Reefs and Reef Limestones in Earth History
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Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
Oregon Department of Human Services HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION
Oregon Department of Human Services Office of Environmental Public Health (503) 731-4030 Emergency 800 NE Oregon Street #604 (971) 673-0405 Portland, OR 97232-2162 (971) 673-0457 FAX (971) 673-0372 TTY-Nonvoice TECHNICAL BULLETIN HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION Prepared by: Department of Human Services ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION Office of Environmental Public Health OCTOBER, 1998 CALCIUM CARBONATE "lime, limewater” For More Information Contact: Environmental Toxicology Section (971) 673-0440 Drinking Water Section (971) 673-0405 Technical Bulletin - Health Effects Information CALCIUM CARBONATE, "lime, limewater@ Page 2 SYNONYMS: Lime, ground limestone, dolomite, sugar lime, oyster shell, coral shell, marble dust, calcite, whiting, marl dust, putty dust CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: - Molecular Formula: CaCO3 - White solid, crystals or powder, may draw moisture from the air and become damp on exposure - Odorless, chalky, flat, sweetish flavor (Do not confuse with "anhydrous lime" which is a special form of calcium hydroxide, an extremely caustic, dangerous product. Direct contact with it is immediately injurious to skin, eyes, intestinal tract and respiratory system.) WHERE DOES CALCIUM CARBONATE COME FROM? Calcium carbonate can be mined from the earth in solid form or it may be extracted from seawater or other brines by industrial processes. Natural shells, bones and chalk are composed predominantly of calcium carbonate. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLE USES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE? Calcium carbonate is an important ingredient of many household products. It is used as a whitening agent in paints, soaps, art products, paper, polishes, putty products and cement. It is used as a filler and whitener in many cosmetic products including mouth washes, creams, pastes, powders and lotions. -
Palaeontologia Electronica RUDIST TAXONOMY USING X-RAY
Palaeontologia Electronica http://palaeo-electronica.org RUDIST TAXONOMY USING X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Ann Molineux, Robert W. Scott, Richard A. Ketcham, and Jessica A. Maisano Ann Molineux. Texas Natural Science Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78705, U.S.A. [email protected] Robert W. Scott. Precision Stratigraphy Associates and University of Tulsa, 600 South College Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74104, U.S.A. [email protected] Richard A. Ketcham. Jackson School of Geosciences, 1 University Station, C-1100, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0254, U.S.A. [email protected] Jessica A. Maisano. Jackson School of Geosciences, 1 University Station, C-1100, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0254, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT X-ray CT provides three-dimensional (3-D) representations of internal features of silicified caprinid bivalves from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian Stage) Edwards Forma- tion in Texas. This technique enables the specific identification of caprinid rudists that otherwise could only be identified by sectioning the specimen. The abundant Edwards species is Caprinuloidea perfecta because it has only two rows of polygonal canals on its ventral and anterior margins. Ontogeny of these unusual gregarious bivalves is also demonstrated by means of these images. KEY WORDS: Rudists; Caprinidae; Cretaceous, Lower; X-ray, CT INTRODUCTION tures, and by shooting stereoscopic pairs, a 3-D image can be obtained (Zangerl 1965). X-ray com- The examination of internal structures of puted tomography (CT) scans of limestone cores three-dimensional megafossils such as caprinid show the general outlines of rudists and succes- bivalves and brachiopods without destruction of sive slices can be stacked by computer to form 3-D specimens has been a challenge. -
The End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction Event at the Impact Area: a Rapid Macrobenthic Diversification and Stabilization
