Early Star-Forming Galaxies and the Reionization of the Universe
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Arxiv:1805.06071V2 [Astro-Ph.GA] 19 Nov 2018
DRAFT: NOVEMBER 20, 2018 Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 01/23/15 THE KECK LYMAN CONTINUUM SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY (KLCS): THE EMERGENT IONIZING SPECTRUM OF GALAXIES AT Z ∼ 31 CHARLES C. STEIDEL2 ,MILAN BOGOSAVLJEVIC´ 2,9 ,ALICE E. SHAPLEY3 ,NAVEEN A. REDDY4,5 ,GWEN C. RUDIE6 , MAX PETTINI8 ,RYAN F. TRAINOR7 ,ALLISON L. STROM2,6 DRAFT: November 20, 2018 ABSTRACT We present results of a deep spectroscopic survey quantifying the statistics of the escape of hydrogen-ionizing photons from star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 3. The Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey (KLCS) includes spectra of 124 galaxies with hzi = 3:05 ± 0:18 and -22:1 ≤ Muv ≤ -19:5, observed in 9 independent < fields, covering a common rest-wavelength range 880 ≤ λ0=Å ∼ 1750. We measure the ratio of ionizing to non-ionizing UV flux density h f900= f1500iobs, where f900 is the mean flux density evaluated over the range λ0 = [880;910] Å. To quantify h f900= f1500iout– the emergent ratio of ionizing to non-ionizing UV flux density – we use detailed Monte Carlo modeling of the opacity of H I in the intergalactic (IGM) and circumgalactic (CGM) medium as a function of source redshift. By analyzing high-S/N composite spectra formed from sub-samples exhibiting common observed properties and numbers sufficient to reduce the uncertainty in the IGM+CGM correction, we obtain precise values of h f900= f1500iout, including a full-sample average h f900= f1500iout = 0:057± 0:006. We further show that h f900= f1500iout increases monotonically with Lyα rest equivalent width Wλ(Lyα), inducing an inverse correlation with UV luminosity as a by-product. -
Report from the Dark Energy Task Force (DETF)
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Fermilab Particle Astrophysics Center P.O.Box 500 - MS209 Batavia, Il l i noi s • 60510 June 6, 2006 Dr. Garth Illingworth Chair, Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee Dr. Mel Shochet Chair, High Energy Physics Advisory Panel Dear Garth, Dear Mel, I am pleased to transmit to you the report of the Dark Energy Task Force. The report is a comprehensive study of the dark energy issue, perhaps the most compelling of all outstanding problems in physical science. In the Report, we outline the crucial need for a vigorous program to explore dark energy as fully as possible since it challenges our understanding of fundamental physical laws and the nature of the cosmos. We recommend that program elements include 1. Prompt critical evaluation of the benefits, costs, and risks of proposed long-term projects. 2. Commitment to a program combining observational techniques from one or more of these projects that will lead to a dramatic improvement in our understanding of dark energy. (A quantitative measure for that improvement is presented in the report.) 3. Immediately expanded support for long-term projects judged to be the most promising components of the long-term program. 4. Expanded support for ancillary measurements required for the long-term program and for projects that will improve our understanding and reduction of the dominant systematic measurement errors. 5. An immediate start for nearer term projects designed to advance our knowledge of dark energy and to develop the observational and analytical techniques that will be needed for the long-term program. Sincerely yours, on behalf of the Dark Energy Task Force, Edward Kolb Director, Particle Astrophysics Center Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics The University of Chicago REPORT OF THE DARK ENERGY TASK FORCE Dark energy appears to be the dominant component of the physical Universe, yet there is no persuasive theoretical explanation for its existence or magnitude. -
Dark Matter and the Early Universe: a Review Arxiv:2104.11488V1 [Hep-Ph
Dark matter and the early Universe: a review A. Arbey and F. Mahmoudi Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France Abstract Dark matter represents currently an outstanding problem in both cosmology and particle physics. In this review we discuss the possible explanations for dark matter and the experimental observables which can eventually lead to the discovery of dark matter and its nature, and demonstrate the close interplay between the cosmological properties of the early Universe and the observables used to constrain dark matter models in the context of new physics beyond the Standard Model. arXiv:2104.11488v1 [hep-ph] 23 Apr 2021 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Standard Cosmological Model 3 2.1 Friedmann-Lema^ıtre-Robertson-Walker model . 4 2.2 A quick story of the Universe . 5 2.3 Big-Bang nucleosynthesis . 8 3 Dark matter(s) 9 3.1 Observational evidences . 9 3.1.1 Galaxies . 9 3.1.2 Galaxy clusters . 10 3.1.3 Large and cosmological scales . 12 3.2 Generic types of dark matter . 14 4 Beyond the standard cosmological model 16 4.1 Dark energy . 17 4.2 Inflation and reheating . 19 4.3 Other models . 20 4.4 Phase transitions . 21 5 Dark matter in particle physics 21 5.1 Dark matter and new physics . 22 5.1.1 Thermal relics . 22 5.1.2 Non-thermal relics . -
Fine-Tuning, Complexity, and Life in the Multiverse*
