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In This Edition: Page Page  Jute—to Wheat Bags 2  National Gallery of Victoria 22  Geelong Bulk Grain Terminal 4  China—Fast Facts 24  Harry Power—Bushranger 8  Made From Wool! 25  Donkeys 10  Elizabeth Taylor 26  Dr James E. Piper 12  Recipe—Fish Pie with Mash 28  Aboriginal Trackers 15  Word Search— Space 29  Corio—The Early Days Part 6 16  Banknotes: Mary Gilmore 30  Winston Churchill 18  150 Years Ago 31  Amazing Australian Records 20  Then… & Now 32

Until the Geelong Bulk Grain Terminal opened in December 1939, nearly all wheat grown in Victoria was transported in bags made from jute. Jute is a natural fibre, second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. It is mainly grown in India and Bangladesh with some also grown in Myanmar, Uzbekistan, Thailand and China. Jute is taken from the stem of the Corchorus plant, most commonly referred to simply as the ‘jute plant.’ The jute is harvested and then allowed to soak for a few days in water before the fibres can be stripped off and left to dry. It is then transported, often by bicycle rickshaw, to collection points before being taken to mills where it is processed and turned into the familiar fibres found in sacks, on carpet backing, in pouches and even in wallets. Harvesting jute in India For centuries, jute has been an integral part of the culture of East Bengal (now called Bangladesh). In the seventeenth century the British East India Company started trading in jute. Jute barons grew rich, setting up factories in Bengal as well as in Scotland, and then selling manufactured jute products worldwide. For example, more than a billion jute sandbags were exported from Bengal to the trenches of Europe during World War I. Huge numbers were also exported to the United States to bag cotton. Used to make burlap, hessian bags and gunny cloth, when jute was used to transport any grain, the bags were most commonly called ‘cornsacks,’ since the bags were originally ordered by farmers in South America to ship corn out of Argentina. In Australia, until the turn of the twentieth century these sacks held 4- bushels of wheat each. One bushel equalled 27.2kg, so each full wheat bag weighed up to 109kg! Imagine having the job as a railway or shipping labourer

(called Lumpers) whose job it was to lug the huge bags around all day. As Australia’s wheat harvest grew into the millions of bags each year,* the cry of complaint from Lumpers rose, supported by the Wharf

*Australian farmers yielded an average 17.5 bushels of wheat per acre, requiring the purchase of six 3-bushel cornsacks for each acre. Each bag cost about 4s. (40c). Thus, Australia was compelled to import tens of millions of the bags from East Bengal each year. By 1918, Victoria alone had stockpiled 60,000,000 bushels of wheat—the equivalent of 20,000,000 jute bags. The huge stockpiles of wheat bags were often ravaged by plagues of mice. 2

Labourers Union. In 1904 a call went out to purchase 2-bushel bags from India instead of 4- bushel bags. A trial with the 2-bushel bags was conducted, however shipping agents were not willing to bare the extra cost. The following year (1905) an agreement was struck to use a standard 3-bushel bag for wheat, A group photo of labourers (Lumpers) although the 4-bushel bags remained in circula- working at Corio Quay loading wheat bags from carts and railway trucks onto tion for some time afterward. These smaller bags shipping headed for England during WWI. still weighed in at over 81kg each, a testament to the strength and endurance of these lowly-paid labourers. Union representatives pushed for smaller bags right up until the 1950’s, but the problem was eventually solved when mechanized lifting/loading/ unloading devices took over most of the heavy work. During the normal life of a 3-bushel jute bag it was used 10-15 times. The farmer used it 5-6 times to cart his wheat to the silo. Then it usually went with the wheat to a flour miller, who in turn branded and sent it full of flour to the baker. The baker sold it to a bag merchant who sold it to another miller, who then sent it to another baker. As it wore, the same bag would then be used for bran and pollard. After the poultry farmer and the produce merchants had given it fair wear it would probably end up as a doormat, or carrying coke for a gas company. Yes, these sacks were very versatile indeed! During WWI (1914-18) Victoria had bumper wheat crops. However, with the war in Europe drawing on all resources, Australia could not obtain its full order of cornsacks from India. Rationing of bags to farmers meant that some crops were spoiled before they could be properly harvested and the grain stored. Also, handling costs were becoming exorbitant, as more and more land was prepared for wheat cultivation, requiring an even greater number of bags, along with the labourers to lump them around. It was time for grain to be transported in bulk. [See next page] Bulk grain storage and handling is most commonly being used today. There is also an ever-growing market for grain transportation in shipping containers. Yet, bagged wheat still has a market, catering for niche varieties of wheat, as well as for distribution to countries where bulk grain handling facilities do not exist. While wheat bags are made from synthetic fibres today, we can still marvel at the amazing Loading bags of wheat onto a freighter natural qualities, versatility, and history of jute. docked at Cunningham Pier in 1957. 3

From the time the Port Phillip District was settled in 1835, grain had been placed into bags, sent to Geelong or Melbourne by wagon or train, and sold through merchants and shipping agents. The cost of bags, freight, handling, and agents fees meant that the farmer received only a small portion of the sale price of the wheat he grew. While the few grain merchants and shipping agents became rich men, the farmers pleaded with the colonial government for cheaper handling costs and a better return on their wheat. Even before the beginning of the 20th century, a proposal to move grain through bulk handling facilities, instead of in bags, was seriously considered by the Victo- rian railways and the government. Railways employees were sent on a tour of the system set up in the USA, and came home with glowing praise of what they observed. However, the prohibitive cost of building such facilities (estimated in 1900 as costing £100,000) became a political bouncing ball for the next 35 years. The bumper wheat crops during WWI (1914-18), were accompanied by limited numbers of jute wheat bags and huge mice plagues. The losses suffered by farmers initiated a desperate plea to the government to again seriously consider bulk grain terminals. Terminals were slated for Williamstown, Geelong and Portland, with smaller terminals at railway stations throughout the state. Corio Quay, in North Geelong was set aside for construction of the Geelong terminal. The Railways Commission estimated that there would be a saving in costs to Victori- an farmers of up to £425,000 every year. The entire system was now costed at £1.5 million ($3 million). The Victorian govern- ment approved the project, and in 1918 the Imperial Government in England agreed to fund it. However, rebuilding England after World War I took all the The grain silos under construction in 1938. Each circular silo holds over 80,000 bushels resources the British Government had at (220 tonnes) of wheat. their disposal, and so the bulk grain project 4

in Victoria, Australia was again put on hold. By 1925 the Victorian government was warned that the entire annual wheat crop was now at the mercy of the supply of jute wheat bags from India. A failed jute crop, industrial trouble in India, shipping disputes, or another war could easily ruin local farming production. The working house (elevator tower) is As a result, a Parliamentary Board appointed raised to its full height in 1938. Elevators by the Government recommended that bulk and conveyors installed inside the facility grain terminals be immediately built as a could move up to 64,000 bushels matter of urgency. However, project costs had (1,740 tonnes) of wheat every hour. now ballooned to over £3 million! Unable to find the money, the proposal again stalled. Nine years later, in June 1934 the Victorian Government introduced the Bulk Handling of Grain Bill, seeking funding for the £3 million scheme. Debate raged on for another 2 years before finally, in August 1936 a tender for £31,483 was accepted to excavate and build the concrete founda- tions for the terminal at Corio Quay.

