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The Lucent Technologies Softswitch— Realizing the Promise of Convergence Ramnath A

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The Lucent Technologies Softswitch— Realizing the Promise of Convergence Ramnath A ♦ The Lucent Technologies Softswitch— Realizing the Promise of Convergence Ramnath A. Lakshmi-Ratan The Lucent Technologies Softswitch was created as a result of Project Saras, which was initiated by two Bell Labs researchers. The purpose of Project Saras was to develop a software system that solves several major problems that providers of tele- phony services now face. Today’s public switched communications infrastructure con- sists of a variety of different networks, technologies and systems, most of which are still based on the wireline circuit-switched structure. The technology, however, is evolving to packet-based networks, and service providers need the ability to inter- connect their customers with these flexible and cost-effective networks without losing the reliability, convenience, and functionality of the public switched tele- phone network. The Lucent Softswitch, formerly known as the PacketStar† IP Services Platform, resulted from a focus on these needs. This Softswitch was initially marketed as a signaling-interoperability and services-creation platform under the umbrella brand name PacketStar for Lucent data networking products. It was renamed in light of the recognition that it represented an emerging concept in the industry called a “softswitch,” referring to a software-based distributed switching- and-control platform. This paper provides a high-level description of the Lucent Softswitch and its application to building next-generation converged networks. Introduction and Background The demand for communications services contin- ing to develop the communications infrastructures ues to explode and grow at an unprecedented rate. It that fuel their economies as they prepare to meet the is widely accepted that in just the next 15 to 20 years next millennium. we will see the level of growth in communications Global deregulation, privatization, and drastic that was seen in the entire last 100 years. Today voice restructuring of the communications services industry and data networks coexist, with approximately equal are fueling this demand further. The U.S. Telecom- amounts of traffic; however, data traffic rates are munications Act of 1996 led a worldwide sea change growing 10 to 15 times faster than voice, driven by an in telecom deregulation. As a consequence of the act, explosion in the use of the Internet. In 1999, one- there was an explosion in the emergence of new com- third of all homes in the United States will be on line. petitive service providers launching new communica- The International Data Corporation predicts that the tion service enterprises, based either on reselling level of electronic commerce will increase to $400 bil- unbundled elements of the incumbent carriers’ infra- lion in the year 2000, up from $12.5 billion in 1997. structures or on building facilities of their own. While Add to these indicators the fact that less than one out the earlier competitive carriers focused on the resale of four people in the world have ever made a phone model, the current landscape is dominated by the call and also that all the countries of the globe are rac- acquisition and construction of competitive network 174 Bell Labs Technical Journal ◆ April–June 1999 Bright House Networks - Ex. 1048, Page 1 Panel 1. Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms AAL—ATM adaptation layer OA&M—operations, administration, and AIN—advanced intelligent network maintenance A-link—physical termination for SS7 OC-3—optical carrier digital signal rate of interconnectivity 155 Mb/s in a SONET system API—application programming interface PBX—private branch exchange ATM—asynchronous transfer mode PDL—policy description language CAS—channel-associated signaling PEP—policy enforcement point CCS—common channel signaling PIP—packet intelligent peripheral CLEC—competitive local exchange carrier POTS—“plain old telephone service” DS0—Digital signal level 0; transmission rate of PRI—primary rate interface (ISDN) 64 kb/s (1 channel) in time division multiplex PSTN—public switched telephone network hierarchy RADIUS—remote authentication dial-in user DS1—Digital signal level 1; transmission rate of service 1.544 Mb/s (24 64-kb/s channels) in TDM RAS—remote access server/service hierarchy RDBMS—relational database management system DS3—Digital signal level 3; transmission rate of RTP—real-time transport protocol 44.736 Mb/s (672 64-kb/s channels) in TDM Sapphire—Lucent gateway control protocol hierarchy SCCP—signaling section and control part DSL—digital subscriber line SCP—service control point e&m—“ear” and “mouth” leads from customer SDK—software development kit to central office SIP—session-initiation protocol