Fine-Tuning, Complexity, and Life in the Multiverse* Mario Livio Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA E-mail: [email protected] and Martin J. Rees Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The physical processes that determine the properties of our everyday world, and of the wider cosmos, are determined by some key numbers: the ‘constants’ of micro-physics and the parameters that describe the expanding universe in which we have emerged. We identify various steps in the emergence of stars, planets and life that are dependent on these fundamental numbers, and explore how these steps might have been changed — or completely prevented — if the numbers were different. We then outline some cosmological models where physical reality is vastly more extensive than the ‘universe’ that astronomers observe (perhaps even involving many ‘big bangs’) — which could perhaps encompass domains governed by different physics. Although the concept of a multiverse is still speculative, we argue that attempts to determine whether it exists constitute a genuinely scientific endeavor. If we indeed inhabit a multiverse, then we may have to accept that there can be no explanation other than anthropic reasoning for some features our world. _______________________ *Chapter for the book Consolidation of Fine Tuning 1 Introduction At their fundamental level, phenomena in our universe can be described by certain laws—the so-called “laws of nature” — and by the values of some three dozen parameters (e.g., [1]). Those parameters specify such physical quantities as the coupling constants of the weak and strong interactions in the Standard Model of particle physics, and the dark energy density, the baryon mass per photon, and the spatial curvature in cosmology. -
Cosmology Slides
Inhomogeneous cosmologies George Ellis, University of Cape Town 27th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophyiscs Dallas, Texas Thursday 12th December 9h00-9h45 • The universe is inhomogeneous on all scales except the largest • This conclusion has often been resisted by theorists who have said it could not be so (e.g. walls and large scale motions) • Most of the universe is almost empty space, punctuated by very small very high density objects (e.g. solar system) • Very non-linear: / = 1030 in this room. Models in cosmology • Static: Einstein (1917), de Sitter (1917) • Spatially homogeneous and isotropic, evolving: - Friedmann (1922), Lemaitre (1927), Robertson-Walker, Tolman, Guth • Spatially homogeneous anisotropic (Bianchi/ Kantowski-Sachs) models: - Gödel, Schücking, Thorne, Misner, Collins and Hawking,Wainwright, … • Perturbed FLRW: Lifschitz, Hawking, Sachs and Wolfe, Peebles, Bardeen, Ellis and Bruni: structure formation (linear), CMB anisotropies, lensing Spherically symmetric inhomogeneous: • LTB: Lemaître, Tolman, Bondi, Silk, Krasinski, Celerier , Bolejko,…, • Szekeres (no symmetries): Sussman, Hellaby, Ishak, … • Swiss cheese: Einstein and Strauss, Schücking, Kantowski, Dyer,… • Lindquist and Wheeler: Perreira, Clifton, … • Black holes: Schwarzschild, Kerr The key observational point is that we can only observe on the past light cone (Hoyle, Schücking, Sachs) See the diagrams of our past light cone by Mark Whittle (Virginia) 5 Expand the spatial distances to see the causal structure: light cones at ±45o. Observable Geo Data Start of universe Particle Horizon (Rindler) Spacelike singularity (Penrose). 6 The cosmological principle The CP is the foundational assumption that the Universe obeys a cosmological law: It is necessarily spatially homogeneous and isotropic (Milne 1935, Bondi 1960) Thus a priori: geometry is Robertson-Walker Weaker form: the Copernican Principle: We do not live in a special place (Weinberg 1973). -
Arxiv:1707.01004V1 [Astro-Ph.CO] 4 Jul 2017
July 5, 2017 0:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE coc2ijmpe International Journal of Modern Physics E c World Scientific Publishing Company Primordial Nucleosynthesis Alain Coc Centre de Sciences Nucl´eaires et de Sciences de la Mati`ere (CSNSM), CNRS/IN2P3, Univ. Paris-Sud, Universit´eParis–Saclay, Bˆatiment 104, F–91405 Orsay Campus, France [email protected] Elisabeth Vangioni Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR-7095 du CNRS, Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris (France), Sorbonne Universit´es, Institut Lagrange de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris (France) [email protected] Received July 5, 2017 Revised Day Month Year Primordial nucleosynthesis, or big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), is one of the three evi- dences for the big bang model, together with the expansion of the universe and the Cos- mic Microwave Background. There is a good global agreement over a range of nine orders of magnitude between abundances of 4He, D, 3He and 7Li deduced from observations, and calculated in primordial nucleosynthesis. However, there remains a yet–unexplained discrepancy of a factor ≈3, between the calculated and observed lithium primordial abundances, that has not been reduced, neither by recent nuclear physics experiments, nor by new observations. The precision in deuterium observations in cosmological clouds has recently improved dramatically, so that nuclear cross sections involved in deuterium BBN need to be known with similar precision. We will shortly discuss nuclear aspects re- lated to BBN of Li and D, BBN with non-standard neutron sources, and finally, improved sensitivity studies using Monte Carlo that can be used in other sites of nucleosynthesis. -
