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Magdalenian Sites in the Meuse-Rhine Loess Area / E. Rensink

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Magdalenian Sites in the Meuse-Rhine Loess Area / E. Rensink Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 42 / Eyserheide : a Magdalenian open-air site in the loess area of the Netherlands and its archaeological context Rensink, Eelco; Bakels, Corrie; Kamermans, Hans Citation Rensink, E. (2010). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 42 / Eyserheide : a Magdalenian open-air site in the loess area of the Netherlands and its archaeological context, 276. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/32956 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/32956 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY LEIDEN UNIVERSITY EELCO RENSINK EYSERHEIDE A MAGDALENIAN OPEN-AIR SITE IN THE LOESS AREA OF THE NETHERLANDS AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 2010 994869_APL_42_Voorwerk.indd4869_APL_42_Voorwerk.indd IIIIII 116/11/116/11/11 110:040:04 Series editors: Corrie Bakels / Hans Kamermans Editor of illustrations: Joanne Porck Translation: Kelly Fennema Copyright 2011 by the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden ISSN 0169-7447 ISBN 978-90-818109-0-6 Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia and single volumes can be ordered exclusively at: P.J.R. Modderman Stichting Faculty of Archaeology P.O. Box 9515 NL-2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands This publication was made possible with a grant from Cultural Heritage Agency, Amersfoort 994869_APL_42_Voorwerk.indd4869_APL_42_Voorwerk.indd IVIV 116/11/116/11/11 110:040:04 7 Regional context: Magdalenian sites in the Meuse-Rhine loess area 7.1 INTRODUCTION Niederrheinische Bucht in Germany. In this monograph this In the preceding three chapters we reported on characteristics area will be referred to as the Meuse-Rhine loess area. On of technology and typology of the fl int industry (chapter 4), the basis of the landscape characteristics mentioned, we have the results of use-wear analysis (chapter 5), and the spatial chosen to take this area as unit of analysis and discussion. distribution of the archaeological materials (chapter 6) of Moreover, Magdalenian sites there share an important the Eyserheide site. The aim of this chapter is to put the site in archaeological characteristic: they are exclusively open-air a wider geographical perspective and to include in our investi- sites. In contrast to the Belgian Ardennes, Schwabische Alb gation data of nearby Magdalenian open-air sites. The informa- and other more southern areas with traces of occupation from tion of these sites will hopefully contribute to a well-founded the Magdalenian, no prehistoric caves or rock shelters interpretation of the Eyserheide site itself. As we already noted (abris sous roche) are known from the Meuse-Rhine loess in chapter 1, Eyserheide is not a unique Magdalenian open-air area. This does not mean that we should not allow for site in this part of the Northwest European continent. Together remnants of human activities in caves and rock shelters, for with a few nearby Dutch, Belgian and German sites, the site instance in the Dutch-Belgian Cretaceous area. In limestone forms a small group of c. ten open-air sites on the formations in deeply incised stream valleys are possibly karst northwestern edge of Magdalenian territory. They are related phenomena (caves and rockshelters) present, which were to the earliest occupation of the loess belt north of the used as natural shelters in the Palaeolithic. If present, they Ardenno-Rhenish Massif after the Glacial Maximum of the are hidden under metres-thick layers of washed-down loess Weichsel ice age, c. 20,000-18,000 BP. As far as we can say (colluvium) and have so far remained beyond the reach of now, they refl ect activities of the fi rst modern people archaeological observation. (=representatives of the species Homo sapiens sapiens) who lived in the loess area in small temporary camp sites. After a short description of landscape features of the Evidence of human occupation from the early phases of Meuse-Rhine loess area (7.2), the Magdalenian sites will be the Upper Palaeolithic, that is from the periods of the briefl y presented (7.3). Subsequently, we shall go into the Perigordian, Aurignacian and Gravettian and with a date landscape setting of the sites in this area (7.4), and the between c. 35,000 and 18,000 BP, is absent from the same circumstances that have led to conservation and erosion of area. This absence of evidence does not mean that during this occupational traces from the Magdalenian (7.5). Similarities long timespan people did not sporadically visit the area. An and differences in the size and material content of the sites, indirect indication of this forms the presence of good quality such as exploited raw materials and composition of the tools, fl int in Aurignacian and Gravettian sites in the Central Rhine- are the focus in paragraphs 7.6 to 7.8. The chapter is land in Germany. This fl int originates from Cretaceous concluded with a discussion of the meaning of observed differ- deposits between Maastricht and Aachen and points to the ences in terms of inter-site variability and site function (7.9). presence of exploitation sites from the early Upper Palaeolithic, of which no traces have yet been found. 