Williamstown Bulk Grain Terminal Work commenced on September 9, 1936. Contractors from Melbourne and Geelong The Geelong Bulk Grain Terminal was started toiled over 3 years, slowly raising the first in 1937. The required electric motors concrete silos from the ground to over 32 and conveyors arrived as WW2 began, metres (106’) into the North Geelong sky. allowing the terminal to be completed. The taller working house, which contained However, the Williamstown Terminal was the elevators, eventually rose 61 metres started a year later than the one at Geelong. (200’) making it the highest structure in In 1938 the concrete foundations were poured at a cost of £40,000. However, work North Geelong, and only slightly lower was suspended when it became impossible than the St Mary of the Angels Catholic to procure the required machinery due to Basilica in Yarra Street (at 64m or 210’). the war. Later, it proved more cost-effective Fortunately, the elevators, conveyors and to expand the Geelong terminal rather than related machinery arrived from Europe complete the one at Williamstown. In 1952 just as WW2 started, allowing the terminal the project was abandoned. at Geelong to be completed. The William- The original foundations can still be seen, stown terminal was not so fortunate. [See forming the base of a large car-park, just up box: Williamstown Bulk Grain Terminal] the road from the Williamstown Football Finally, on Thursday, December 14, 1939 Ground. 5

Never Stand on a Grain Pile! the bulk grain terminal at Geelong was A massive pile of grain, as was stored in opened by the Minister for Agriculture, Mr. the hangers at the Geelong Bulk Grain Edmond Hogan, and wheat started pouring Terminal could give the appearance into the terminal via railway cars. However, similar to a sand dune. However, do not within only a few weeks celebrations were be fooled! Piles of grain are extremely curtailed when it was discovered that the 28 unstable and will quickly swallow up silos at the terminal were already full! any unsuspecting person who steps With the Williamstown project now onto it. suspended, something had to be done In March 1973, a Victorian Department quickly. There were simply not enough ships of Agriculture official, Ian Baulch, aged to take the grain away from the dock fast 39, stepped from a walkway onto the enough. And with World War 2 raging, this top of the 20 metre high mound inside was unlikely to change in the near future. one of the hangers. He immediately With country terminals stockpiling the rest sunk to his thighs in wheat, and then of the grain harvest, expansion plans were slowly disappeared into the grain heap. quickly drawn up for the Geelong terminal. After 10 hours of frantic digging in the Eventually 98 silos were constructed with 50,000 tonnes of wheat, his body was the internal space between the circular finally recovered. columns also being used for storage. But still, it was insufficient to stockpile the harvest each year. Eventually, in 1954 plans were drawn up for two huge “hangers” to supplement the silos at the Corio Quay terminal. The two hangers added another 20 million bushels (540,000 tonnes) storage capacity to the site.* In addition, a large flat site in North Shore on Seabeach Parade had been set aside to handle an overflow of wheat, the huge mound covered with tarpaulins to protect it from the weather until it could be transferred back to the main terminal. When completed, Geelong could boast the largest and most modern bulk storage facility in the world. Surprisingly, however, farmers around Geelong could not use it! Since the terminal could only receive grain via railway cars, only farmers who had deposited their harvest at a rural country grain elevator site could have their grain picked up by train and sent to Geelong. Local farmers still had to bag their grain and truck it to the wharf as they had done for well over a * In recent years 30—50 % of Victoria’s export grain (around 2,000,000 tonnes per year) has been carried in shipping containers, dispatched to countries that are not equipped to handle bulk grain ships. This has made good use of the many shipping containers that arrive in Australia with manufactured goods each year, and in the past were shipped back overseas empty. As a result, today the massive wheat hangers are no longer needed for grain. Instead, they are full of woodchips, conveyed from the Midway woodchip site on the other side of Corio Quay. The woodchips are stored in the hangers until loaded on ships in the same way wheat is, before being exported to Asian ports. 6

century, incurring much higher expenses in the process. They were outraged! The Geelong Terminal manage- ment were not happy about adding a bulk grain truck unloading station at the site, since handling costs were three times that, compared to grain arriving by rail. Under pressure from local politicians they eventually backed down, and a small grain truck unloading station was added between the silos and the hangers. A few years ago this was upgraded to a new truck receiving station with multiple stations to cater for the growing number of local farmers now sending their crops to Geelong via truck. Costs for road deliveries are still higher than rail, with farmers charged 35% more if they send their grain via truck instead of by rail. Currently, the Geelong Terminal receives about 30% of all its grain via road delivery. With railway still the preferred method of transportation to the site, the rail receival station has undergone a number of upgrades over time. Perhaps the most ingenious was the construction of a railway loop built on a slight downslope Some Wheat Facts each side of the unloading bays. Once a  In 2010, world production of wheat was locomotive brings railway cars to the 651 million tons, making it the third most- site it is uncoupled and departs. Gravity produced cereal after maize [corn] (844 is then used to move the cars through million tons) and rice (672 million tons). the unloading station, where three cars are emptied at a time. It takes about 1¼  Australia’s wheat crop is valued at an hour to empty a full-size train with up to average of about $5 billion each year. 50 carriages. When all cars are unloaded  70% of Australia’s wheat crop is exported, the locomotive returns to take them mainly to Asia (63%), the Middle East away. This efficient use of trains makes (18%), and Africa (13%). possible up to 5 trainloads of grain to Geelong each week during the summer  Over 25,000 Australian farmers produce harvest season. an average 18 million tonnes of wheat each year. That’s enough wheat to make Now operated by GrainCorp, about more than 28,000,000,000 loaves of white 500,000 tonnes of grain is shipped out of bread. Geelong to overseas destinations each year. A fully booked procession of bulk  Australia produces only 3% of the world’s grain carriers now load grain at the total wheat crop, but is the 4th largest terminal, raising questions about how to exporter of wheat, behind the USA, increase capacity in the future. France and Canada.

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Henry Johnson, also known as Harry Power, was born in Waterford, Ireland on May 18, 1819 and grew up in Lancashire, England. When he was sixteen years of age his father had him apprenticed to the saddlery trade. Later on, he joined starving peasants in their conflicts with British troops. It was during this time that he received sabre (sword) wounds on his face, which are described in the Victorian police records as, "Scar over right eyebrow, scars on right cheek.” Under the name of Henry Johnson he was convicted on August 31, 1840 for stealing a bridle and saddle, and was sentenced to transportation for 7 years in Australia. He received his ticket-of-leave in November 1847, and his certificate of freedom a year later. He then started calling himself Harry Power and later claimed that he had come to Australia from America as a free man. Power initially was engaged as a cattle drover and travelled all over New South Wales. Later he worked with Captain Denman's party exploring and cutting a track across the Blue Ranges to the west of Sydney, becoming a splendid bushman in the process. He then moved to the Port Phillip District and for a time lived in Geelong where he kept a horse yard, buying and selling horses and horse feed. He also explored the gold fields around Ballarat and Bendigo. Then, in March 1855 one incident seems to have changed Harry Power’s whole career. While riding one of his own horses near Sandhurst (Bendigo), he was bailed up by two drunken troopers of German descent. He relates: "I was going along quietly, when down came the two troopers, hooting and shouting. I saw they were drunk, and pulled on one side, but they stopped me. 'Whose horse is that?' says one. 'It's mine,' says I. 'Are you going to shout?' says the other. 'No,' says I, for I didn't like the Germans. 'I believe you stole that horse,' says the first.' 'You're a liar,' says I. ' You'll have to come along with us,' says the other. 'I won't do it,' say I, getting riled. On that one of them drew his hanger (sword), and said he'd make me. 'You can't,' says I. He charged at me, and I'd only just time to draw my revolver, or he'd have cut me down. I shot him, and then the other fellow rode up and fired at me, and the powder singed my coat. I shot him, and then rode off.” “Now, if I had been sensible, I'd have ridden off to the nearest police station and given myself up. But I was frightened, and rode across the colony, thinking to go and stay in New South Wales till the row was over. At the Murray I was stopped. I did not deny my name or resist. They arrested and brought me down to Melbourne, and I got 10 years. The men were not hurt much and it was proved they stopped me without cause, or I'd have got more." 8

