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Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamic Changes Due to Coastal Reclamation Projects in Xiamen Bay, China*

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Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamic Changes Due to Coastal Reclamation Projects in Xiamen Bay, China* Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 31 No. 2, P. 334-344, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-013-2109-z Numerical modeling of hydrodynamic changes due to coastal reclamation projects in Xiamen Bay, China* WANG Jia (王佳) 1 , HONG Huasheng (洪华生) 1 , ZHOU Lumin (周鲁闽) 2 , HU Jianyu (胡建宇)1 , JIANG Yuwu (江毓武) 1, ** 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 2 Ocean & Fisheries Bureau of Xiamen, Xiamen 361012, China Received May 24, 2012; accepted in principle Jun. 19, 2012; accepted for publication Jun. 28, 2012 © Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology, Science Press, and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Xiamen Bay in South China has experienced extensive coastal exploitation since the 1950s, resulting in some severe environmental problems. Local authorities now have completed or are implementing many environmental restoration projects. Evaluating the cumulative impact of exploitation and restoration activities on the environment is a complicated multi-disciplinary problem. However, hydrodynamic changes in the bay caused by such coastal projects can be characterized directly and defi nitively through numerical modeling. This paper assesses the cumulative effect of coastal projects on the hydrodynamic setting using a high-resolution numerical modeling method that makes use of tidal current speeds and the tidal prism as two hydrodynamic indices. Changes in tidal velocity and the characteristics of the tidal prism show that hydrodynamic conditions have declined from 1938 to 2007 in the full-tide area. The tidal current speed and tidal prism have decreased by 40% in the western part of the bay and 20% in the eastern part of the bay. Because of the linear relationship between tidal prism and area, the degraded hydrodynamic conditions are anticipated to be restored to 1972 levels following the completion of current and proposed restoration projects, i.e. 33% and 15% decrease in the hydrodynamic conditions of 1938 for the western and eastern parts of the bay, respectively. The results indicate that hydrodynamic conditions can be restored to some extent with the implementation of a sustainable coastal development plan, although a full reversal of conditions is not possible. To fully assess the environmental changes in a region, more indices, e.g., water quality and ecosystem parameters, should be considered in future evaluations. Keyword : coastal exploitation; numerical model; hydrodynamic conditions; project assessment 1 INTRODUCTION Xiamen Bay, one of the largest harbors in China, is located on the west side of the Taiwan Strait. For Hydrodynamic conditions are key environmental convenience, it can be divided into four regions: the factors in coastal zones. Hydrodynamic conditions Jiulong River estuary, western and eastern ‘sub-bays’, determine the water exchange capacity, which is and the adjacent sea area to the south in the vicinity of directly related to water quality, and therefore greatly Xiamen Island (Fig.1a). Average water depth varies affect coastal economic development. For example, from 30 m in shipping routes to negative values in deposition caused by weak currents along a maritime intertidal zones. Xiamen Bay has a semi-diurnal tide transport route will greatly inhibit shipping and that propagates into the bay from the south and east of commerce. In coastal regions, local hydrodynamic Kinmen Island. The maximum tidal range and current conditions can be changed by various human activities including those associated with economic and urban development. Since the 1950s, there has been * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. extensive coastal development in the Xiamen Bay 41076001, 40810069004) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the region of China, including land reclamation, dike Central Universities (No. 2010121029) construction and harbor building. ** Corresponding author: [email protected] No.2 WANG et al.: Hydrodynamic condition changes due to reclamation in Xiamen Bay 335 24.7° a 2007). Recently, modeling-based ecological studies N have also been applied in evaluations of the coastal 24.6° Eastern environment (Chau, 2005; Muttil and Chau, 2006). In sub-bay Western general, hydrodynamic change is the main focus of sub-bay 24.5° Xiamen such studies because of its control on pollution Jiulong River Kinmen capacity and deposition rate in navigable channels. 