IMT—intermachine trunk SNMP—simple network-management protocol IN—intelligent network SPS—service provider servlet INAP—intelligent network application protocol SS7—Signaling System 7 IP—Internet protocol SSP—service switching point IPDC—Internet protocol device control STP—signal transfer point ISDN—integrated services digital network T1—terrestrial facility (North America) to ISP—Internet service provider transport primary rate of 1.544 Mb/s ISUP—ISDN user part (24 64-kb/s channels) ISV—independent software vendor TCAP—transaction capabilities applications part ITU-T—International Telecommunication (SS7 protocol) Union—Telecommunication Standardization TCP—transmission control protocol Sector TDM—time division multiplexed JVM—Java* virtual machine (Sun Microsystems) UDP—user datagram protocol LCDS—Lucent Communication Directory Server UFA—user feature applet LDAP—lightweight directory access protocol UNI—user network interface Mantra—Lucent proprietary canonical multi- VTOA—voice and telephony over ATM party call model VoIP—voice over IP MGCP—media gateway control protocol VPN—virtual private network MTP—message transfer part facilities, driven by a huge influx of investment capital. bundle and create so-called converged service offer- The post–U.S. Telecom Act landscape of the com- ings. These are little more than the packaging of dis- munications service-provider marketplace is going parate services such as local, cellular, and long distance through significant restructuring. Technology telephony with paging and Internet-access services advances in software, transport, and interconnection into one billing and customer-service bundle. are rapidly making it feasible for service providers to Alternatively, some carriers are attempting to build Bell Labs Technical Journal ◆ April–June 1999 175 Bright House Networks - Ex. 1048, Page 2 Business models Business drivers Business Competition Service Integrated service providers Depreciation Network Labor unions Elements Regulation Business layer Divergence of business models Service layer Service bundling Branding, bundling, and retail marketing, sales Network layer Applications Applications talent, Element layer creation, delivery software/servers, speed Network access Right-of-way, capacity, and bandwidth reliability, capital Data Cable Packet data Wireless Wireline Cable Wireless Wireline Regulated monopolies and Convergence of technologies oligopolies (circa 1996) Figure 1. Telecommunications industry structure evolution. truly converged infrastructures that provide voice, infrastructure, its movement toward packet-based data, and multimedia services over the same network technology, and the challenges network service using packet-based technologies in backbone net- providers face as it moves in that direction. The following works. This convergence of network infrastructure section, “Lucent Technologies Softswitch Technology,” technologies is being accompanied by a divergence of presents Lucent’s Softswitch as an approach to meet- business models, with specialized carriers emerging in ing these challenges. That section discusses the tech- many different niches (Figure 1). On the one hand, nology design philosophy, the network architectures, some of the major carriers are still building fully verti- and the systems architectures of the Lucent Softswitch. cally integrated service businesses. On the other hand, The Evolution of Public Communications Networks there is an emergence of three new types of business Today’s public switched telecommunications models: (1) the infrastructure provider model, which infrastructure consists of a variety of different net- leverages of rights of way and investment capital for works, technologies, and systems. Most of this is still construction; (2) the service applications provider the wireline circuit-switched infrastructure, repre- model, which leverages speed in creating new service sented in Figure 2. Analog local loops, usually after applications, together with the modern data-based being aggregated by a subscriber loop carrier, are con- infrastructures to deliver them; and (3) the service nected to a local (Class 5) switch where the connec- retailer and marketer model, which leverages brand tion carries both media and control signaling for all of image, marketing, and customer franchises. the aggregated loops. The local switch is connected The Lucent Technologies Softswitch is particularly through two separate networks to other toll/tandem useful to the business model involving infrastructure and local switches. One network of intermachine providers. The next section of this paper “The trunks (IMTs) carries the media in the form of 64-kb/s Evolution of Public Communications Networks,” char- time division multiplexed (TDM) streams. All of the acterizes the public switched telecommunications associated control information is carried on a separate 176
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