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Redalyc.Influence of Flooding Duration on the Development of Root And Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología ISSN: 0185-3309 [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C. México Félix Gastélum, Rubén; Mircetich, Srecko M. Influence of flooding duration on the development of root and crown rot of lovell peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] caused by three different phytophthora species Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, vol. 23, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2005, pp. 33-41 Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C. Texcoco, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61223105 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGIA/ 33 Influence of Flooding Duration on the Development of Root and Crown Rot of Lovell Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Caused by Three Different Phytophthora Species Rubén Félix-Gastélum, Universidad de Occidente, Unidad Los Mochis, Departamento de Biología, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional s/n, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México CP 81223; and Srecko M. Mircetich, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Department of Plant Pathology, One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, California, USA 95616-8680. Correspondence to: [email protected] (Received: August 10, 2004 Accepted: December 24, 2004) Félix-Gastélum, R., and Mircetich, S.M. 2005. Influence of minimize losses of peach trees due to root and crown rot flooding duration on the development of root and crown rot caused by Phytophthora sp. and P. megasperma, but it would of lovell peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] caused by three be less effective when the disease is caused by P. cinnamomi. different Phytophthora species. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología 23:33-41. Additional keywords: Soil matric potential, zoospores, soil- Abstract. In order to determine the influence of various water management. flooding episodes on the severity of root rot and crown rot of peach caused by Phytophthora spp., one-mo-old seedlings Resumen. Para determinar la influencia de varios períodos were grown for two months in potting mix artificially infested de inundación en la severidad de la pudrición de raíz (PR) y with P. cinnamomi, P. megasperma, or an unidentified del tallo al nivel del suelo (PTNS) causados por Phytophthora Phytophthora sp. (isolate SJ45). The soil matric potential spp. se utilizaron plántulas de durazno de un mes de edad, (ψm) was maintained constant at -20 millibars (mb) using las cuales se trasplantaron y cultivaron durante 2 meses en Büchner funnels as tension plates, or it was interrupted once sustrato para maceta infestado en forma artificial con P. every two weeks by flooding periods (ψm = 0) of 6, 12, 24, cinnamomi, P. megasperma o Phytophthora sp. (aislamiento or 48 h. At constant soil ψm = -20 mb, P. cinnamomi caused SJ45). El potencial mátrico del suelo (ψm) se mantuvo 48% root rot, but P. megasperma and the unidentified constante a -20 milibares (mb) usando embudos Büchner con Phytophthora sp. caused no measurable disease. P. platos de tensión o se interrumpió cada 2 semanas mediante megasperma caused virtually no disease when soil was períodos de saturación (ψm = 0) de 6, 12, 24 ó 48 h. A ψm = flooded (ψm = 0) for 6 or 12 h; however, it caused 62% root -20 mb constante, P. cinnamomi causó 48% de PR, en cambio rot and 0.7 crown rot index when the soil was flooded for 24 P. megasperma y Phytophthora sp. no causaron enfermedad. h, and 100% root rot and 2.8 crown rot index when the soil P. megasperma no causó enfermedad cuando el suelo se saturó was flooded for 48 h. The severity of the disease caused by (ψm = 0) durante 6 ó 12 h; sin embargo, causó 62% de PR y the unidentified Phytophthora sp. increased gradually as the un índice de 0.7 de PTNS cuando el suelo se saturó por 24 h flooding periods lengthened; it caused 36, 45, 74, and 100% y 100% PR y 2.8 de PTNS cuando el suelo se saturó por 48 root rot when the soil was flooded for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, h. La severidad de la enfermedad causada por Phytophthora respectively, and caused crown rot only when 48 h floodings sp. se incrementó gradualmente de acuerdo a la prolongación were imposed. The respective root rot caused by P. cinnamomi de los períodos de saturación, causando 36, 45, 74 y 100% when seedlings were grown in soil flooded for 6, 12, 24, and de PR cuando el suelo se saturó por 6, 12, 24 y 48 h, 48 h was 55, 69, 91, and 100%. When peach leaf disks were respectivamente, mientras que la PTNS sólo ocurrió cuando used as bait for zoospores in flooded soil, the mean las plántulas se sometieron a saturación por 48h. Los percentages of disks infected by P. cinnamomi