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Human Spaceflight Ethics and Obligations: Options for Monitoring, Diagnosing, and Treating Former Astronauts

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Human Spaceflight Ethics and Obligations: Options for Monitoring, Diagnosing, and Treating Former Astronauts HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT ETHICS AND OBLIGATIONS: OPTIONS FOR MONITORING, DIAGNOSING, AND TREATING FORMER ASTRONAUTS HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION June 15, 2016 Serial No. 114–83 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 20–880PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas, Chair FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., ZOE LOFGREN, California Wisconsin DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois DANA ROHRABACHER, California DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas SUZANNE BONAMICI, Oregon MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ERIC SWALWELL, California MO BROOKS, Alabama ALAN GRAYSON, Florida RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois AMI BERA, California BILL POSEY, Florida ELIZABETH H. ESTY, Connecticut THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky MARC A. VEASEY, Texas JIM BRIDENSTINE, Oklahoma KATHERINE M. CLARK, Massachusetts RANDY K. WEBER, Texas DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia JOHN R. MOOLENAAR, Michigan ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado STEPHEN KNIGHT, California PAUL TONKO, New York BRIAN BABIN, Texas MARK TAKANO, California BRUCE WESTERMAN, Arkansas BILL FOSTER, Illinois BARBARA COMSTOCK, Virginia GARY PALMER, Alabama BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana DRAIN LAHOOD, Illinois WARREN DAVIDSON, Ohio SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE HON. BRIAN BABIN, Texas, Chair DANA ROHRABACHER, California DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma AMI BERA, California MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ZOE LOFGREN, California MO BROOKS, Alabama ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado BILL POSEY, Florida MARC A. VEASEY, Texas JIM BRIDENSTINE, Oklahoma DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia STEVE KNIGHT, California EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas WARREN DAVIDSON, Ohio LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas (II) C O N T E N T S June 15, 2016 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................. 2 Hearing Charter ...................................................................................................... 3 Opening Statements Statement by Representative Brian Babin, Chairman, Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Rep- resentatives ........................................................................................................... 4 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 6 Statement by Representative Donna F. Edwards, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ............................................................................ 8 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 10 Statement by Representative Lamar S. Smith, Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ..................... 12 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 14 Statement by Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, Ranking Member, Com- mittee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives .... 16 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 17 Witnesses: Dr. Richard Williams, Chief Health and Medical Officer, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 19 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 22 Captain Chris Cassidy, United States Navy (USN); Chief, Astronaut Office, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 28 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 30 Captain Scott Kelly (USN, Ret.), Former Astronaut, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 35 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 37 Captain Michael Lopez–Alegria (USN, Ret), President, Association of Space Explorers-USA; Former Astronaut, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 41 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 44 Dr. Jeffrey Kahn, Professor of Bioethics and Public Policy, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics; Chairman, Committee on the Ethics Prin- ciples and Guidelines for Health Standards for Long Duration and Explo- ration Spaceflights, Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academies of Sciences Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 54 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 57 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 62 Appendix I: Answers to Post-Hearing Questions Dr. Richard Williams, Chief Health and Medical Officer, NASA ........................ 78 Captain Chris Cassidy, United States Navy (USN); Chief, Astronaut Office, NASA ..................................................................................................................... 100 (III) IV Page Captain Scott Kelly (USN, Ret.), Former Astronaut, NASA ................................ 109 Dr. Jeffrey Kahn, Professor of Bioethics and Public Policy, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics; Chairman, Committee on the Ethics Prin- ciples and Guidelines for Health Standards for Long Duration and Explo- ration Spaceflights, Board on Health Sciences Policy, National Academies of Sciences ............................................................................................................. 114 HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT ETHICS AND OBLIGATIONS: OPTIONS FOR MONITORING, DIAGNOSING, AND TREATING FORMER ASTRONAUTS WEDNESDAY, JUNE 15, 2016 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY, Washington, D.C. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2:43 p.m., in Room 2318 of the Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Brian Babin [Chairman of the Subcommittee] presiding. (1) 2 3 4 Chairman BABIN. The Subcommittee on Space will now come to order. Without objection, the Chair is authorized to declare recesses of the Subcommittee at any time. Good morning. Welcome to today’s hearing titled ‘‘Human Spaceflight Ethics and Obligations: Options for Monitoring, Diag- nosing, and Treating Former Astronauts.’’ I recognize myself for five minutes and an opening statement. As a Nation, we have obligations to those we put in harm’s way. As a Congress, we have a responsibility to provide for the treat- ment of conditions caused by federal service. As a legislator that represents the Johnson Space Center and the Astronaut Corps, I have a duty to care for my constituents. Since the 1960s, the United States of America has asked its bravest to travel in space in service to their country. The govern- ment recognizes its obligation to care for those it puts in harm’s way in other instances. For example, we provide for the care of our veterans and our federal employees when their injuries are caused by their federal service. NASA currently provides treatment for active NASA Astronauts, and management and former astronauts are eligible for treatment of injuries sustained in their service through existing programs at the Department of Labor and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Over the last 15 years, several reports have highlighted the po- tential hazards of human spaceflight and the ethical obligations that we have as a Nation, and the additional steps that we might take and need to take to address gaps in meeting those obligations. From the dynamic launch environment to the unforgiving vacu- um of space, to the energetic reentry to Earth, human spaceflight has always placed astronauts in challenging environments. Even training for spaceflight carries significant risks. Up until recently, however, space travel was measured in days. Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle program placed as- tronauts in space for relatively short periods of time. Now, with the completion of the International Space Station, our astronauts now spend months in space. The risks and potential impacts on our as- tronauts’ health are not always seen immediately. Captain Scott Kelly recently returned from the ISS after spend- ing 340 days in space on one mission. This put his cumulative time in space at 520 days. Extended missions like his are teaching us a lot about the long-term effects of human spaceflight. Weightlessness leads to osteoporosis and loss in bone density. Long-duration space missions also seem to impact vision, as 60 per- cent of ISS astronauts reported worsening eyesight. Furthermore, radiation exposure increases the likelihood
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