Power served 2½ years on prison hulks anchored in Port Phillip Bay before being moved to Pentridge Prison in Melbourne. He escaped from Pentridge in 1862 and lived in the Ovens District where he became good friends with Ned Kelly’s family. Caught horse-stealing, Power was sentenced to 7 years hard labour on the roads at Beechworth in February 1864. Transferred to Pentridge, in 1869 50-year-old Power escaped again. So bold was he that he returned one evening and camped overnight in the paddock opposite the stockade. A fearless and daring bushman, Power would calmly ride down a public road while police searched vainly in the bush for his whereabouts. On one occasion, to win a bet he calmly rode into Geelong and showed his face to the locals, then disappeared before the local police could be alerted to his presence. Power had now turned to highway robbery. Eventually, frustrated authorities offered a reward of £500 for his capture. Back in the Ovens District, he was assisted by Ned Kelly in some of his hold-ups.* Harry Power was recaptured on June 5, 1870 when one of Kelly's relatives^ betrayed him to the police. He was sentenced to 15 years hard labour on three counts of bushranging, and returned to Pentridge. This time, particular attention was shown to his confinement, so that he could not escape again. In 1877 Power suffered a bout of ill health and it was feared he would die in prison. After a number of women petitioned for his freedom he was released into the care of Lady Janet Clarke. He went to work on her property at Sunbury. For a while he also worked as a tour guide for the Harry Power — old prison hulk Success, on which he had once served a In shackles and prison sentence. In late October 1891 Harry Power left Melbourne garb at Pentridge Prison to avoid an influenza scourge that had killed dozens of people there. While fishing on the Murray River at Swan Hill a few days later he fell into the water and drowned. He was 72 years old. By his own admission Power committed over 600 robberies during his time at large, and was described as a most dangerous man. However, he was also greatly admired for his courage and ‘honourable’ principles. Power claimed he never shed blood, except in self-defence, never killed a man, and never insulted a woman. “I was never a brute,” he insisted. * In 1869, 13-year-old Ned Kelly was arrested under suspicion of helping Harry Power. After being held for 7 weeks in jail he was released due to insufficient evidence. ^ James Quinn, Ned Kelly’s grandfather reported Power’s location to police and received the £500 reward after his capture. 9

A donkey, also known as an ass, is one of the most common working animals in the developing world. As load carrying animals and companions, asses and donkeys have worked together with humans for thousands of years. Asses were first domesticated in about 3000 BCE, possibly in Egypt or Mesopota- mia—the area corresponding to modern day Iraq and the north-eastern section of Syria. From there they have dispersed around the world. In the world today, there are over 40 million domesticated donkeys, with 96% in underdeveloped countries where they are used mainly as pack animals or for draught work in transport or agriculture. They can also be used for riding, raising water, milling and other work requiring strength and endurance. Working donkeys are often associated with people living on or below the poverty line. Small numbers of donkeys are kept as pets or for breeding in developed countries, but aren’t used for labour. Instead, they are used to guard sheep, for children donkey rides, and as pets. In history the name “ass” was the more common term for the animal. The first recorded use of the word donkey was in 1784. From the 18th century, “donkey” gradually replaced “ass.” The Spanish continue to call the animal a “burro.” A male donkey or ass is called a jack (or jackass), a female is called a jenny and a young donkey is a foal. Jack donkeys are often used to produce mules.* Characteristics Donkeys vary significantly in size, depending on breed and management. Their height ranges from 79cm to 160cm, and weight from 80kg to 480kg. Working donkeys in the poorest countries have a life expectan- cy of 12 to 15 years, while in more affluent countries they have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years. Donkeys are adapted to marginal desert lands.

* A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Mules are more patient, sure-footed, hardy and long-lived than horses, and they are considered less obstinate, faster, and more intelligent than donkeys. Since horses have 64 chromosomes and donkeys have 62, mules are usually infertile. Rare cases have been documented of offspring coming from a female mule and a male horse. 10

In contrast to wild and feral horses, wild donkeys in dry areas are solitary and don’t form harems. Each adult donkey sets up a home range, and breeding over a large area may be dominated by one jack. The loud call of the donkey, which usually lasts for 20 seconds and can be heard for over three kilometres, helps keep in contact with other donkeys over the vast spaces of desert. Behaviour Donkeys have a notorious reputation for being stubborn, but this has been attributed to a much stronger sense of self preservation than that demonstrated by a horse. Most likely this is based on a stronger prey instinct and a weaker connection with humans. It is much more difficult to force or frighten a donkey into doing something that it feels is dangerous. However, once a human has earned their confidence, the donkey can be a willing and friendly partner and very reliable in work. Studies on donkey behaviour are few, but they appear to be quite intelligent, cautious, friendly, playful and keen to learn. When defending themselves, donkeys can bite, strike with the front hooves and kick with the hind legs. Donkeys can be pastured or stabled with horses and ponies, and are believed to have a calming effect on nervous horses. If a donkey is introduced to a mare and foal, the foal may turn to the donkey for support after it has been weaned from it’s mother. In Australia From 1866 onwards, donkeys were brought to Australia for use as pack and haulage animals. Up until that point, Australians had been using the horse as their main mode of transpor- tation. However, problems arose when many horses could not tolerate eating native plants. When donkeys proved to be invulnerable to the plants that were making the horses sick, more donkeys were brought in. Escape was common due to a lack of fencing. By 1949 Western Australia officially declared them a pest. Australia wide, in 2005 feral donkeys were numbered at almost 5 million animals. Feral or wild donkeys can cause problems. They may compete with livestock and native animals for resources, spread weeds and diseases, foul or damage water- ing holes and cause soil erosion. Numbers are controlled by mustering herds in accessible areas, while helicopters with licenced shooters cull numbers in rocky inhospitable areas. Both methods currently meet with only limited success. 11