Astro2020 Science White Paper Lyman Continuum Observations Across Cosmic Time: Recent Developments, Future Requirements
Astro2020 Science White Paper Lyman continuum observations across cosmic time: recent developments, future requirements Thematic Areas: Galaxy Evolution Cosmology and Fundamental Physics Principal Author: Stephan R. McCandliss Johns Hopkins University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Astrophysical Sciences, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 [email protected], 410-516-5272 Co-authors: Daniela Calzetti (astro.umass.edu), Henry C. Ferguson (stsci.edu), Steven Finkelstein (astro.as.utexas.edu), Brian T. Fleming (colorado.edu), Kevin France (colorado.edu), Matthew Hayes (astro.su.se), Tim- othy Heckman (jhu.edu), Alaina Henry (stsci.edu), Akio K. Inoue (aoni.waseda.jp), Anne Jaskot (astro.umass.edu), Claus Leitherer, (stsci.edu), Sally Oey (umich.edu), John O’Meara (keck.hawaii.edu), Marc Postman (stsci.edu), Laura Prichard (stsci.edu) Swara Ravindranath (stsci.edu), Jane Rigby (nasa.gov), Claudia Scarlata (astro.umn.edu), Daniel Schaerer (unige.ch), Alice Shapley (astro.ucla.edu), Eros Vanzella (inaf.it) Abstract: Quantifying the physical conditions that allow radiation emitted shortward of the hy- drogen ionization edge at 911.7 A˚ to escape the first collapsed objects and ultimately reionize the universe is a compelling problem for astrophysics. The escape of LyC emission from star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei is intimately tied to the emergence and sustenance of the meta- galactic ionizing background (MIB) that pervades the universe to the present day and in turn is tied to the emergence of structure at all epochs. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was built in part to search for the source(s) responsible for reionization, but it cannot observe LyC escape directly, because of the progressive increase in the mean transmission of the intergalactic medium towards the epoch of reionization. -
The Universe As a Laboratory: Fundamental Physics
The Universe as a Laboratory: Fundamental Physics The universe serves as an unparalleled laboratory for frontier physics, providing extreme conditions and unique opportunities to test theoretical models. Astronomical observations can yield invaluable information for physicists across the entire spectrum of the science, studying everything from the smallest constituents of mat- ter to the largest known structures. Astronomy is the principal player in the quest to uncover the full story about the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the universe. The earliest “baby picture” of the universe is the map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, predicted in 1948 and discovered in 1964. For years, physicists insisted that this radiation, seen coming from all directions in space, had to have irregularities in order for the universe as we know it to exist. These irregularities were not discovered until the COBE satellite mapped the radiation in 1992. Later, the WMAP satellite refined the measurement, allowing cosmologists to pinpoint the age of the universe at 13.7 billion years. Continued studies, including ground-based observations, seek to glean clues from the CMB about the basic nature of the universe and of its fundamental constituents. New telescopes and new technology promise to give astronomers better information about extremely distant objects—objects seen as they were in the early history of the universe. This, in turn, will provide valuable clues about how the first stars and galaxies developed and evolved into the objects we see in the universe today. The biggest mysteries in physics—and the biggest challenges for cosmologists—are the nature of dark matter and dark energy, which together constitute 95 percent of the universe. -
The Reionization of Cosmic Hydrogen by the First Galaxies Abstract 1
David Goodstein’s Cosmology Book The Reionization of Cosmic Hydrogen by the First Galaxies Abraham Loeb Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, 60 Garden St., Cambridge MA, 02138 Abstract Cosmology is by now a mature experimental science. We are privileged to live at a time when the story of genesis (how the Universe started and developed) can be critically explored by direct observations. Looking deep into the Universe through powerful telescopes, we can see images of the Universe when it was younger because of the finite time it takes light to travel to us from distant sources. Existing data sets include an image of the Universe when it was 0.4 million years old (in the form of the cosmic microwave background), as well as images of individual galaxies when the Universe was older than a billion years. But there is a serious challenge: in between these two epochs was a period when the Universe was dark, stars had not yet formed, and the cosmic microwave background no longer traced the distribution of matter. And this is precisely the most interesting period, when the primordial soup evolved into the rich zoo of objects we now see. The observers are moving ahead along several fronts. The first involves the construction of large infrared telescopes on the ground and in space, that will provide us with new photos of the first galaxies. Current plans include ground-based telescopes which are 24-42 meter in diameter, and NASA’s successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, called the James Webb Space Telescope. In addition, several observational groups around the globe are constructing radio arrays that will be capable of mapping the three-dimensional distribution of cosmic hydrogen in the infant Universe. -
