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Autumn 2011 Vol. 4 No. 3 Autumn 2011 Vol. 4 11-1550000-000639-08 11-1550000-000639-08 11-1550000-000639-08 Government Publications Registration NumberGovernment Publications Registration NumberGovernment Publications Registration Number Autumn 2011 Vol. 4 No. 3 Autumn 2011 Vol. 4 No. 3 ISSN 2005-0151ISSN 2005-0151ISSN 2005-0151ISSN 2005-0151 Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration Autumn 2011 Vol. 4 No. 3 Cover White symbolizes autumn. The symbolism originates from the traditional “five direc- tional colors” based on the ancient Chi- nese thought of wuxing, or ohaeng in Ko- rean. The five colors were associated with seasons and other phenomena in nature, including the fate of humans. The cover design features uigwe, the royal books of the Joseon Dynasty. For more stories about uigwe, see p. 38. KOREAN HERITAGE is also available on the website. ( http://english.cha.go.kr ) CHA News Vignettes Korean Flavor Korean Handicrafts Exhibition at UNESCO Tteok, the Time-old Popular Delicacies The Cultural Heritage Administration will display traditional Korean handicrafts at Koreans have eaten diverse kinds of cakes since ancient times. The origins of these the UNESCO headquarters in Paris on September 19-28. The exhibition will have popular delicacies, called tteok, probably date back to the beginning of agricultural 100 works of master artisans who hold the title of “Important Intangible Cultural society. Heritage.” Tteok is made mainly from rice and thus is commonly Academic Conferences Marking CHA’s 50th Anniversary known in English as “rice cakes.” But it usually con- tains other ingredients such as millet, barley and beans, As part of its 50th anniversary events, the Cultural Heritage Administration will and nuts and fruits. Grouped according to preparation conduct a series of academic conferences on September 26-30, at the National Pal- method, the rice cakes are generally divided into four ace Museum of Korea in Seoul. An international symposium on September 26 will categories: steamed, pounded, molded, and pan-fried. evaluate the Administration’s activities during the past half century and analyze in- Best known among steamed types is sirutteok, which ternational trends in preservation and utilization of cultural heritage. Themes for the is made of rice flour layered with cooked red beans and steamed in a pottery steamer following conferences are: “Gaeseong, the Royal Capital of the Goryeo Dynasty” called a siru. Whole grains of rice are steamed and pounded hard with a mallet to make on September 27; “Cultivation and Development of Ancient Cities” on September sticky cakes: injeolmi, which are covered with bean powder, and jeolpyeon, which are 28; “Korean History Education and its Relevance to Cultural Heritage” on Septem- stamped with patterns and coated with sesame oil. ber 29; and “Surveys on Korean Folklore in the Past 40 Years and Future Tasks” on September 30. Among the molded cakes are gyeongdan, small balls of glutinous rice or sorghum dough boiled in water and covered with bean paste or syrup. Songpyeon, or “pine rice cake,” Restoration of Palace Stream better known as “half-moon rice cake,” is a more popular type; it is made by stuffing a The “forbidden stream,” or geumcheon, in the entrance area of Changdeok Palace small half-moon-shaped piece of rice flour dough with a filling, which comes in dozens will be restored to have clean water flow there for the first time in many decades. of kinds. Hwajeon typically refers to “flower cakes,” or thin round patties of glutinous The project is scheduled to be completed in October this year. During the Joseon rice dough pan-fried with azalea petals on top. Dynasty, when kings crossed the stream over a stone bridge, it was regarded as a renewed pledge for clean governance. The Japanese cut off the stream during the Although demand has markedly declined, tteok continues to have a significant place colonial period. in Korean dietary life today and is still considered indispensable for most festive occa- sions or family rituals. Autumn 2011 Vol. 4 No. 3 CONTENTS 08 Rediscovery of Korean Palaces 26 Photo Gallery Life and Culture in Royal Palace A Lesser Known Center of Culture The King’s Life: Light and Shadow Iksan Another Capital of Baekje 14 Intangible Heritage 34 Foreigner’s View Korean Mulberry Paper Made by Nature Soswaewon: Searching for the Hidden Beauty in Korean Traditional Culture 18 Natural Heritage 38 Overseas Cultural Assets Jindo Dogs and Sapsaree Joseon Royal Books Return Home after 145 Years Korean Breeds of ‘Man’s Best Friends’ in France 22 Special Report 42 Modern Heritage Warning Cup Teaches Modesty Coffee Aficionados of 100 Years Ago – A Landscape in Modern Korea Rediscovery of Korean Palaces 8 | 9 Life and Culture in Royal Palace The King’s Life: Light and Shadow Editor’s Note: “Rediscovery of Korean Palaces” is