From the First World War, until his death in 1949, Jim Piper served as Geelong’s most prominent medical practitioner, and staunchest supporter of the Geelong Football Club. Let me tell you his story. James Ernest Piper was born on April 30, 1884. It appears he grew up in Geelong, but little is known of his younger years except that he attended Geelong College in Talbot Street, Newtown. In 1905, at 21 years of age, he realised a childhood dream when selected to play for Geelong in the VFL. While an enthusiastic supporter of the Australian game, Piper himself was of limited ability. His first, and only game for Geelong, was in Round 3, 1905, against Fitzroy at the Brunswick Street Oval in Melbourne. Fitzroy were the champion team that year and Geelong received a flogging, going down by 41 points.* Giving away hopes of playing football at the highest level, Piper became a keen social tennis player. But he more than made up for his lack of sporting prowess with his skill and dedication as a doctor. He graduated as a medical practitioner from Ormond College (Melbourne University) in 1912. Returning to Geelong, Piper commenced serving as the medical officer for the Geelong Football Club, a position he held for the next 34 years. [See box: A Doctor Ahead of His Time] Dr James Piper was also placed in charge of a local tuberculosis (TB) clinic at Geelong. At the time there were about 4,000 TB deaths each year in Victoria. Throughout his career Piper continuously lobbied local councils to provide for more space between homes, recognising that disease spread more easily in among crowded families. For example, one small house in Pakington Street had 27 people living inside, with one suffering an acute infectious disease. The Geelong West Council condemned the building and it was demolished. Piper also requested that land be set aside for more parks and gardens, and suggested to council that it should promote a healthy outdoor lifestyle, insisting that this would also help prevent the spread of diseases like TB. By 1916 his work was already starting to pay off, with a notable drop in TB deaths recorded in Geelong. And his efforts contributed greatly to the establishment of Baker’s Oval and Sparrow Park in Geelong West. In 1914 Dr Piper received a degree for Master of Surgery at Melbourne

*Piper played 2 more games in the VFL—both for the University team while studying medicine in Melbourne. Unfortunately he was never to taste success as a player. In Round 18 in 1908 University was defeated by Carlton by 39 points. In his third and final game, Round 7 in 1909, University again lost, this time to Collingwood by 36 points. 12

University, one of the most exacting and coveted honours in the medical profession at the time. That same year he became the Honorary Pathologist at the Geelong Hospital. For many years he assisted the Geelong coroner by conducting post-mortems on deceased locals. For example, when 60-year-old Torquay onion grower, Thomas Kinnane died suddenly in April 1916, Piper discovered 3 ounces (88 ml) of kerosene in his stomach. The unsatisfied cravings of the raging alcoholic, who had already consumed a bottle of whisky and a bottle of beer, had led to his untimely death. Dr Piper went on to hold other prominent medical positions in Geelong. He served as the chief medical officer for the Geelong West council between the two world wars, contributing much to the health of local residents. He also held this position for St. Augustine’s and St. Catherine’s Orphanages, and in the 1940s he took up the same position for the Shire of Corio. In 1928 he was appointed secretary and treasurer of the Geelong branch of the British Medical Association. And for a number of years he also served as president of the Geelong Ambulance Association. Piper was a staunch advocate for child immunisation, and led an immunisation

A Doctor Ahead of His Time The Geelong Football Club held a dinner for the team, club members, officials, and leading Geelong citizens on April 24, 1935. Dr Piper toasted the success of the team, but had the following timely advice: “Players need to focus on playing football and must give up indulgences. They must concentrate on that or get out. The coach of St Kilda has referred to the dangers of drinking, but cigarette smoking is as bad. In fact, cigarettes are more harmful to the athlete than beer. The man who accepted money and played “dead” would be ostracized by his clubmates, but for a man to neglect to keep himself as fit as possible was just as bad. Sacrifices had to be made, and players must show more initiative. To go dancing four nights of the week was not the way to attain physical fitness. The players had to realise that if they did not keep fit they would be letting their fellow players down. Richmond centre half back At football training there was now to be an Robert McGhie takes a cigarette break at 3/4 abstinence of cigarettes and beer.” time during the 1973 Grand Final. 13 program against diphtheria in 1936. Of the 150 students at schools across North Geelong, North Shore, Corio and Lara, 6 already had been exposed to the dreaded lung disease. The other 144 were successfully immunised. Despite research repeatedly proving the value of immunisation against childhood diseases, local Geelong councils continued to hesitate in providing funding for immunisation programs, much to Piper’s frustration. In his role as chief medical officer, Piper gave speeches to Geelong clubs and city officials many times, urging them to support life-saving immunisation. However, in addition to voicing strong opinions on proven medical practises, at times Dr Piper was outspoken on more personal theories. For example, in his annual report to the Geelong West City Council in 1938 he commented on the Prime Minister of Australia, Joseph Lyons’ desire to see the country have a much larger population. Piper suggested this could be achieved more quickly if a ‘Bachelor Tax’ was imposed on single men, as well as heavier taxation being imposed on childless married couples. The funds raised, he noted, could be paid as child endowment to families. Needless to say, this suggestion went unheeded. In the same annual report Piper also suggested that the Geelong West Council prohibit motor-cycle traffic in city streets between 10pm and 6am. He claimed that “the night was made hideous and the sick and suffering were prevented from sleeping and their recovery was retarded by the din and noise of motor- cycles. Unsurprisingly, the council decided not to act on that advice either. Outside his medical work, Piper held a number of honorary positions. He was a Churchwarden and Vestryman for 34 years at St. Paul’s Anglican Church in Latrobe Terrace, in addition to being president of the Geelong Football Club for four terms between 1923 and 1926. From 1926 onward, James Piper, with wife, Nora, and their three daughters lived in the family residence at 240 Latrobe Terrace in Newtown. The house still exists on the corner of Villamanta Street, but is now occupied by a number of unrelated business who have converted the domestic dwelling into office space. The- 88 year-old house is now listed as a building of significance in Geelong. Dr Piper’s own medical practice flourished only a few doors down from the family home, at 248 Latrobe Terrace until his death in 1949 aged 65. His dedicated service to the citizens of Geelong should never be forgotten. The Piper family home at 240 Latrobe Terrace. 14

In his book Thirty-three Years in Tasmania and Victoria, early pioneer George Thomas Lloyd experienced first-hand the incredible ability of Aborigines to follow tracks through the Australian bush. He writes: “The Aborigines possessed the faculty of tracing the foot- prints of men and animals to an extraordinary degree. Frequently I have enlisted a sharp-eyed native in search of strayed sheep. The invitation to hot mutton-chops, tea, and damper, before the break of day, was always most punctually accepted by my dark-skinned friend Beenac. . .

Early Tasmanian Aborigine By the first gleam of morn—generally so clear and beautiful in that favoured climate for at least eight months of the year—we had traversed miles of hills, green forests, and of blooming heatherbell: our ears and eyes strained to the nicest point, listening to catch the early bleat, and scanning with anxious gaze every inch of rock or sward and each tender twig passed in our course. Suddenly the galvanic exclamation, “Wah! Wah!” would imply traces of the wandering sheep—so slight, however, as to be almost invisible even to my practised eye, but so obvious to my aboriginal companion that he could instantly declare the hour of the night or morning on which the impression had been made. Once found, he would follow on their track at a quick-march pace—no matter what description of country the animals might have travelled over—until, lo! to my great joy, there stood the truants, perched on the very summit of some rocky, sugar-loaf-shaped hill, gazing at us as if in perfect astonishment at having been discovered in such a capitol hiding-place. Such, indeed, was the skill of the natives in tracing foot-prints, that during the eventful days of bush ranging, the Government employed several of them as mounted police. In that capacity they were of infinite value; for, verily, the poor prisoner who by absconding vainly hoped to better his condi- tion, was generally so hotly and perseveringly pursued by those black gens d’armes that he was either soon captured or, in despair of escaping, surrendered at discretion.”