7.2 GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE The loess zone, to which Eyserheide and nearby Magdalenian The Magdalenian sites that will be discussed in this chapter open-air sites are connected, is part of the most northern lie in a predominantly gently undulating hilly landscape, the margin of the Northwest European loess belt. A small surface of which consists of loess deposits (see 7.2). This number of sites is located just north of the northern boundary area covers a surface of c. 180 × 50 km and lies between the of the loess zone. There layers of cover sands from the last cities of Brussels in the province of Brabant (Belgium) and ice age or fl uvial deposits of the Rhine and Meuse are lying Cologne and Düsseldorf in the Lower Rhine region on or close to the present-day surface. (Germany). It comprises the central and northeastern part of On a larger geographical scale, the Meuse-Rhine loess area Belgium, the southernmost part of the Netherlands, and the forms a transition zone between the uplands of the 994869_APL42_07.indd4869_APL42_07.indd 207207 116/11/116/11/11 110:310:31 208 EYSERHEIDE Ardenno-Rhenish Massif in the south and the cover-sands 30 metres in the Niederrheinische Bucht. More or less landscape of the North European Plain in the north complete loess profi les are known from several quarries and (fi g. 7.1). Meuse and Rhine are by far the most important have partly been described and studied extensively, such as rivers in the area and, together with numerous large and near Nagelbeek (Haesaerts et al. 1981), Kesselt (Gullentops small tributaries, such as the Méhaigne and the Geer in 1954), and Maastricht-Belvédère (Vandenberghe et al. Belgium, the Geul in Dutch Limburg, and the Rur in 1985). Holocene fl uvial sediments are found in stream Germany, take care of the drainage of water from this area. valleys. Loess washed down from slopes (colluvium) is Both the Meuse, Rhine and smaller watercourses have present everywhere in stream and dry valleys. formed the present-day landscape to a large extent. The hills are largely lower than 200 m +NAP and are for a large 7.3 PRESENTATION OF THE SITES part covered by a layer of fi ne-grained, aeolian loess Since the discovery and excavation in 1974 of a Magdalenian (Mücher 1973; Bouten et al. 1985). Characteristic site near the German town of Alsdorf (Löhr 1979), the landforms are elevated, loess-covered plateaus and deeply following sites have been investigated in the Meuse-Rhine incised, often asymmetrical stream and dry valleys. The loess area by means of excavations: Orp-le-Grand and Kanne loess deposits date from the Saale and/or Weichsel ice in Belgium (Vermeersch et al. 1985, 1987) and Sweikhuizen- age(s) and can attain a thickness from a few metres up to Groene Paal, Mesch and Eyserheide in the Netherlands 7 The Netherlands Mönchengladbach 13 12 6 11 Germany 3-5 10 Maastricht 1 8 9 2 Aachen open air lowlands, sandy area of Belgium the North-European plain transitional zone, Liège loess covered hills uplands, Ardenno- Rhenish slate massif 0 20 km Figure 7.1 Location of Magdalenian sites of the Meuse-Rhine loess area: 1 Eyserheide, 2 Mesch-Steenberg, 3-5 Sweikhuizen, 6 Echt-Konings- bosch, 7 Griendtsveen, 8 Kanne, 9 Orp-le-Grand, 10 Alsdorf, 11 Beeck, 12 Kamphausen, 13 Galgenberg. 994869_APL42_07.indd4869_APL42_07.indd 208208 116/11/116/11/11 110:310:31 REGIONAL CONTEXT: MAGDALENIAN SITES IN THE MEUSE-RHINE LOESS AREA 209 (Arts and Deeben 1987b; Rensink 1993). A number of sites team (Vermeersch et al. 1987). The centres of these two is exclusively known from surface fi nds, among which concentrations were only nine metres from each other. Koningsbosch in Dutch Limburg, and Kamphausen (Thissen Orp-East was excavated over an area of 63 m2 and consisted 1989) and Beeck (Jöris et al. 1993) in Germany. For an of a very dense accumulation of stone artefacts, among overview of the data on the above mentioned sites, see which 63 large cores and 438 retouched tools. In Orp-West, tables 7.1 to 7.8. investigated over an area of 88 m2, the concentration of artefacts was less dense and 27 cores and 143 tools were Kanne: found. Despite the fact that both concentrations were lying Kanne is located in northeast Belgium, c. 5 km southwest close together, they probably do not date to the same time. of the Dutch city of Maastricht.
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