NGSS Physics in the Universe
Standards-Based Education Priority Standards NGSS Physics in the Universe 11th Grade HS-PS2-1: Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes PS 1 the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration. HS-PS2-2: Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of PS 2 a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system. HS-PS2-3: Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that PS 3 minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. HS-PS2-4: Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s PS 4 Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects. HS-PS2-5: Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can PS 5 produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current. HS-PS3-1: Create a computational model to calculate the change in energy of one PS 6 component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known/ HS-PS3-2: Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be PS 7 accounted for as either motions of particles or energy stored in fields. HS-PS3-3: Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert PS 8 one form of energy into another form of energy. -
DARK AGES of the Universe the DARK AGES of the Universe Astronomers Are Trying to fill in the Blank Pages in Our Photo Album of the Infant Universe by Abraham Loeb
THE DARK AGES of the Universe THE DARK AGES of the Universe Astronomers are trying to fill in the blank pages in our photo album of the infant universe By Abraham Loeb W hen I look up into the sky at night, I often wonder whether we humans are too preoccupied with ourselves. There is much more to the universe than meets the eye on earth. As an astrophysicist I have the privilege of being paid to think about it, and it puts things in perspective for me. There are things that I would otherwise be bothered by—my own death, for example. Everyone will die sometime, but when I see the universe as a whole, it gives me a sense of longevity. I do not care so much about myself as I would otherwise, because of the big picture. Cosmologists are addressing some of the fundamental questions that people attempted to resolve over the centuries through philosophical thinking, but we are doing so based on systematic observation and a quantitative methodology. Perhaps the greatest triumph of the past century has been a model of the uni- verse that is supported by a large body of data. The value of such a model to our society is sometimes underappreciated. When I open the daily newspaper as part of my morning routine, I often see lengthy de- scriptions of conflicts between people about borders, possessions or liberties. Today’s news is often forgotten a few days later. But when one opens ancient texts that have appealed to a broad audience over a longer period of time, such as the Bible, what does one often find in the opening chap- ter? A discussion of how the constituents of the universe—light, stars, life—were created. -
Physical Cosmology Physics 6010, Fall 2017 Lam Hui
Physical Cosmology Physics 6010, Fall 2017 Lam Hui My coordinates. Pupin 902. Phone: 854-7241. Email: [email protected]. URL: http://www.astro.columbia.edu/∼lhui. Teaching assistant. Xinyu Li. Email: [email protected] Office hours. Wednesday 2:30 { 3:30 pm, or by appointment. Class Meeting Time/Place. Wednesday, Friday 1 - 2:30 pm (Rabi Room), Mon- day 1 - 2 pm for the first 4 weeks (TBC). Prerequisites. No permission is required if you are an Astronomy or Physics graduate student { however, it will be assumed you have a background in sta- tistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and electromagnetism at the undergrad- uate level. Knowledge of general relativity is not required. If you are an undergraduate student, you must obtain explicit permission from me. Requirements. Problem sets. The last problem set will serve as a take-home final. Topics covered. Basics of hot big bang standard model. Newtonian cosmology. Geometry and general relativity. Thermal history of the universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis. Recombination. Microwave background. Dark matter and dark energy. Spatial statistics. Inflation and structure formation. Perturba- tion theory. Large scale structure. Non-linear clustering. Galaxy formation. Intergalactic medium. Gravitational lensing. Texts. The main text is Modern Cosmology, by Scott Dodelson, Academic Press, available at Book Culture on W. 112th Street. The website is http://www.bookculture.com. Other recommended references include: • Cosmology, S. Weinberg, Oxford University Press. • http://pancake.uchicago.edu/∼carroll/notes/grtiny.ps or http://pancake.uchicago.edu/∼carroll/notes/grtinypdf.pdf is a nice quick introduction to general relativity by Sean Carroll. • A First Course in General Relativity, B.