(See the Jillong Pocket—December 2011 edition for the story of Alexander Riley, considered by many to be Australia’s most famous Aboriginal tracker.)

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PART 6—Squatters: As far north as Little River During the early days of European settlement in Corio and the area around the You Yangs, some squatters made quick fortunes. One of these was William Clarke. ‘Big Clarke,’ as he was called, arrived in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) in 1829 with £2,000 in his pocket, ready to buy land on the prospering island. Instead, after hearing of abundant grasslands in the Port Phillip District he changed his plans, and in 1837 moved 2,000 sheep onto land around Little River, including Station Peak (the You Yangs). The land was so good for sheep farming Clarke claimed he could have easily run a flock of 15,000—20,000 sheep on his claim. The first annual wool clip Clarke took off his sheep was17½ William Clarke bales. The next year he sold 36 bales, and in the third year he sold 70, earning him a small fortune. However, other settlers also wanted to cash in on the good soil around Corio and on the Werribee Plain. Petty arguments about property boundaries became common, since the land was simply pegged out by each individual settler, with no accurate surveying, nor Government approval. Becoming frustrated by the constant squabbling, Clarke moved his flock to an area later named ‘Ballaarat,’ confident he could continue to prosper with the knowledge he had gained during his first three years at Little River. Clarke’s main neighbour at Little River was the Synnot family. Captain Walter Synnot arrived in Van Diemen’s Land along with his wife and 9 of their 11 children in 1836. The following year, the two elder sons, George and Marcus crossed over to Port Phillip Bay and set up sheep runs. George pegged out 10,725 hectares [26,500 acres] for himself east of Little River,* while Marcus established his own property on Station Peak, sharing it with William Clarke, which suggests he was one of Clarke’s initial disputants in the area. In 1838 George and Marcus were joined by their two brothers, Albert and Monckton, who was only 12 years old at the time. For the next 10 years the brothers prospered on the property they named Mowyong (later renamed Bareacres). However, by 1852 only Monckton was still working the land, after having a stint at the goldfields—first in California, and later in Ballarat. By 1855 George Synnot had settled in Geelong and established a business *This area coincides with modern-day Avalon airport, around Limeburners Bay, and the land on which the Geelong Freeway is built as it bypasses Little River. 16

working as a Commission Agent.* By 1857 however, he had gone into partnership with Thomas Guthrie as Woolbrokers. After a stint in the Wimmera, Monckton Synnot moved to Melbourne in 1873, and followed in his brother’s footsteps as a Woolbroker. His Flinders Wool Warehouse Picture: State Library of Victoria was among the first to establish lasting A view of Flinders Peak (You Yangs) in 1847 trade links with Hong Kong, China and Japan, making him a wealthy man. In addition to good grass which was readily available near Geelong, a permanent water source was vital for success as an early pastoralist. Apart from Little River, the only other reliable water source in the area was Hovells Creek, later renamed Duck Ponds (and today called Lara). In 1837 a run as large as 35,000 hectares (85,000 acres) was taken up by Thomas Bates and his family in this area. Bates had arrived in Van Diemen’s Land in 1829 on the same boat as William Clarke. Initially, a series of failed business decisions threatened to ruin Bates. The family’s original farming attempt on 1,000 hectares (2,560 acres) near Launceston failed due to ignorance of good farming practise, and their land was confiscated. Bates’ wife begged Governor Arthur for more land, and was granted another 260 hectares (640 acres), but this also failed, with large debts growing. It was then they heard of good lands at Port Phillip. Quickly they sold their land to a neighbour, raising £4,000 with which they purchased 1,500 ewes at Launceston. Leaving his wife and the children behind, Bates took the trip over Bass Strait, losing 300 of the sheep to bad weather, drinking salt water, and wild dogs after landing at Point Henry. Costing 70 shillings each this was a loss of over £1,000. But the family’s fortunes were about to change. Arriving at Duck Ponds the original homestead was built where the Lara railway station now stands. With the arrival of his family, Bates’ sons, Alfred and John, tried their hand at farming on the Moorabool River. The two young men took over property abandoned by the Manifold brothers at the ford. Batesford is named after these two early farmers, despite the fact that they only remained there a few years. Meanwhile, farming at Duck Ponds was so profitable for Thomas Bates that he was able to pay off all his creditors completely, a thing “then rarely done.” What was it like working on one of these early sheep stations? Next month the story continues . . . (story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country) *A Commission Agent today would be considered a combination of two jobs—a Real Estate Agent and a Stock Agent. George Synnot 17

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill,* is widely regarded as one of the greatest politicians and wartime leaders of the 20th century. Churchill was born 2 months premature at Blenheim Palace, north of Oxford in central England on November 30, 1874. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, Ireland, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy and employed Churchill's father as his private secretary. Independent and rebellious by nature, Churchill generally had a poor academic record in school, for which he was punished. After attending Harrow and then the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, Churchill began a military career as a second-lieutenant in a cavalry regiment, seeing action in Cuba, India, the Sudan and the Boer War in South Africa. During his stint in Cuba he acquired a taste for Havana cigars, which he smoked the rest of his life. His army pay of £300 per year was supplemented by an allowance of £400 from his mother. However, he continually ran out of money and so chose to work as a war correspondent and journalist from which he made good money and gained recognition as a fine writer. Churchill resigned from the British Army on May 5, 1899. Later that same year he obtained a commission to act as war correspondent during the Boer War in South Africa for The Morning Post, with a salary of £250 per month. Although a civilian reporter, he was captured by the Afrikaans enemy, escaped from the prison camp, joined the South African Light Horse Brigade and helped lead the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria before returning home to England a war hero. Churchill’s political career began in 1900 when he became Conservative MP for Oldham. Joining the Liberal Party in 1904, he became Home Secretary in 1910 and First Lord of the Admiralty the following year. Churchill resigned this post during the First World War, held responsible for the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign which he had personally promoted. Re-joining the regular army, Churchill was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel in charge of the Scottish Fusiliers on the Western Front. After the war ended he returned to politics being appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1924-29. On September 12, 1908, Churchill married Clementine Spencer. They

* His official surname is indeed “Spencer-Churchill,” but in his public life he preferred to simply use the surname “Churchill.” 18

had five children—Diana (1909); Randolph (1911); Sarah (1914); Marigold (1918); and Mary (1922). At 2 years of age Marigold died from septicaemia after contracting a heavy cold. Blenheim Palace, built in Oxfordshire in 1705-22 is the only In the 1930s Churchill non-royal, and non-episcopal family home to be called a palace suffered his ‘wilderness in England. It has been the Churchill family home for 300 years years,’ unpopular and out and was the birthplace of Winston Churchill in 1874. of office. During this time he focussed on his writing and battling his “black dog,” Churchill’s term for the major depression he endured his whole life. War was declared on Hitler’s Nazi Germany on September 3, 1939. Eight months later, British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain resigned from office, and on May 10, 1940 Churchill took his place. History records his inspirational leadership against overwhelming odds during the Battle of Britain. His famous speeches have never been forgotten, including: Churchill had a lisp that continued “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields throughout his career, reported and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we consistently by journalists of the shall never surrender.” (June 4, 1940) “Never in time. His dentures were specially the field of human conflict was so much owed by designed to aid his speech. so many to so few.” (August 20, 1940) After the Second World War ended in 1945 Churchill was ousted from office, but returned to serve as Prime Minister of England once more in 1951-5. He became Sir Winston Churchill when knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on April 24, 1953. A man of wide ranging interests, Churchill was also a very talented painter, creating stunning impressionist landscapes. He came to value painting as a vital and necessary relaxation from the pressures of his often stressful life. He later wrote jokingly that, “When I get to heaven I mean to spend a considerable portion of the first million years in painting – and get to the bottom of the subject.” After suffering a series of strokes Sir Winston In 2002 a national BBC poll in Churchill died on January 24, 1965. After England named Winston Churchill receiving a state funeral he was buried in the the greatest Briton of all time, churchyard of St Martin’s Church, only a few ahead of the famous engineer hundred metres from where he was born at Isambard Brunel, and Princess Blenheim Palace 90 years earlier. Diana. 19

Amazing Australian Records Australians make up nearly a third of the more then 60,000 people who try to make or break world records every year.