24.4° Normally, the tidal current and prism are the main physical constraints on the water exchange rate and 24.3° pollutant capacity of the bay. These two factors are of major interest to local authorities and are taken as the 117.9° 118° 118.1° 118.2° 118.3° 118.4° 118.5° E primary indices in environmental impact assessments of coastal projects in the region. Hence, we have also Intertidal zone Airport selected tidal current speed and tidal prism as the Sample point 0–2 m b 2–5 m Dongkeng indices of hydrodynamic conditions for this study. In Section 5–10 m Dike Dike 10–20 m Dongkeng the following sections, we present the use of a Bay numerical modeling method to study the hydrodynamic Xinglin changes of the western and eastern sub-bays of Xinglin Bay P2 Xiamen Bay. Dike P3 S1 The history of coastal development and reclamation Maluan P4 P1 in Xiamen Bay can be divided into two periods or Bay Gaoji Dike phases. During the fi rst phase, from the 1950s to the Maluan Dike P5 1980s, numerous large reclamation and dike Xiamen construction projects were undertaken for the benefi t 0 2 4 km Yundang of ship traffi c and agriculture. These projects greatly Lake changed the coastline, as shown in Fig.1b. For S2 P6 Yundang example, in 1956 the 2 122-m-long and 20-m-wide 呑 ⎧ ⋗ ⸱ ཤ Dike Jiulong ቾ ⼱ 啐 䶂 к ኯ ኯ ኯ й ኯ 哴 ኯ River 䰘 ਓ ⼱ Gaoji Dike was built to provide a convenient railroad བྷ⋉ⴈ estuary ‏ ῄ ኯ ✏ ኯ transportation route between the Chinese mainland 嗏ཤኡ and Xiamen Island (Cheng et al., 1985). However, the ሿ⥛ኯ ᵘ֋ཤ ╣ᐎ⑟ ኯ ቮ Ԅ ኯԄ ⴞ ཤ 䖖 ᇒ ⑑ ⸱ ኯ ༽唾ኯ བྷ Ⲯә⭠⼱ ই ⼱ ᱏ ኯ ބ ኯ dike cut off water fl ow between the western and བྷ ᣵ ዋ eastern sub-bays. Xinglin, Maluan, and Yundang bays Fig.1 Geographical location of the study area. a. model (with areas of 20.00, 20.93 and 6.70 km2 , respectively) domain containing the nested domain (dashed line); b. coastline and place names of Xiamen Bay valid for have been separated from the western sub-bay by the 2007 along with the distribution of sample points and dikes for the purpose of aquaculture. Yundang Bay sections was renamed Yundang Lake after the completion of this project and urban construction began along the speed can reach 6 m and 1.5 m/s, respectively. The shores. Similarly, in the eastern sub-bay, a large intense hydrodynamic processes provided by the tide number of reclamations converted the beach at the assist in the maintenance of shipping routes and north into land for agriculture or other purposes. For marine water quality. The western and eastern sub- example, Dongkeng Bay was separated by a dike to bays are the closest ocean economic zones to the city produce a salt fi eld with an area of 7.3 km2 . The of Xiamen, and correspondingly their hydrodynamic second phase of coastal development occurred from conditions and water quality have been infl uenced the 1980s to the 2000s. In this phase, the scale of the signifi cantly by human activities. reclamation was smaller and the objective switched to Different indices have been used in environmental the development of real estate, harbors, and airport. impact assessments of coastal projects, e.g., water These reclamations led to a signifi cant decrease in sea elevation, speed at key points, tidal prism, water area of Xiamen Bay. For example, in 1938, the exchange rate, sediment deposits and water quality western and eastern sub-bays had areas of 101 and (Wang et al., 2000; Qin et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2002; 120 km 2 , respectively. By 2007, these areas had Jiang et al., 2004a; Wu and Chau, 2006; Xia et al., shrunk to 45 and 88 km 2 (Table 1). As a result, the 2006; Zhao et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2007; Zheng et al., hydrodynamics and environmental carrying capacity 336 CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL., 31(2), 2013 Vol.31 of the marine environment decreased substantially, Table 1 Tidal area of the four cases (unit: km 2 ) which introduced a myriad of problems that hampered Case Western sub-bay Eastern sub-bay nearby urban development. For example, the sediment Case 1 (1938) 101.50 120.00 deposition rate in the shipping route can be as high as Case 2 (1984) 54.23 97.46 0.3 m/year at the mouth of the western sub-bay, requiring annual dredging to ensure safe navigation. Case 3 (2007) 45.62 88.63 Additionally, the water quality decreased to a highly Case 4 (2012) 58.79 84.22 polluted level, as indicated by the index of inorganic nitrogen, and water blooms occurred several times each year (Xiamen Municipal Government, P. R. water processes in a large tidal fl at area and complex China, 2005–2008). coastline (the area is indicated by a gray shadow in To improve the quality of the marine environment Fig.1b). In addition, the Alternating Direction Implicit and encourage sustainable development, a series of method (Leedertse, 1970) was adopted to handle the environmental restoration projections were proposed 2-D module in this model with an implicit scheme, by experts and managers. All of these projects are guaranteeing a larger time step without being restricted now ongoing and planned for completion in 2013. by the Courant-Friendrichs-Levy calculation stability The main projects related to the hydrodynamics of the condition (Chau and Jiang, 2001).
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