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 14, EPSC2020-65, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2020-65 Europlanet Science Congress 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The end-Cretaceous mass extinction event at the impact area: A rapid macrobenthic diversification and stabilization Francisco Javier Rodriguez Tovar1, Christopher M. Lowery2, Timothy J. Bralower3, Sean P.S. Gulick2,4,5, and Heather L. Jones3 1University of Granada, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, Granada, Spain ([email protected]) 2Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, USA 3Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA 4Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 11 78712, USA 5Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, 66.0 Ma (Renne et al., 2013), was one of the most important events in the Phanerozoic, severely altering the evolutionary and ecological history of biotas (Schulte et al., 2010). This extinction was caused by paleoenvironmental changes associated with the impact of an asteroid (Alvarez et al., 1980) on the Yucatán carbonate-evaporite platform in the southern Gulf of Mexico, which formed the Chicxulub impact crater (Hildebrand et al., 1991). Prolonged impact winter resulting in global darkness and cessation of photosynthesis, and acid rain have been considered as major killing mechanisms on land and in the oceans. Major animal groups disappeared across the boundary (e.g., the nonavian dinosaurs, marine and flying reptiles, ammonites, and rudists), and other groups suffered severe species level (but not total) extinction, including planktic foraminifera, and calcareous nannofossils. -
Limestone Resources of Western Washington
State of Washington DANIEL J. EVANS, Governor Department of Conservation H. MA URI CE AHLQUIST, Director DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY MARSHALL T. HUNTTING, Supervisor Bulletin No. 52 LIMESTONE RESOURCES OF WESTERN WASHINGTON By WILBERT R. DANNER With a section on the UME MOUNTAIN DEPOSIT By GERALD W. THORSEN STATII PRINTING PLANT, OLYMPI A, WASH, 1966 For sale by Department of Conservation, Olympia, Washington. Price, $4,50 FOREWORD Since the early days of Washington's statehood, limestone has been recognized as one of the important mineral resources _of the State. The second annual report of the Washington Geological Survey, published in 1903, gave details on the State's limestone deposits, and in later years five other reports published by the Survey and its successor agencies hove given additional information on this resource. Still other reports by Federal and private agencies hove been published in response to demands for data on limestone here. Although some of the earlier reports included analyses to show the purity of the rocks, very few of the samples for analysis were taken systemati cally in a way that would fairly represent the deposits sampled. Prior to 1900 limestone was produced for use as building stone here, and another important use was for the production of burned Ii me . Portland cement plants soon became leading consumers of Ii mestone, and they con tinue as such to the present time . Limestone is used in large quantities in the pulp industry in the Northwest, and in 1966 there was one commercial lime-burning plant in the State. Recognizing the potential for industrial development in Washington based on more intensive use of our mineral resources, and recognizing the need to up-dote the State's knowledge of raw material resources in order to channel those resources into the State's growing economy, the Industrial Row Materials Advisory Committee of the Deportment of Commerce and Economic Development in 1958 recommended that a comprehensive survey be made of the limestone resources of Washington. -
Earliest Aptian Caprinidae (Bivalvia, Hippuritida) from Lebanon Jean-Pierre Masse, Sibelle Maksoud, Mukerrem Fenerci-Masse, Bruno Granier, Dany Azar
Earliest Aptian Caprinidae (Bivalvia, Hippuritida) from Lebanon Jean-Pierre Masse, Sibelle Maksoud, Mukerrem Fenerci-Masse, Bruno Granier, Dany Azar To cite this version: Jean-Pierre Masse, Sibelle Maksoud, Mukerrem Fenerci-Masse, Bruno Granier, Dany Azar. Earliest Aptian Caprinidae (Bivalvia, Hippuritida) from Lebanon. Carnets de Geologie, Carnets de Geologie, 2015, 15 (3), pp.21-30. <10.4267/2042/56397>. <hal-01133596> HAL Id: hal-01133596 https://hal-confremo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01133596 Submitted on 23 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Carnets de Géologie [Notebooks on Geology] - vol. 15, n° 3 Earliest Aptian Caprinidae (Bivalvia, Hippuritida) from Lebanon Jean-Pierre MASSE 1, 2 Sibelle MAKSOUD 3 Mukerrem FENERCI-MASSE 1 Bruno GRANIER 4, 5 Dany AZAR 6 Abstract: The presence in Lebanon of Offneria murgensis and Offneria nicolinae, two characteristic components of the Early Aptian Arabo-African rudist faunas, fills a distributional gap of the cor- responding assemblage between the Arabic and African occurrences, on the one hand, and the Apulian occurrences, on the other hand. This fauna bears out the palaeogeographic placement of Lebanon on the southern Mediterranean Tethys margin established by palaeostructural reconstructions. -
First North American Occurrence of the Rudist Durania Sp
TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS Vol. 115, no. 3-4 ACADEMY OF SCIENCE p. 117-124 (2012) Bombers and Bivalves: First North American occurrence of the rudist Durania sp. (Bivalvia: Radiolitidae) in the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Greenhorn Limestone of southeastern Colorado Bruce A. Schumacher USDA Forest Service, 1420 E. 3rd St., La Junta, CO 81050 [email protected] A colonial monospecific cluster of rudist bivalves from the lowermost Bridge Creek Limestone Member, Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cenomanian) are attributable to Durania cf. D. cornupastoris. This discovery marks only the eighth recorded pre- Coniacian occurrence of rudist bivalves in the Cretaceous Western Interior and the only Cenomanian record of rudist Durania in North America. Discovered in 2011, the specimen was unearthed by aerial bombing at a training facility utilized during World War II. The appearance of rudist bivalves at mid-latitudes coincident with marked change in marine sediments likely represents the onset of mid-Cretaceous global warming. Keywords: Cenomanian, climate, Durania, Greenhorn, rudist Introduction The Greenhorn Limestone in southeastern Colorado (Fig. 3) is divided into the three Some seventy years ago southeastern Colorado subunits (Cobban and Scott 1972; Hattin 1975; was utilized during World War II (1943 – 1945) Kauffman 1986). Roughly the lower two-thirds as a training area for precision bombing practice of the unit is comprised of the basal Lincoln and air-to-ground gunnery. The La Junta Limestone Member (5 m) and the Hartland Municipal Airport was created in April 1940 as Shale Member (19 m). The dominant lithology La Junta Army Air Field (Thole 1999) and was of the lower members is calcareous shale with used by the United States Army Air Forces for minor amounts of thin calcarenite beds. -
The Historical Record in the Scaglia Limestone at Gubbio: Magnetic Reversals and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction
Sedimentology (2009) 56, 137Ð148 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01010.x The historical record in the Scaglia limestone at Gubbio: magnetic reversals and the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction WALTER ALVAREZ Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT The Scaglia limestone in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, well-exposed in the Gubbio area, offered an unusual opportunity to stratigraphers. It is a deep- water limestone carrying an unparalleled historical record of the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene, undisturbed by erosional gaps. The Scaglia is a pelagic sediment largely composed of calcareous plankton (calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera), the best available tool for dating and long-distance correlation. In the 1970s it was recognized that these pelagic limestones carry a record of the reversals of the magnetic field. Abundant planktonic foraminifera made it possible to date the reversals from 80 to 50 Ma, and subsequent studies of related pelagic limestones allowed the micropalaeontological calibration of more than 100 Myr of geomagnetic polarity stratigraphy, from ca 137 to ca 23 Ma. Some parts of the section also contain datable volcanic ash layers, allowing numerical age calibration of the reversal and micropalaeontological time scales. The reversal sequence determined from the Italian pelagic limestones was used to date the marine magnetic anomaly sequence, thus putting ages on the reconstructed maps of continental positions since the breakup of Pangaea. The Gubbio Scaglia also contains an apparently continuous record across the CretaceousÐTertiary boundary, which was thought in the 1970s to be marked everywhere in the world by a hiatus. -
Redalyc.Microfossils, Paleoenvironments And
Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas ISSN: 1026-8774 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Filkorn, Harry F.; Scott, Robert W. Microfossils, paleoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Mal Paso Formation (Cretaceous, upper Albian), State of Guerrero, Mexico Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 28, núm. 1, 2011, pp. 175-191 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57220090013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de CienciasMicrofossils, Geológicas, paleoenvironments v. 28, núm. 1, 2011, and p. biostratigraphy 175-191 of the Mal Paso Formation 175 Microfossils, paleoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Mal Paso Formation (Cretaceous, upper Albian), State of Guerrero, Mexico Harry F. Filkorn1,* and Robert W. Scott2 1 Physics and Planetary Sciences Department, Los Angeles Pierce College, 6201 Winnetka Avenue, Woodland Hills, California 91371 USA. 2 Precision Stratigraphy Associates and University of Tulsa, 149 West Ridge Road, Cleveland, Oklahoma 74020, USA. * fi[email protected] ABSTRACT Microfossils from an outcrop of the coral reef and rudist-bearing calcareous upper member of the Mal Paso Formation just north of Chumbítaro, State of Michoacán, Mexico, indicate a deepening trend and transition from nearshore through outer shelf depositional environments upward through the sampled stratigraphic interval. The microbiota is mostly composed of species of calcareous algae and foraminifera. The identified calcareous algae are: Pseudolithothamnium album Pfender, 1936; Cayeuxia kurdistanensis Elliott, 1957; Acicularia americana Konishi and Epis, 1962; and Dissocladella sp. -