AUSTRALIA’S RICHEST WOMAN Gina Rinehart, daughter of Lang Hancock, is Australia’s, and the world’s richest woman. Her personal wealth has been valued at $17.7 billion. However, if you count the value of the companies she owns, of which she is the only stockholder, her wealth skyrockets to nearly $100 billion, making her the richest person in the world!

AUSTRALIA’S DRUNKEST WOMAN In January 2007 a 35-year-old Townsville woman was found slumped behind the wheel of her car. She was breathalyzed and returned a blood—alcohol reading of 0.046—over nine times the legal limit, and the highest ever record- ed for a female in Australia.

BEER DRINKING Bob Hawke who went on to become Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s, was in the Guinness Book of Records for beer drinking. In 1955 he drank 1.2 litres (2.5 pints) of beer in 11 seconds at University College, at Oxford in England.

MOST SPIDERS ON YOUR BODY Australian boy, Tom Buchanan, laid in a clear Perspex container and had a 125 Golden Orb Spiders put on his body for 55 seconds. According to Buchanan, the spiders were not poisonous, but they can bite and make your body swell up.

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SHEEP SHEARING In 1978 Australian sheep shearer David Ryan sheared 500 lambs in 7 hours and 46 minutes at Spring Valley, near Casterton in western Victoria. He is still going strong today, putting on sheep -shearing exhibitions at shows throughout Victoria.

WORLD’S BIGGSET OPAL Andamooka, in central South Australia, is where the 6.8kg ‘Desert Flame’ was found in 1979. The stone can be seen in Coober Pedy at the Coober Pedy Black Opal Shop in the main street of town.

WORLD’S LONGEST EARTHWORM In Gippsland, Victoria, an earthworm was found that measured up to four metres in length. The skin of giant earthworms is a pinkish-grey colour and the head is a deep purple. They live under- ground in red, grey or blue clay under banks of streams and in south or west facing hills. They need water to live so they never leave their moist underground maze.

WORLD’S HIGHEST FREE FALL RIDE The 119 metre high (39 storeys) Giant Drop at Gold Coast’s Dreamworld has been officially declared the ‘tallest’ vertical free fall ride in the world. It opened in 1998 at a cost of $12 million, and has carried almost two million passengers. Reaching a drop speed of 135 km/h passengers endure 3.5 g-force (3.5 times their body weight) when stopping—all in the name of fun!

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Founded in 1861, the National Gallery of Victoria, or NGV as it is commonly known, is the oldest public art museum in Australia. The NGV currently holds over 70,000 works of art. Melbourne’s affluence as a city was borne out of the Ballarat gold rush, with the sale of gold funding the establishment of the gallery and its first collection. The gallery was initially sited in the State Library complex, as part of the State library and fledging Melbourne Museum. But it was not until 1904 that the gallery would truly grow. After Federation, Melbourne was named Australia’s initial Federal Capital, and so the gallery became Australia’s first National Gallery. Three years later, wealthy pastoralist Alfred Felton left the gallery a substantial sum. Known as the Felton Bequest, this money was used to purchase artworks, antiquities and other pieces of significant cultural interest. The bequest, now 110 years old, is still used by the gallery to purchase works of art. In 1943 the State Government proposed that a new art gallery be constructed on crown land just south of the Yarra River in St Kilda Road. The site was known as Wirth's Park, and was occupied by a number of entertainment facilities. Construction commenced in 1962, and the building was opened in 1967. The new gallery would allow for more works to be displayed, both internally and externally and would also allow for functions to be held. The Great Hall, found in the heart of the gallery, is able to hold up to 800 people for functions. A good example of this is the annual Bastille Day breakfast, conducted by famous French/Australian chef Gabriel Gate.

In 1932, the NGV received a work known as The Banquet Of Cleopatra (painted 1743-44). The story of the banquet is told by Pliny in Roman history (77 AD). The artwork details a banquet held between Cleopatra and Mark Antony. The banquet was a contest to see who could put on the most expensive feast. Antony’s banquet featured a week of constant eating, drinking and merriment. However, Cleopatra would win the contest in only a few minutes. How? If you get the opportunity to

see the painting yourself, you will find the answer.

vinegar. the drinks she then and dissolves

hand and is about to drop it into a glass of vinegar. The pearl pearl The vinegar. of glass a into it drop to about is and hand Answer: Cleopatra is holding a massively expensive pearl in her her in pearl expensive massively a holding is Cleopatra Answer:

22 Pablo Picasso’s Weeping Woman, was purchased by the Gallery in 1985 for $1.6 million. Painted in 1937, it depicts the sadness of the city of Guernica, in northern Spain, being destroyed by German and Italian planes in support of General Franco in the Spanish Civil war. On August 2, 1986, the artwork was stolen from the NGV after it had closed. A frantic search ensued, but the painting was found only after a caller to the 3AW radio station tipped off police. It was found in a locker at Spencer Street Railway Station— the theft being a protest at the lack of Australian content at the gallery, and the lack of support for Australian artists. Recent history has seen the gallery become popular for tourists and locals alike. Crowds of well over 250,000 annually visit the special exhibitions. The Ancient World, Picasso, Salvador Dali, and others have been some of the features. Today the NGV in St Kilda Road houses arguably the most diverse collection of international art in Australia. After entering the gallery past the waterfall, room after room delights the senses—from Indigenous Art; Egyptian antiquities; Polynesian Art; a most extensive collection of Asian art; a European collection that starts from the 1200’s right through to today; photography; fashion; furniture; design; Wedgwood crockery; silver; and a wide range of sketches and etchings. It is truly an amazing opportunity to step back in time and embrace the culture of lives long since passed. The NGV has extensive educational resources and both galleries allow for classes to be held on site, with their own teaching staff available. If you want to become really involved, why not have a go at sketching. The NGV encourages sketching of artwork on display and provides stools to those wishing to take part in this activity. Both galleries have conducted tours twice daily. These are staffed by a network of NGV volunteers, all who have extensive knowledge of artwork on display. If you wish to find out more information please try Opening times: the website: www.ngv.vic.gov.au National Gallery of Victoria: 180 St Kilda Road Open 10am–5pm Closed Tuesdays The Ian Potter Centre: Federation Square Cnr Russell & Flinders Streets Open 10am–5pm Closed Mondays Cost: The NGV Collection of Inter- national and Australian art is always free to view. Both galleries also have a number of temporary exhibitions on display that are free. Admission fees may apply for some temporary exhibitions. 23

