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This Is the Accepted Manuscript of a Paper Published in Ocean and Coastal Management This is the accepted manuscript of a paper published in Ocean and Coastal Management. The final version may be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.004. This paper is available under a CC-BY-NC-ND license. Ocean and Coastal Management xxx (2018) xxx-xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean and Coastal Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com Marine functional zoning: A practical approach for integrated coastal management (ICM) in Xiamen Qinhua Fanga⁠ ,⁠ ⁠ , Deqiang Mab⁠ , Liyu Zhangc⁠ , Shouqin Zhub⁠ a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, China b Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, China c Xiamen Oceans and Fisheries Institute, Xiamen, 361000, China PROOF ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Xiamen has marked its integrated coastal management (ICM) practice as PEMSEA's demonstration site since the 1990s. However, the role of Marine Functional Zoning (MFZ) in ICM has not been fully explored yet even though planning has been highlighted in some literature on Xiamen ICM mode. To showcase the contribution of MFZ as a practical approach to Xiamen ICM, the Nve dimensions of integration in ICM is applied as an analysis frame- work. Firstly, through compiling of the historical data and documents of the sea uses and marine environments, and socioeconomic status as well, the key drivers of initiating MFZ in the 1990s is summarized as increasing but incompatible and even conOicting sea uses, degrading marine environments due to negative effects of intensi- Ned human activities, and the lack of coordinating mechanism which has worsened the use-use and use-environ- ment conOicts. Secondly, the technical guidelines and adaptive evolvement of Xiamen MFZ is introduced, and the achievements of Xiamen MFZ is explored. Based on the above analysis, the relationships of MFZ and ICM is looked into the dimensions of legislation, coordinating mechanism, scientiNc and technical support, integrated law enforcement and public participation; and how MFZ contributes to ICM in integration of dimensions of in- tergovernmental, inter-sectoral, land and sea, science and management, and multiple disciplinary is analyzed in-depth. It is concluded that MFZ has been a working approach in Xiamen to realize ICM from a conceptual call to a good practice on the ground, even challenges remain. their own jurisdiction (Agardy et al., 2011; Collie et al., 2013; Olsen et 1. Introduction al., 2014; Vince, 2014). In China, marine functional zoning (MFZ) as an ocean zoning tool, Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a cross-sector and area-based man- has been developed to address the sea use conOicts in Chinese coastal agement tool, aiming at promoting sustainable exploitation and uti- and sea waters (Fang et al., 2011; Feng et al., 2016). The MFZ expe- lization of marine and ocean-related resources as well as marine envi- rience in China is in line with MSP practice in the world. After nearly ronmental protection (Douvere, 2008; Douvere and Ehler, 2009). MSP thirty years, a sound marine functional zoning system has been estab- started as a conservation tool in Australia (Day, 2002; Kenchington lished as a basic sea area utilization management regime in Chinese and Day, 2011), then it was developed to an ecosystem-based man- coastal and sea waters (Fang et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2015; Feng et al., agement ocean zoning tool to guide and harmonize ocean-related ac- 2016). The implementation of the MFZ system effectively addresses the tivities in spatial and temporal dimensions (Ehler and Douvere, 2006; sea use conOicts, optimizes the ocean-related industry layout, and pro- Gilliland and LaPoley, 2008). Over past three decades' development, motes the rapid growth of marine economy as well as marine environ- MSP has been widely accepted as an effective measure to address sea mental conservation (Wang et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2016). use conOicts and conOicts between ocean development and conservation Xiamen is a pilot city to implement MFZ system and a demon- by the international community (Santos et al., 2016). Increasing States stration site of integrated coastal management (ICM) as well in China and local governments including Australia, USA, Canada, European (Fang et al., 2011; PEMSEA, 2006). Xiamen ICM mode (PEMSEA, 2006) Union countries et al. have implemented MSP in marine areas under has been summarized that one of its successful elements is at UNCORRECTED Corresponding author. Email addresses: [email protected] (Q. Fang); [email protected] (D. Ma); [email protected] (L. Zhang); [email protected] (S. Zhu) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.004 Received 21 October 2017; Accepted 2 March 2018 Available online xxx 0964-5691/ © 2017. Q. Fang et al. Ocean and Coastal Management xxx (2018) xxx-xxx tached to planning and zoning. However, there is little literature to an- alyze in-depth how MFZ plays its roles in