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View Article: Root Caries in the Geriatricpopulation: Epidemiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning and Modalities of Treatment

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View Article: Root Caries in the Geriatricpopulation: Epidemiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning and Modalities of Treatment AN INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF NOVEL POLYMERIC STRUCTURES ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONVENTIONAL GLASS-IONOMER CEMENTS THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alireza Moshaverinia, DDS ***** The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Scott R. Schricker, Adviser Dr. William A. Brantley Approved by Dr. William M. Johnston Dr. Dr Sarandeep S. Huja ____________________ Adviser Dentistry Graduate Program Copyright by Alireza Moshaverinia 2009 ABSTRACT Glass-ionomer cements were first introduced to dentistry in late 1960’s. They have proven to be useful in various areas of dental science, such as restorative dentistry. As aqueous polyelectrolyte systems, glass-ionomer cements have unique properties such as adhesion to moist tooth structure without any pretreatment, prolonged fluoride release which inhibits recurrent caries, acceptable aesthetics and biocompatibility, making these materials popular and desirable for restorative dentistry. However, they have some deficiencies such as poor mechanical properties and water sensitivity. Recently, there have been significant changes and modifications in the formulations of the acid and basic parts of the glass-ionomers, leading to enhanced mechanical and handling properties of the material. The overall objective of this study was the modification of the glass- ionomer cement composition in order to enhance their mechanical and handling properties. N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and N-vinylcaprolactam (NVC) were incorporated into glass-ionomer polymeric structure and the effects on mechanical and surface properties of the resulting cements were investigated. The effects of these novel formulations on mechanical and handling properties of glass-ionomer cements were studied. ii It was hypothesized that by increasing the degree of poly-salt bridge formations and cross-linking within the matrix of the set cement, the mechanical properties of glass-ionomer cements will be enhanced, which in turn, would make these kind of materials a proper choice for posterior tooth restoration and even as a bone grafting material in stress bearing areas. Based upon this research and previous studies, the hypothesis was not rejected. According to the current level of intensive research on the properties of the glass-ionomer cements, there is a strong hope to improve the clinically related properties of these materials. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife: Sahar, who has provided me with her endless love, support, and motivation. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Scott R. Schricker for his continuous support and guidance throughout my studies and research, also for his mentorship and most of all enthusiasm throughout my project. I would also like to thank Dr. William A. Brantley and William M. Johnston for their invaluable support and advice. They have been always there to listen and encourage me and I am deeply grateful to them for their ubiquitous role in all aspects of my academic career. Special thank you to Dr. Nima Roohpour for all the interesting discussions and collaborations during my studies both at QMUL and OSU. Also, for all of the technical support, I would like to thank Mr. Karl Kipp. Thanks for the friendship and support of my friends at OSU: Drs. Fengyuan Zheng, Brian Crouse and T.B.S. Thirumamagal. Many thanks to my lovely wife and my family for their unconditional love, support and encouragement, without which I would never have got this far. v VITA July 24, 1980……………………………Born – Mashhad, Iran March 2004……………………………...Doctor of Dental Surgery, Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Science, IRAN 2004-2006………………………………..Private Dental Practice 2006- 2007……………………………….Graduate Teaching Assistant (MPhil/PhD Student, Queen Mary University of London, UK) 2007 – present……………………………Graduate Research Associate, Section of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS AND PUBLICATIONS 1. A. Moshaverinia, F. Zheng, N. Roohpour, S. Ansari, and S. Schricker. Effects of N-vinylcaprolactam containing polyacids on fracture toughness of GICs. J Dent Res 2009; 88 (Special Issue A) Abstract No. 1032. 2. N. Roohpour, A. Moshaverinia, S. Qasim and I.U. Rehman. Development of a Novel Antibacterial Membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration. J Dent Res 2009; 88 (Special Issue A) Abstract No. 3253. vi 3. A. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour, S. Ansari, I. U. Rehman and S. R. Schricker. Synthesis and Characterisation of a Novel N-Vinylcaprolactam (NVC) Containing Acrylic Acid Terpolymer for Applications in Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements (GIC). CERMACS 2008, Abstract No. 134. American Chemical Society, 40th Central Regional Meeting. 