 China is officially known as the People's Republic of China.  China has the largest population in the world, with over 1.3 billion people. (1,343,239,923 as of July 2012.)  China is the third largest country by area (9,706,961 km2) behind Russia and Canada.  China is in Asia. It shares borders with 14 other countries: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam.  The summit of Mt Everest marks the border between China and Nepal.  There are many different languages and dialects spoken in China, including Mandarin, Cantonese, Yue, Wu, Minbei, Minnan, Xiang, Gan and Hakka.  The capital city is Beijing (pop. 20.6 million), while the largest city is Shanghai (pop. 23.9 million), the most populated city in the world. Other major cities include Chongqing, Shenzhen and Guangzhou.  47% of the population of China live in urban areas.  China experiences typhoon’s every year and also suffers from floods, tsunami’s, earthquakes and droughts.  China has the fourth longest river in the world, the Yangtze River at 5,797km in length. It also has the sixth longest, the Yellow River (4,667km long.)  China is the second largest economy in the world, after the United States Of America.  In 2003, China became the third country to successfully send a person to space.  The Great Wall of China is the largest man made structure in the world, stretching an incredible 8,850 kilometres.  The famous giant panda is found near the Yangtze River in China.  China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing.  China uses 45 billion chopsticks every year.  No Facebook is allowed in China. 24

Australia is the world’s largest producer of wool. It grows 25% of the 1.3 million tonnes of wool produced each year. (China comes in second with 18%.) Wool is one of the most versatile natural products in the world. After being shorn from the sheep’s back, it is used to make hundreds of products, including those listed below:

 Clothing, including underwear, socks, jumpers, coats, scarfs, gloves, and hats  Blankets  Infant sleeping bags  Horse rugs  Saddle cloths  Carpets  Felt  Wall and ceiling insulation The most expensive wool ever purchased was for a bale of 11.8 micron wool in December 2004. It sold  Upholstery for $3,000 a kilogram, making the bale worth $279,000. A suit made from this wool would set you  Piano hammers back over $22,000.  Odours absorbent cloth  Noise insulation in heavy machinery and stereo speakers  Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with wool felt  Roman legionnaires used breastplates made of wool felt  Wool has also been traditionally used to cover cloth diapers  Mixed with Kevlar it is used in body armour  As an animal protein, it is also used as a soil fertilizer, being a slow-release source of nitrogen and ready-made amino acids  Lanolin from wool is widely used in cosmetics

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Liz Taylor became one of the great screen actresses of Hollywood's Golden Age. As one of the world's most famous film stars, Taylor was recognized not only for her acting ability, but also her 8 marriages, glamorous lifestyle, and natural beauty. Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born in London on February 27, 1932, the youngest of two children to American parents Francis and Sara Taylor. At the age of three, Taylor began taking ballet lessons. Before the beginning of World War II, her parents returned to the United States, arriving in New York in April 1939. They eventually settled in Los Angeles, California, where her father established a new art gallery. The gallery soon attracted numerous Hollywood celebrities, opening many doors for the Taylors within Hollywood's movie culture. Soon after settling in Los Angeles, some of her mother's friends urged her to have Liz screen-tested. Eventually, both Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and Universal Pictures courted Taylor, attracted by her stunning looks, unique for such a young child. After Universal gave her a seven-year contract Taylor appeared in her first motion picture at the age of nine, in There’s One Born Every Minute (1942), her only film for Universal. Less than a year later Universal Pic- tures fired her, claiming she looked too old for the roles played by young girls. Taylor's father then learned that MGM was searching for a young English actress for a Lassie film. The filmLassie Come Home (1943) received favourable attention and MGM signed Taylor to a conventional seven-year contract, starting at $100 a week with regular raises. Her first assignment under the contract was playing Helen Burns in Jane Eyre (1943). Taylor then returned to England to appear in The White Cliffs of Dover (1944). National Velvet (1944) was Taylor's first major success, and made her a movie star at age 12. The film grossed over $4 million and Taylor’s weekly wage at MGM went to $750. A series of adolescent movie roles followed, notably Courage of Lassie (1946), Life With Father (1947), and Little Women (1949). MGM studios provided schooling for its child stars with class- rooms within the studio grounds. However, Taylor hated these classes, and did very poorly with her schooling. Her limited ability with mathematics created many problems later in life. While struggling with her standard education, her mother coached her 26 vigorously with her acting ability. By 16 years of age the endless, tiresome instruction all but ended her career. Taylor was desperate to give acting away, but her mother would have none of it, pushing her to accept more roles. Now a young adult, and earning $2,000 a week, Taylor starred in Father of the Bride (1950), then A Place in the Sun (1951), Giant (1956), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), and Suddenly, Last Summer (1959). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Butterfield 8 (1960), played the title role in Cleopatra (1963), and starred in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), for which Taylor won a second Academy Award. She gave her last film performance at age 62 in The Poster for one of Taylor’s most successful movies — Cleopatra. Rex Harrison, and 5th husband Richard Flintstones (1994). From the mid- Burton starred alongside Taylor in the movie. 1970s, she appeared less frequently in film, and made only occasional appearances in television and theatre. Her much-publicized personal life included eight marriages—to Conrad Hilton (9 months); Michael Wilding (5 years); Mike Todd (1 year); Eddie Fisher (5 years); Richard Burton (married twice for a total of 11 years); John Warner (6 years); and Larry Fortensky (5 years). Taylor had two sons, Michael (1953) and Christopher (1955) with Michael Wilding. She also had a daughter, Elizabeth (1957) to Michael Todd. During her marriage to Eddie Fisher, Taylor started proceedings to adopt a two-year-old girl from Germany, Maria (1961); the adoption process was finalized in 1964 following their divorce. At 162cm (5'4"), Taylor constantly yo-yo dieted between 54—82kg, and she suffered constant poor health. She was hospitalized more than 70 times and had at least 20 major operations. She claimed to have almost died on four occasions. Taylor broke her back five times, had both her hips replaced, suffered from dysentery and phlebitis, had a hysterectomy, punctured her esophagus, survived a benign brain tumour operation in 1997 and skin cancer. She twice contracted pneumonia, once in 1961 requiring an emergency tracheotomy. She admitted to having been addicted to sleeping pills and painkillers for over 35 years, and was repeatedly treated for alcoholism and prescription drug addiction. Taylor died of congestive heart failure on March 23, 2011 at the age of 79. The American Film Institute named her seventh on their list of the "Greatest American Screen Legends," behind first-placed Katherine Hepburn. 27

Ingredients:  20g butter  3/4 cup (185ml) olive oil  25ml white wine  250g scallops  1kg black mussels, debeared  250g green prawns, peeled, deveined  200g button mushrooms, halved  1 cup (80g) coarsely grated cheddar  1/2 red onion, finely chopped  4-5 desiree potatoes, peeled, quartered  1 leek, pale section only, washed, thinly sliced  300g skinless salmon fillet, cut into 3cm cubes  300g white fish fillets (such as snapper or blue-eye), cut into 3cm cubes  3/4 cup (75g) fresh (made from day old bread) breadcrumbs

White Sauce:  30g butter  Ingredients: 21  1/4 cup (40g) plain flour  1 1/2 cups (375ml) fish or chicken stock  Preparation time: 30 min.  1/3 cup (80ml) thin cream  1 teaspoon finely grated ginger  Time to cook: 1 hour.  1 teaspoon Dijon mustard  1/2 lemon, juiced  Difficulty: difficult