Formation, Ager Valley (South-Central Pyrenees, Spain) Nieves Lopez-Martinez, M a Teresa Fern~/Dez - Marron & Maria F
THE SUCCESSION OF VERTEBRATES AND PLANTS ACROSS THE CRETACEOUS- TERTIARY BOUNDARY IN THE TREMP FORMATION, AGER VALLEY (SOUTH-CENTRAL PYRENEES, SPAIN) NIEVES LOPEZ-MARTINEZ, M A TERESA FERN~/DEZ - MARRON & MARIA F. VALLE LOPEZ-MARTINEZ N., FERN~NDEZ-MARRON M.T. & VALLE M.F. 1999. The succession of Vertebrates and Plants across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Tremp Formation, Ager valley (South-central Pyrenees, Spain). [La succession de vert6br~s et de plantes ~ travers la limite Cr~tac~-Tertiaire dans la Formation Tremp, vall6e d'Ager (Pyr6n~es sud-centrales, Espagne)]. GEOBIOS, 32, 4: 617-627. Villeurbanne, le 31.08.1999. Manuscrit d~pos~ le 11.03.1998; accept~ dgfinitivement le 25.05.1998. ABSTRACT - The Tremp Formation red beds in the Ager valley (Fontllonga section, Lleida, Spain) have yielded plants (macrorests, palynomorphs) and vertebrates (teeth, bones, eggshells and footprints) at different levels from Early Maastrichtian to Early Palaeocene. A decrease in diversity affected both, plants and vertebrates, but not syn- chronously. Plant diversity decreases early in the Maastrichtian, while the change in vertebrate assemblages (sud- den extinction of the dinosaurs) occurs later on, at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary. This pattern agrees with the record of France and China, but contrasts with that of North American Western Interim; where both changes coincide with the K/T boundary. KEYWORDS: CRETACEOUS-TERTIARYBOUNDARY, PALAEOBOTANY,VERTEBRATES, TREMP FM., PYRENEES. RI~SUMI~ - Les d6p6ts continentaux de la Formation Tremp dans la vallge d'Ager (coupe de Fontllonga, Lleida, Spain) ont fourni des fossiles de plantes (palynomorphes et macrorestes) et de vertebras (ossements, dents, oeufs et traces) dates du Maastrichtien infgrieur-PalSoc~ne inf~rieur. -
The Evolution of Canaliculate Rudists in The
[Palaeontology, Vol. 57, Part 5, 2014, pp. 951–962] THE EVOLUTION OF CANALICULATE RUDISTS IN THE LIGHT OF A NEW CANALICULATE POLYCONITID RUDIST FROM THE ALBIAN OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC by SHIN-ICHI SANO1*, YASUHIRO IBA2,PETERW.SKELTON3, JEAN-PIERRE MASSE4,YOLANDAM.AGUILAR5 and TOMOKI KASE6 1Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Katsuyama, Fukui 911-8601, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 4Aix-Marseille Universite, CEREGE, Centre Saint-Charles, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France; e-mail: [email protected] 5Mines and Geosciences Bureau, North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines; e-mail: [email protected] 6Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Typescript received 31 October 2013; accepted in revised form 16 December 2013 Abstract: A new polyconitid rudist, Magallanesia canalicu- the same time in different regions of the Tethyan Realm, lata gen. et sp. nov., of probably late Albian age, is suggesting the presence of common global biological and/or described from the Pulangbato area, central Cebu Island, environmental factors stimulating the evolution of the the Philippines in the western Central Pacific and canals despite such endemism. Furthermore, the finding of Takuyo-Daini Seamount, now located in the Northwest a canaliculate polyconitid provides evidence in favour of the Pacific. -
First Record of Upper Turonian Rudists (Mollusca, Hippuritoidea) in the Bey
Cretaceous Research 25 (2004) 235e248 www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes First record of Upper Turonian rudists (Mollusca, Hippuritoidea) in the Bey Dagları carbonate platform, Western Taurides (Turkey): taxonomy and strontium isotope stratigraphy of Vaccinites praegiganteus (Toucas, 1904) ) Bilal Sarıa, , Thomas Steuberb, Sacit O¨zera aDokuz Eylu¨lU¨niversitesi, Mu¨hendislik Faku¨ltesi, Jeoloji Mu¨h. Bo¨l. 35100, Bornova-IIzmir,_ Turkey bRuhr-Universita¨t Bochum, Institut fu¨r Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, D-44801 Bochum, Germany Received 3 July 2003; accepted in revised form 5 December 2003 Abstract The uppermost part of the Upper Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Bey Dagları Autochthon in the Korkuteli, Turkey, area is characterised by an association of hippuritid and radiolitid rudist bivalves dominated by Vaccinites praegiganteus (Toucas). A Late Turonian age is indicated by 87Sr/86Sr values of well-preserved low-Mg calcite of the shells and agrees with the stratigraphical range of the species in the western and central Mediterranean region. This is the first record of Upper Turonian rudists from Turkey. Right valves of 17 specimens of V. praegiganteus from Bey Dagları have been analysed morphometrically and are compared with previously reported specimens from the central and western Mediterranean. Most of the specimens from Turkey differ in having fused posterior pillars. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Rudist bivalves; Strontium isotope stratigraphy; Cretaceous; Turonian; Bey Dagları; Western Taurides;