4. A. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour, S. Ansari, M. Moshaverinia, I.U. Rehman and S. Schricker. Effects of N-vinylpyrrolidone containing polyelectrolytes on surface properties of GICs. J Dent Res 2008; 82 (Special Issue A) Abstract No. 203. 5. A. Moshaverinia, S. Ansari, Z. Movasaghi, R.W. Billington, JA Darr and I.U. Rehman. Mechanical Properties of GIC Modified with N-vinylpyrrolidone, Nano-hydroxy and Fluoroapatite. British Society for Dental Research NOF Joint Scientific Meeting, Abstract No. 145. 6. A. Moshaverinia, JA Darr and I.U. Rehman. 2008. Supercritical Fluid Processing. Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering. ed. Gary L. Bowlin, Gary Wnek. 2nd, 4. London, UK: Informa Healthcare. Pages: 2522-2530. 7. A. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour, S. Ansari, R.W. Billington, JA Darr and I.U. Rehman. Synthesis of N-vinylpyrrolidone modified acrylic acid copolymer in supercritical fluids and its application in dental glass-ionomer cements. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 19 (2008): 2705-2711. 8. A. Moshaverinia, S. Ansari, M. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour, J.A. Darr and I.U. Rehman. Effects of incorporation of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite nano- bioceramics into conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC). Acta Biomaterialia, 4 (2008): 432-440. 9. A. Moshaverinia, S. Ansari, Z. Movasaghi, R.W. Billington, JA Darr and I.U. Rehman. The mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomer cements modified with N-vinylpyrrolidone containing polyacids, nano-hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite. Dental Materials, 24 (2008): 1381-1390. 10. A. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour and I.U. Rehman. Synthesis and characterisation of a novel N-vinylcaprolactam (NVC) containing acrylic acid terpolymer for applications in glass-ionomer dental cements (GIC). Acta Biomaterialia, xxx (2009) xxx–xxx. 12. A. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour and I.U. Rehman. Synthesis and characterization of novel fast set proline derivative containing glass-ionomer vii cement with enhanced mechanical properties. Acta Biomaterialia, 5 (2009): 498-507. 13. A. Moshaverinia, N. Roohpour, J.A. Darr and I.U. Rehman. Synthesis of a proline modified acrylic acid copolymer insupercritical CO2 for glass-ionomer dental cement applications. Acta Biomaterialia xxx (2009) xxx–xxx. 14. A. Moshaverinia , F. Zheng, S.R. Schricker and A.R. Mohammad. Review Article: Root caries in the GeriatricPopulation: Epidemiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning and Modalities of Treatment. Dental Forum 2008, XXXVI (2): 63-70. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Dentistry Oral Biology – Biomaterials track viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract………………………………………………………………………….ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………....iv Acknowledgments………………………………………………………..……...v Vita……………………………………………………………………………...vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………..xii List of Figures…………………………………………………………...…….xiii Chapters: 1. Review of literature…………..………………………………………….1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….1 1.2 Chemical composition of glass-ionomers…………………………...2 1.2.1 Chemical composition of GIC powder……………………2 1.2.2 Chemical composition of GIC polyacid…………………..5 1.3 Setting reaction and its mechanism in GICs………………………...8 1.3.1 Ion leaching phase…………………………………………8 1.3.2 Gelation phase……………………………………………..9 1.3.3 Maturation phase…………………………………………11 1.4 Chemical structure of set cement…………………………………..12 1.5 Mechanical properties……………………………………………...14 1.6 Biological properties of glass-ionomer cements…………………...16 1.6.1 Interfacial properties and adhesion to tooth structure……16 1.6.2 Fluoride release…………………………………………..18 1.6.3 Biocompatibility…………………………………………19 1.7 Applications of glass-ionomers…………………………………….20 1.8 Resin modified glass-ionomer cement……...…………………….21 1.8.1 Composition of RMGICs………………………………...22 1.8.2 Setting reaction of RMGICs……………………………..23 1.8.3 Characteristics of RMGICs………………………………24 1.9 Poly phosphonate cements…………………………………………25 1.10 Amino acid containing glass-ionomer cements…………………..26 1.11 N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP)-containing GICs……………………..28 1.12 Modifications in GIC powder formulations………………………31 1.13 Summary and future aspects…………………………………….32 ix 2. Significance and Hypotheses…………………………………………..34 2.1. Significance………………………………………………………..34 2.2. Hypotheses………………………………………………………...34 3. N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP)-containing glass-ionomer cements…….….36 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………...36 3.2 Materials and methods……………………………………………..39 3.2.1 Materials…………………………………………………39 3.2.2 Methods…………………………………………………..39 3.2.2.1 Synthesis of NVP-containing polymer….. ….39 3.2.3 Characterization………………………………………….40 3.2.4 Formulation and evaluation of properties of GIC…….....42 3.2.4.1 Specimen preparation…………………………..42 3.2.4.2 Contact angle measurement……………………43
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