a four-part series on the history and culture of Korean royal palaces of the Joseon Dynasty (1391-1910) in Seoul. The two previous installments examined palace symbolism, the layout of buildings and garden architecture. This installment and the last part shed light on the lifestyle and culture in the palaces. Text by The Cultural Heritage Administration Photos by Graphickorea & Goodimage Ruling under a mandate from heaven, the father in accordance with the principle 1. The king’s throne. king commanded absolute loyalty from com- of primogeniture: they were Munjong moners and led a luxurious life, but in his (r. 1450-1452), the fifth king; Danjong (r. heart and soul, he might have been the lone- 1452-1455), the sixth king; Yeonsangun (r. liest person in his realm, destined to endure 1494-1505), the 10th king; Injong (r. 1544- the unforgiving formality and confinement 1545), the 12th king; Hyeonjong (r. 1659- behind the lofty walls. 1674), the 18th king; Sukjong (r. 1674-1720), the 19th king; and Sunjong (r. 1907-1910), Crown Prince, the Heir to the Throne the 27th king. Nineteen princes born to royal The Joseon Dynasty established two essen- concubines ascended the throne because their tial rules for succession. First, the first son virtues were highly esteemed or because the of the reigning monarch born to his lawful king sired no son by the queen. queen would inherit the throne. Second, the heir to the throne should be a virtuous man. Four crown princes died before ascending The reigning king’s son who met these con- the throne: they were Prince Dowon (1438- ditions was named the crown prince, or seja, 1457, posthumously Deokjong), Prince Sun- literally “the son to carry on the royal lineage hoe (1551-1563), Prince Sohyeon (1612- of the dynasty,” and devoted himself to mak- 1645) and Prince Hyomyeong (1809-1830, ing all necessary preparations as the future posthumously Ikjong). Three crown princes king. failed to reach the throne as they were de- posed: they were Prince Yangnyeong, who Of the 26 kings after the founder Taejo, had to step down to clear the way for his 1 only seven took over the throne from their younger brother, later Sejong, who was more Rediscovery of Korean Palaces 10 | 11 (Donggung). The crown prince’s residence, 3.The Royal Protocol on the Wedding of King also called the Spring Palace (Chungung), Yeongjo and Queen was guarded by a separate security com- Jeongsun (Yeongjo Jeongsun wanghu garye mand. The residence largely consisted of a dogam uigwe) documents private academy, where the crown prince the entire wedding of King Yeongjo and his was taught by the nation’s finest scholars to second wife, Queen be the next ruler. Jeongsun, held in 1759, from preparations to all the rites. The daily regime was rigorous and tightly scheduled. It began with dressing in formal attire before visiting the king and all senior members of the royal household at their quar- ters to render morning greetings and inquire about the state of their health. Classes were held in the morning, afternoon and evening 3 and in between he cultivated his skills in the six arts, which included rites, music, archery, Ascension of the New Monarch with both hands folded on their forehead, horseback riding, calligraphy and mathemat- The coronation of the new king was held on shouted from the courtyard, “Cheon cheon ics. At night, before going to bed, the crown the sixth day after the passing of the previous se,” meaning “[Long live the dynasty for] prince again visited seniors in the royal fam- king. The crown prince’s tent was pitched to thousands and thousands of generations.” ily to bid good night individually. the east of the royal mortuary where the de- ceased king’s body was laid, and in the tent Royal Seal and Screen with the Sun, the Coronation amid State Funerals was displayed the deceased king’s will, royal Moon and Five Peaks In the Joseon Dynasty, the new king took seal and other ritual paraphernalia. The existence of the king itself was the fore- over the throne upon the previous monarch’s most symbol of the dynasty. The king lived death, abdication or dethronement. Of the 27 After changing in his tent from his mourning in a regal environment symbolizing the state kings of Joseon, seven stepped down from garb to the king’s full ceremonial robe and and the heavenly mandate bestowed upon the throne due to failing health, coup d’etat, crown, the crown prince went to the court- him, while his every word and movement or other reasons. They were Taejo (r. 1392- yard in front of the royal mortuary, where he carried profound meaning. The royal seal 1398), the founder of the dynasty; Jeongjong and the screen with the sun, the moon and 2 received the preceding king’s will and royal (r. 1398-1400), the second king; Taejong five peaks were the most representative ob- seal and then handed them over to the chief 4.
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