizzo politico-internazionale dell’allora Corso di laurea quadriennale in Scienze Politiche, per poi laurearsi brillantemente con il massimo dei voti e la lode con una tesi su Integralismo e politica di potenza. La guerra Iran-Iraq e i suoi effetti sul regime di Baghdad, relatrice la professoressa Marta Petricioli. Terminati gli studi universitari ed il servizio civile – durante il quale ha lavorato nel campo dei servizi sociali presso il comune di Terricciola, organizzando attività per i bambini – Guido Galli ha iniziato ad operare in vari paesi: nel 1992 in Messico, presso un ostello gestito da quaccheri; nel 1993 in Messico come osservatore elettorale; nel 1994 in Guatema- la, dove ebbe il primo incarico come consulente da parte di una ONG, e dove successivamente ritornò per iniziare il suo lavoro per le Nazioni Marzio Di Feo, Automi, realtà virtuale e formiche. Un’analisi della complessità del fenomeno bellico spaziale ISBN 978-88-6453-415-2 (print) ISBN 978-88-6453-416-9 (online PDF) ISBN 978-88-6453-417-6 (online EPUB) CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 IT, 2016 Firenze University Press XII UN’ANALISI DELLA COMPLESSITÀ DEL FENOMENO BELLICO SPAZIALE Unite, presso l’Ufficio per i rapporti legislativi e gli affari politici della Missione ONU (MINUGUA) in via di insediamento nel Paese. Nel 2000 venne trasferito in Afghanistan, dove operò prima come Protection Officer per l’Ufficio di Coordinamento degli aiuti umanitari (OCHA, Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs), e poi come Political Affairs Officer presso la Missione di assistenza dell’ONU (UNAM) insedia- ta a Kabul.
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