implementing ICM. Therefore, 2.1.2. The lack of coordination mechanism among sea uses this paper explores how MFZ has been initiated and continuously devel- The management of exploiting and utilizing Xiamen sea areas was oped in the context of ICM practice through the case study in Xiamen. a typical sector-based management before implementing the Integrated The experiences and lessons of MFZ in Xiamen are analyzed in detail, Coastal Management Program in 1994. There existed 15 ocean-related and further its contribution to ICM as a working approach to shift ICM departments or agencies, including Aquatic Bureau, Port Authority, from a general concept to an on-the-ground practice. This case study Tourism Bureau, etc. Each sector was responsible for developing their will inform policy makers on ICM implementation from a new insight of own sectoral plans, exploiting and managing corresponding sectoral MFZ or MSP. activities, while there was no coordination and cooperation among In this paper, Section 2 details the development process of MFZ in ocean-related sectors (Chua et al., 1997; PEMSEA, 2009). The sec- Xiamen, including the drivers forcing the implementation of MFZ, the tor-based management system was unable to tackle sea use conOicts procedure of compiling the MFZ scheme, the implementation of MFZ effectively. The lack of a uniNed plan and integrated management in as well as its achievements; Section 3 explores the relationship between terms of exploiting and utilizing marine resources led to issues of com- ICM and MFZ in Xiamen; lessons learned from MFZ in Xiamen were an- peting exploitation, repeated exploitation, and damaging and wasting alyzed in Section 4; Conclusions were Nnally drawn in Section 5. marine resources. In addition to gaps in the management mechanism, there also existed gaps in the sea legislations. The ocean legislation sys- 2. The development of marine functional zoning in Xiamen tem was composed of speciNc laws and regulations, lacking an inte- grated law related to the administration of the use of sea areas (Chua 2.1. Drivers to initiate marine functional zoning in Xiamen et al., 1997). The disordered marine exploitation activities associating with the sector-based management system restricted the development of 2.1.1. Competing demands on sea areas in Xiamen Seas marine economy in Xiamen (Chen and Uitto, 2003). The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996 2000) of Xiamen proposed to de- PROOF velop Xiamen to a modern international port and scenic city (Xiamen 2.1.3. Severe marine environmental deterioration City Government, 1996a). In terms of developing marine economy, the The large scale reclamation activities led to great losses of sea ar- Xiamen City Government proposed to develop a high level and high eas and mangroves in Xiamen (Ma et al., 2016). The sea area of Xia- beneNcial marine industrial system comprising an export-oriented ex- men dropped from 530km2⁠ in 1950s to 334km2⁠ in 1996, especially the porting port and shipping, a prosperous coastal tourism industry as well West Sea where the sea area decreased from 110km2⁠ in 1952 to 72km2⁠ as the intensive marine aquatic industry through implementing the sus- in 1997 (PEMSEA, 2009), and the area of mangroves decreased from tainable development strategy. In addition, the Xiamen City Govern- 320.0hm2⁠ in 1960s to 32.6hm2⁠ in 2000 (Lin et al., 2005). The narrow- ment also attempted to develop Xiamen towards a demonstration plot ing sea areas reduced the tidal prism and the current velocity, weaken- of coastal integrated management and marine environmental protection ing the marine environmental carrying capacity (Lin et al., 2007; Wang (ScientiNc and Technological Committee of Xiamen, 1998). et al., 2013). In addition, the mutual effects of fast growing population The ambitious developing goals therefore posed high demands in and the rapid development of industry on the land as well as the boost limited ocean spaces. For example, reclamation areas increased from of marine activities such as maricultural activities, shipping etc., posed 2⁠ 2⁠ 718.21hm in 1980s to 1748.00hm in the period of 2001 2007 (Qiu, great pressures on marine environment of Xiamen sea areas (Xue et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009); the total maricultural area increased from 2004; Lin et al., 2007). The sea water in the Xiamen sea area showed about 3604.33hm2⁠ in 1984 10087.87hm2⁠ in 1995; the port's handling a deteriorating trend, e.g. the concentration of organic pollutants in the capacity increased from 3.00 million tons in 1984 to 13.10 million tons sediment of the Western Sea increased from 1.5% in 1980s to 3.48% in 1995, and expected to grow to 210.22 million tons by 2015; the in 2003 (Lin et al., 2007). Moreover, degradation of the marine envi- tourism industry also developed, with an increase of annual number of ronment and the increase of marine activities threatened the survival of international tourists from about 60 thousand in 1984 to 250 thousand rare marine species such as Sousa Chinensis, whose observed frequency by 1995 (Table 1).
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