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Fossils in Kentucky

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Fossils in Kentucky ISSN 0075-561 3 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON Donald C. Haney, State Geologist and Director FOSSIL BEDS OF THE FALLS OF THE OHIO Stephen F. Greb, Richard Todd Hendricks, and Donald R. Chesnut, Jr. SPECIAL PUBLICATION 19 Series XI, 1993 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Garland R. Dever, Jr., Geologist VII Charles T. Wethington, Jr., President Donald R. Chesnut, Jr., Geologist V Linda J. Magid, Vice President for Research and Cortland F. Eble, Geologist V Graduate Studies David A. Williams, Geologist V, Henderson Off ice Jack Supplee, Director, Fiscal Affairs and Sponsored Warren H. Anderson, Geologist IV Project Administration Gerald A. Weisenfluh, Geologist IV KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ADVISORY Stephen F. Greb, Geologist Ill BOARD Robert Andrews, Geologist I Steve Cawood, Chairman, Pineville Petroleum and Stratigraphy Section: Larry R. Finley, Henderson James A. Drahovzal, Head Hugh 6. Gabbard, Richmond Martin C. Noger, Geologist VII Kenneth Gibson, Madisonville Terence Hamilton-Smith, Geologist V Wallace W. Hagan, Lexington Patrick J. Gooding, Geologist IV Phil M. Miles, Lexington David C. Harris, Geologist IV W. A. Mossbarger, Lexington Brandon C. Nuttall, Geologist IV Ralph Palmer, Winchester Matthew Humphreys, Geologist II Henry A. Spalding, Hazard Mara Chen, Post-Doctoral Scholar Ralph N. Thomas, Owensboro James B. Harris, Post-Doctoral Scholar George H. Warren, Jr., Owensboro Robert R. Daniel, Laboratory Technician B David A. Zegeer, Lexington Anna E. Watson, Staff Assistant IV KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Frances A. Benson, Staff Assistant IV Luanne Davis, Staff Assistant IV Donald C. Haney, State Geologist and Director Theola L. Evans, Staff Assistant IV John D. Kiefer, Assistant State Geologist for Adminis- tration Kimberly B. Stroth, Staff Assistant IV James C. Cobb, Assistant State Geologist for Re- search Water Resources Section: James S. Dinger, Head ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION James A. Kipp, Geologist V Personnel and Finance Section: Daniel I. Carey, Hydrologist IV James L. Hamilton, Administrative Staff Officer II James C. Currens, Geologist IV Roger S. Banks, Account Clerk V David R. Wunsch, Geologist IV Clerical Section: Alex W. Fogle, Hydrologist Ill Jody L. Fox, Staff Assistant VII Philip G. Conrad, Geologist II Shirley D. Dawson, Staff Assistant V 0. Barton Davidson, Geologist 1'1 Eugenia E. Kelley, Staff Assistant V Dwayne M. Keagy, Geologist II Juanita G. Smith, Staff Assistant V, Henderson Office Shelley A. Minns, Geologist II Publications Section: Ed Fortner, Jr., Geological Technician Donald W. Hutcheson, Head C. Douglas R. Graham, Geological Technician Margaret Luther Smath, Geologic Editor Ill Joyce Belcher, Staff Assistant IV Terry D. Hounshell, Chief Cartographic Illustrator Computer and Laboratory Services Section: Richard A. Smath, Geologist Ill, ESlC Coordinator Steven J. Cordiviola, Head Robert C. Holladay, Principal Drafting Technician Richard E. Sergeant, Geologist V Michael L. Murphy, Drafting Technician Joseph 6. Dixon, Systems Programmer William A. Briscoe, Ill, Publication Sales Supervisor Henry E. Francis, Associate Scientist Kenneth G. Otis, Stores Worker Xenia P. Culbertson, Senior Research Analyst GEOLOGICAL DIVISION Steven R. Mock, Research Analyst Coal and Minerals Section: Mark F. Thompson, Research Analyst James C. Cobb, Head Tammie J. Heazlit, Senior Laboratory Technician CONTENTS Page PartI-Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Location ....................................................................................... 1 GeologyoftheFalls Area ........................................................................2 Quaternary Period ............................................................................2 DevonianandSilurianPeriods ..................................................................3 History of Scientific Study ........................................................................ 3 ProtectingtheFossilBeds ....................................................................... 5 Part Il-WalkingTour ..............................................................................5 Indiana Shore-Layered Limestones and Fossil Preservation ......................................... 5 Spillway and Spillway Wash-River Erosion and Fossil "Hash" ........................................7 Dam and Drainage Creeks-Jointed Bedrock .......................................................9 South Flats-Coral Craters ...................................................................... 10 Theislands-Coralcaves ...................................................................... 10 Orange Beds-Crystal Snails and Fossil Shells ....................................................10 Part Ill-Fossil Identification at the Falls ............................................................. 10 Corals ........................................................................................10 Rugose Corals ..............................................................................10 Horn Corals ..............................................................................10 BundlesandMounds ...................................................................... 15 TabulateCorals ...........................................................................15 LargeMounds ..........................................................................15 Branching Bushes ......................................................................18 More Mounds. Tubes. and Chains ........................................................21 Stromatoporoids ............................................................................... 21 Mounds .................................................................................... 21 CrustsandMats ............................................................................. 22 BranchingTubes ............................................................................ 22 Bryozoans ..................................................................................... 23 ShelledFossils ................................................................................23 Brachiopods ................................................................................23 Pelecypods .................................................................................25 Rostroconchs ...............................................................................25 Gastropods .................................................................................27 Other Fossils ..................................................................................27 Echinoderms ................................................................................27 Trilobites ...................................................................................28 VertebrateRemains ..........................................................................29 Summary .......................................................................................30 Educational Ideas for Groups at the Falls ............................................................33 CONTENTS (Continued) Page Treasure HuntIFossil Identification ............................................................... 33 BiggestCoralContest .......................................................................... 33 FossilDrawing ................................................................................. 33 FossilMapping ................................................................................ 34 Acknowledgments ................................................................................34 References to Aid in Your Understanding of the Falls of the Ohio and Fossils in Kentucky .................. 34 AppendixA:MeasuredSections ....................................................................36 AppendixB:FossilNamesand Locations ............................................................38 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page Geologic map of the Falls of the Ohio area ..................................................... 1 Generalized geologic column showing the rock units exposed in the Falls area ...................... 2 Diagrams showing the modern and Devonian worlds ............................................. 4 Photograph of a fossilized branching coral ......................................................4 Map of the main fossil beds at the Falls of the Ohio .............................................. 6 Fossil distribution zones of the Devonian Jeffersonville Limestone at the Falls of the Ohio ............ 7 Photographs from various parts of the Falls area ................................................ 8 When an animal is buried. its original skeleton can be dissolved away. leaving a mold that may be filled withmineralssuchassilica ...................................................................9 Diagramofbedrockerosion ..................................................................9 Diagram of jointing at the Falls ................................................................9 Diagram showing the times when the three main orders of corals flourished. and illustrations of each order .....................................................................................11 Diagrams of rugose corals. showing the parts of the living coral animals and their skeletons. the manner in which the horn corals grew. and the various shapes of rugose coral fossils and interpretations of what the original corals looked like when they were alive
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