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Evolutionary Expansion of Connectivity Between Multimodal Association Areas in the Human Brain Compared with Chimpanzees,” by Dirk Jan Ardesch, Lianne H

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Evolutionary Expansion of Connectivity Between Multimodal Association Areas in the Human Brain Compared with Chimpanzees,” by Dirk Jan Ardesch, Lianne H Correction NEUROSCIENCE Correction for “Evolutionary expansion of connectivity between multimodal association areas in the human brain compared with chimpanzees,” by Dirk Jan Ardesch, Lianne H. Scholtens, Longchuan Li, Todd M. Preuss, James K. Rilling, and Martijn P. van den Heuvel, which was first published March 18, 2019; 10.1073/pnas.1818512116 (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:7101–7106). The authors wish to note the following: “No new MRI data were acquired for this study. All chimpanzee MRIs were obtained from a data archive of scans obtained prior to the 2015 implementation of US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Institutes of Health regulations governing research with chimpanzees. All the scans reported in this publication were completed by the end of 2012. All chimpanzee MRI scans are part of the National Chimpanzee Brain Resource (http://www.chimpanzeebrain.org).” Published under the PNAS license. Published online April 29, 2019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1906107116 9680 | PNAS | May 7, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 19 www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 Evolutionary expansion of connectivity between multimodal association areas in the human brain compared with chimpanzees Dirk Jan Ardescha, Lianne H. Scholtensa, Longchuan Lib, Todd M. Preussc,d,e, James K. Rillingc,d,f,g,h, and Martijn P. van den Heuvela,i,1 aConnectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bMarcus Autism Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; cYerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; dCenter for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; eDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307; fDepartment of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; gSilvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; hDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and iAmsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Edited by John Morrison, University of California Davis, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Leslie G. Ungerleider February 12, 2019 (received for review October 31, 2018) The development of complex cognitive functions during human potential role in the evolution of complex cognition remains an evolution coincides with pronounced encephalization and expan- open question. sion of white matter, the brain’s infrastructure for region-to- Here we investigated adaptations of human brain connectivity region communication. We investigated adaptations of the human by means of comparative connectomics—the study of differences macroscale brain network by comparing human brain wiring with in the topological organization of connectomes (16). The mac- that of the chimpanzee, one of our closest living primate relatives. roscale connectome describes the comprehensive network of White matter connectivity networks were reconstructed using dif- corticocortical white matter connections important for region-to- fusion-weighted MRI in humans (n = 57) and chimpanzees (n = 20) region communication and global information integration within NEUROSCIENCE and then analyzed using network neuroscience tools. We demon- the brain (17). We compared the human connectome with that of strate higher network centrality of connections linking multimodal the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), one of our closest living pri- association areas in humans compared with chimpanzees, to- mate relatives. Both humans and chimpanzees have evolved gether with a more pronounced modular topology of the human specialized features since the divergence from our last common connectome. Furthermore, connections observed in humans but ancestor roughly 7–8 Mya (18); however, the chimpanzee brain not in chimpanzees particularly link multimodal areas of the tem- poral, lateral parietal, and inferior frontal cortices, including tracts Significance important for language processing. Network analysis demon- strates a particularly high contribution of these connections to Comparative connectomics provides a powerful framework for global network integration in the human brain. Taken together, studying cross-species differences in brain network architec- our comparative connectome findings suggest an evolutionary shift ture, offering important insights into the origin of human brain in the human brain toward investment of neural resources in mul- function. The present study highlights key differences between timodal connectivity facilitating neural integration, combined with the human and chimpanzee connectome that have arisen since an increase in language-related connectivity supporting functional the divergence from our last common ancestor. Comparative specialization. analysis suggests an evolutionary shift in the human con- nectome toward investment of neural resources in global in- connectome | evolution | chimpanzee | multimodal | comparative tegration of multimodal information and enhanced functional connectomics specialization, potentially supporting the enhancement of complex cognitive function during human evolution. Identifi- key step toward understanding human behavior is to un- cation of human connectome adaptations has broad implica- Aderstand how the human brain supports advanced cognitive tions for our fundamental understanding of human brain functions such as social cognition, language, and theory of mind— function and may contribute to our knowledge of human- abilities that are highly developed in humans (1–3). Compara- specific mental disorders that involve macroscale changes to tive studies have pointed to several brain adaptations that may the brain’s wiring architecture. have facilitated the emergence of complex cognition during hu- man evolution. The modern human brain is approximately three Author contributions: D.J.A. and M.P.v.d.H. designed research; D.J.A., L.H.S., L.L., T.M.P., times larger in volume than that of early hominins, vastly ex- J.K.R., and M.P.v.d.H. performed research; L.L., T.M.P., and J.K.R. contributed data; D.J.A., ceeding the predicted brain size for a primate species of the same L.H.S., and M.P.v.d.H. analyzed data; and D.J.A., L.H.S., L.L., T.M.P., J.K.R., and M.P.v.d.H. wrote the paper. body size (4–6). Cellular examinations have indicated more pronounced dendritic branching of pyramidal cells in the human The authors declare no conflict of interest. brain compared with other primates, suggesting a greater po- This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. J.M. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board. tential for neural integration of information in humans (7–9). This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- Indeed, the human brain allocates relatively more cortex to as- NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). – sociation areas than to primary sensory and motor areas (4, 10 Data deposition: Connectivity matrices and analysis scripts are available at the USC Mul- 12), along with proportionally more white matter compared with timodal Connectivity Database (UMCD), http://umcd.humanconnectomeproject.org (IDs other primates (13–15). These observed differences suggest that 3036 and 3037). the evolution of advanced cognitive features in humans was ac- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. companied by widespread modifications to the complex archi- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. tecture of the human brain and its connectivity. The topological 1073/pnas.1818512116/-/DCSupplemental. organization of these brain connectivity adaptations and their www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818512116 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of6 has remained relatively similar in size to that of early hominins (5, Results 19), making comparisons between the human and chimpanzee Network Features of Human-Chimpanzee Shared Brain Connectivity. connectomes particularly valuable for discovering connectome We started by comparing connectome features shared be- changes that may have accompanied encephalization in human tween humans (n = 57) and chimpanzees (n = 20). Individual evolution. In the simplest case, white matter volume may have connectomes were reconstructed for both species, with network increased equally across all connections of the network with nodes based on regions of cytoarchitectural homology between human brain expansion. Alternatively, the human connectome humans and chimpanzees (Methods) and connections based may show specific adaptations in its topology, revealing subtle on normalized fiber streamline counts derived from in vivo changes in the layout and strength of connections in support of diffusion-weighted MRI. The human and chimpanzee group- larger brain size and possibly advanced cognitive traits. averaged connectomes displayed a large overlap in their topo- We hypothesize that human connectome adaptations may logical organization, with both connectomes showing evidence of characteristic small-world, modular, and rich-club organization promote a modular topology but with specific costly invest- (16) (SI Appendix, Results). Furthermore, the overall strength of ments in connections serving global integration and advanced connections
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