Step 1: Preheat oven to 200C. Heat butter and 1/4 cup  Servings: 4 (60ml) oil in a large saucepan over medium heat. Add the leek, onion and mushroom and cook, stirring, for 15 minutes or until soft. Remove from pan and set aside. Step 2: Heat half the remaining oil in a large saucepan over high heat. Add the mussels and wine and cook, covered, for 1 minute. Shake the pan. Cook for a further 1-3 minutes or until mussels open. Remove from heat. Set aside to cool slightly. Remove the mussels from the shells and set aside. Step 3: Place potato in a large saucepan of cold, salted water and bring to the boil over high heat. Cook for 10-15 minutes until tender. Drain well. Return to the pan with the remaining oil and use a potato masher or fork to roughly mash. Season with salt and pepper and set aside. Step 4: To make the white sauce, melt butter a large saucepan over medium heat until foaming. Add the flour and cook, stirring, for 2 minutes or until mixture is bubbling. Gradually add stock, stirring, until thickened. Add cream, ginger, mustard and juice. Cook, stirring for 1 minute or until sauce boils and thickens. Season with salt and pepper. Step 5: Arrange the leek mixture, mussels, scallops, prawns, white fish and salmon evenly among four 2-cup (500ml) capacity ovenproof dishes. Pour the white sauce evenly over each dish. Top with mashed potato and sprinkle with cheese and breadcrumbs. Place dishes on an oven tray. Bake in preheated oven for 25 minutes or until golden and heated through. Serve immediately with salad. Recipe by Justine Schofield For more recipes like this one go online to: taste.com.au 28 Word Search– Space B R E F H T W R S L I G H T Y E A R L R A L F R E A A G I E O Y R S E O A O R A L O S N V N N T T E K C O R C Z V R R Y I M A E U I I R N O P B K O N E P T U N E L S L R B R S R I H D O C K I N G O N P L A A R M C T O I S R L V N H E I A E D M T O L R L A O E Y A M D C A T T I M M S A T E C H W O R M H O L E A A E E A I I T U M S O G V C E L E S T I A L R L N N E W L A U I E A S T I I S Y T S A Y R U C R E M W U R E O U V X S A I A N U H E E S U P E R N O V A E U G A U A T T R T R E V O L V E L R R D M F T R A N S I T I I A E U A R G E R I Y A R S O N P N D N N N G E N R V S N E C I A O T U L P U A G T S E B O R P A V O N S T J S S N O O M ASTEROID GRAVITY PLUTO SUN BLACK HOLE HELIUM PROBE SUPERNOVA CELESTIAL JUPITER ORBIT TELEMETRY COMET LIGHT YEAR RADIATION TERRESTRIAL COSMOS LUNAR RED GIANT TRANSIT CRATER MARS REVOLVE UNIVERSE DENSITY MERCURY RINGS URANUS DOCKING MOON ROCKET VACUUM EARTH NASA SATELLITE VENUS FLARE NEPTUNE SATURN WAVES GALAXY NOVA SOLAR WORMHOLE GAS PLANET STAR ZODIAC 29

On the current polymer $10 banknote issued in 1993 is: Mary Gilmore Dame Mary Jean Gilmore was born on August 16, 1865 near Goulburn, NSW, eldest child of farmer Donald Cameron and his wife Mary Ann. Her father had migrated to Australia in 1838 from Scotland, while her mother's family had come from Ireland. A prolific writer and poet, Mary attended a number of small schools around Wagga Wagga in southern NSW. At 16 she began work as a probationary pupil-teacher at a public school in Wagga Wagga. She served as a school teacher in different country schools for the next 8 years, finishing up at Silverton, near Broken Hill. During the 1890’s Mary became increasingly involved in the social issues of the day, supporting the maritime and shearers' strikes, and even being co-opted to the first executive of the Australian Workers' Union. On October 31, 1895 she officially resigned as a teacher and sailed from Sydney to Paraguay, in South America. There she married fellow colonist, and Victorian shearer, William Gilmore on May 25, 1897, and their only child, William, was born 15 months later. The family returned to Australia in 1902 and settled near Casterton in western Victoria. Mary continued to write prolifically. Her work was published in The Bulletin newspaper, and she remained editor of the ’Woman’s Page’ in the Australian Worker paper until 1931. Her first collection of poems, Marri'd, and other Verses, commenting on the joys, hopes, and disappointments of daily life around Casterton was published in 1910. A staunch pacifist, Mary was horrified by reports coming from Europe during WWI, and again later during WW2. Her many articles and poems continually protested the futility of war. At age 47 Mary separated from her husband and moved to Sydney with her son. They rarely saw each other in the years that followed. Over the years Mary Gilmore campaigned for a wide range of social and economic reforms, such as votes for women, old-age and invalid pensions, child endowment and improved treatment of returned servicemen, the poor and deprived, and Aboriginals. In old age Mary became a celebrated public figure. She died on William Dobell’s portrait December 3, 1962 at age 97 and, after a state funeral, her ashes of Mary Gilmore at age 92 was received with were buried in her husband's grave in the Cloncurry cemetery in much controversy, but Queensland. was defended by Mary As patriot, feminist, and social crusader Mary Gilmore has now herself as a work that well passed into Australian legend. captured her ancestry. 30

Geelong– 150 years ago this month “HOW THEY MANAGE POSTAL MATTERS IN GEELONG. We now know that, so long as the Geelong Post Office is conducted under its present regulations, whenever a mail shall arrive on a Sunday, letters for the Ballarat and Western District will be detained a whole day. The mail steamer enters the Heads on a Sunday, the mails are landed, the contractor sends them on with all speed to Geelong, but thence they cannot stir until after midnight or, practically, until late on Monday morning. We have nothing to say against any scruples that the postmaster at Geelong may have against working or allowing work on a Sunday, for every man must be the keeper of his own conscience, if he has any to keep, but we protest against the absurdity which permits the scruples of one man to render the exertions of many others utterly fruitless. The practice of this country is to send the news by the mail from Europe all over the colony with the greatest despatch, and very properly so, because the early receipt of letters may be of the most vital importance. A delay of a few hours at Geelong may cause a loss of twenty-four hours in some localities in the western district, and it is clearly absurd to allow one hitch to break down the whole of the machinery. As we have said, we do not blame the postmaster at Geelong, if he believes it wrong to work on a Sunday, for refusing to do so, but we must ask whether, under the circumstances, he is suited for his position.” (The Star—Ballarat Wednesday, June 15, 1864 p.2 )

The Geelong Post Office, built in 1855 on the corner of Ryrie St and Gheringhap St. It was demolished in 1889 to make way for the current building.

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 or email: [email protected]

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c.1910

Source: Geelong Heritage Centre Looking South along La Trobe Terrace from St Pauls Church The Aberdeen Street Baptist Church (arrowed) is the only building still recognisable, set 100m from the corner of La Trobe Terrace. The church was constructed on donated land in Aberdeen Street, Newtown in 1876, to provide the growing congregation with a larger building than the existing adjacent stone church which had been built in 1854. On the left of the photo below, The Gordon campus has expanded westwards and now fronts La Trobe Terrace, as well as Fenwick Street to the east.

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