zoospores at porcentajes respectivos causados por P. cinnamomi cuando the baiting intervals of 0-2, 0-4, 20-24, and 44-48 h after las plantas se cultivaron en suelo inundado por 6, 12, 24 y 48 onset of flooding were 67, 78, 60, and 31%, respectively. At h fue de 55, 69, 91 y 100%. Cuando se utilizaron discos de these same baiting intervals, the incidence of disk infection hojas de durazno para el trampeo de zoosporas en el suelo by P. megasperma was 26, 68, 77, and 56%, and by the inundado, el porcentaje promedio de discos infectados por unidentified Phytophthora sp. was 23, 73, 98, and 95%. These P. cinnamomi en los intervalos de muestreo de 0-2, 0-4, 20- data suggest that careful soil-water management should 24 y 44-48 h después del inicio de la saturación del suelo 34 / Volumen 23, Número 1, 2005 fueron de 67, 78, 60 y 31%, respectivamente. En estos mismos In another study (Wilcox and Mircetich, 1985b), when the intervalos, la incidencia de infección en discos por P. rootstocks (Mahaleb and Mazzard cherry seedlings) were megasperma fue de 26, 68, 77 y 56%, y por Phytophthora grown in soil infested with P. cryptogea, root rot increased sp. fue de 23, 73, 98 y 95%. Los resultados sugieren que un as the duration of biweekly flooding periods increased from manejo cuidadoso del agua de riego puede reducir las 0 to 48 h; Mazzard was less susceptible than Mahaleb when pérdidas en árboles de durazno debido a PR y PTNS causado flooded for 24 h. The disease caused by P. megasperma in por Phytophthora sp. y P. megasperma, pero no sería efectivo both rootstocks was negligible when floodings were imposed cuando la enfermedad es causada por P. cinnamomi. for 0, 8, or 12 h; however, the disease was moderate and severe when soil was flooded for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Palabras clave adicionales: Potencial mátrico del suelo, Browne and Mircetich (1988), reported that P. cryptogea, P. zoosporas, manejo de agua en el suelo. cactorum, and P. cambivora, caused no root rot, 18% root rot and 60% root rot, respectively, in apple [Malus sylvestris The incidence of Phytophthora root and crown rot of peach (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] when soil ψm was [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] has increased over the last years maintained constantly at -20 mb. When different flooding in California’s commercial orchards, reaching epidemic periods were imposed, the disease increased with duration of proportions in some years (Mircetich, 1984). At the present flooding; when soil was flooded for 4 and 48 h, P. cryptogea time, sixteen different species of Phytophthora have been caused 10 and 52% root rot, respectively. P. cactorum, caused associated with peach trees in commercial orchards (Mircetich 13 and 46% root rot, and P. cambivora caused 80 and 89% and Browne, 1987). Pathogenicity tests have implicated P. root rot, respectively. In Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm., cactorum (Leb. and Cohn) Schroet., P. cambivora (Petri) there was no increase in infections by P. cinnamomi when 3 Buisman, P. citricola Sawada, P. cryptogea Pethyb. and Laff., to 4-month-old plants were waterlogged for a 4 day period P. drechsleri Tucker, P. megasperma Drechsler, P. before inoculation with zoospores. However, when plants citrophthora (R.E. Smith and E.H. Smith) Leonian, P. were waterlogged at the same time or after inoculation, there syringae (Kleb.) Kleb., P. cinnamomi Rands, P. parasitica was a significant increase in the severity of the disease Dast. and some unidentified Phytophthora spp. in root and (Davison and Tay, 1987). Flooding before inoculation did crown rot of peach in California (Mircetich, 1984; Mircetich not predispose Fraser fir [Abies freseri (Pursh) Poir.] to P. and Browne, 1987). This disease was called “wet feet” or cinnamomi; postflooding inoculation increased disease “sour sap” in the past because the highest incidence was dramatically (Kenerly et al., 1984). Sterne et al. (1977a), associated with wet and poorly drained soils (Day, 1953; reported that the percentage of avocado (Persea americana Smith, 1941). Soil water status has a great influence on the Mill.) roots infected by P. cinnamomi averaged varied from biology of Phytophthora spp. High soil moisture levels 80-90%, 50-90%, and 10-50% at soil matric potentials of 0, stimulate formation of sporangia and release (MacDonald -0.05, and -0.10 bar, respectively; only a few lesions occurred and Duniway, 1978a) and movement of zoospores (Duniway, at -0.25 bar. Observations by Mircetich and Keil (1970) 1976). It also stimulates direct germination of sporangia and indicated that decline and death of peach caused by P. survival structures like oospores and chlamydospores (Kuan cinnamomi in Maryland and Pennsylvania was common in and Erwin, 1982; Sterne, et al., 1977a; 1977b).
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