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The Trolley Coach Development and State Of s.·c.R.T.D. LIBRARY THE TROLLEY COACH DEVELOPMENT a STATE OF THE ART TASK I REPORT FOR THE ELECTRIC TROLLEY BUS FEASIBILITY STUDY DOT-UT- 80037 UMTA-IT-06-0193-79-1 OCTOBER 1979 I ;· I ,_,..i:_· __;,:··, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Urban Mass Transportation Administration Office of Policy, Budget and Program Development Washington D.C. 1·, D I S C L A I M E R The work described in this report has been sponsored by the U. S. Department of Transportation, Office of Policy, Budget and Program Development. The contents of the report, however, reflect the views of Chase, Rosen & Wallace, Inc. They are fully responsible for the facts, the accuracy of the data, and the conclusions expressed herein. The contents should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official views or policy of the Department of Transportation of the United States Government. Technical ~eport Oocumentotion Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Acc~ss i on No. 3 . Rec, p ient"s Coto l<> g No. UMTA-IT-06-0193-79-1 -4 . Title and Subtitle 5 . Report Date October 1979 The Trolley Coach Development and 6. Perform ing Organi zat,on Code State of the Art '""------------------1 1--------------------------------------! 8 . Performing Organ,zation Report No. 7 . Author1 s ) John D. Wilkins, Arthur Schwartz, Tom E. Parkinson 9. Performing Orgon i zo•,on Nome and Address 10 . Work Un it No. (TRAIS) Chase, Rosen & Wallace, Inc. IT-06-0193 901 North Washington Street 11. Contract or Grant No . Alexandria, Virginia 22314 DOT-UT-80037 13. Type of Report and Peri od Covered 1------------------------------------; 12 . Sponsoring Agency Name and Address U.S. Department of Transportation Task 1 Final Report Urban Mass Transportation Administration 400 Seventh Street, S.W. l-'. Span1ori ng Agency Cade Washington, D. C. 20590 15 . Supplementary Notes This report provides the results of the first task, of a two-task project, on the feasibility of electric trolley buses (trolley coaches). The Task 2 report for this project will contain the results of an evaluation of the viability of this mode for U.S. cities (i.e., marketability, costs, impacts, etc.). 16. Abstract This report contains a brief history of trolley coach operation in the United States and descriptions of currently operating trolley coach systems. Trolley coach technology is described and illustrated, including vehicles, propulsion and control systems and overhead wire and fittings. European and North American practice is contrasted. Operational characteristics of the trolley coach are described, including its suitability for applications in various situations and requirements for trolley coach system design. Environmental effects of trolley coach operation are analyzed, as are user impacts. Research needs are indicated. 17 . Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Trolley coach Available to the public through the Electric vehicle National Technical Information Service Overhead wire Springfield, Virginia 2216] Public transit 19. Security Clauif. (al this report) 20. Security Ciani/. (al thi • page) 21. Na. of Pagu 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 264 Form DOT F 1700.7 !8-72) Reproduction of completed poge outhorized Ot304 fF -:• i_.,._i:_-:_i{, ' ' ..i T H E T R O L L E Y C O A C H D E V E L O P M E N T & S T A T E O F T H E A R T TASK 1 REPORT FOR THE ELECTRIC TROLLEY BUS FEASIBILITY STUDY DOT-UT-80037 UMTA - IT-06-0193-79-1 October 1979 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Urban Mass Transportation Administration Office of Policy, Budget and Program Development Washington, D.C. 20590 Prepared by: CHASE, ROSEN & WALLACE, INC. 901 North Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 22314 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project involved the cooperation and assistance of many individuals in the Urban Mass Transportation Administration and in the transportation industry here and abroad. We would like to express our appreciation to Ms. Yvonne Griffin, Program Analyst, of the Office of Program Evaluation in the Urban Mass Transportation Administration, for her guidance and assistance in overall project direction. We also wish to thank Mr. Jimmy Yu of the Office of University Research and Training and Mr. Robert L. Abrams of the Office of Transit Assistance, in the Urban Mass Transportation Administration for their interest and support throughout this study. We are grateful to Messrs. Authur Schwartz and Edward A. Mierzejewski and to Tom E. Parkinson, consultant to the project, who provided considerable assistance in the preparation of this report. Lastly, we wish to acknowledge the many representatives of manu­ facturing firms and transit operators who generously gave their time and shared with us their professional knowledge. Although these individuals are not identified in this report, their contributions to this project are substantial. John D. Wilkins, Project Director i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.1 - DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS OF THE TROLLEY COACH Introduction 1 Early Development 2 Early Transit Applications 3 Adaption by the Transit Industry 4 Decline from the Summit 15 Background to Case Histories 21 Boston 22 Dayton 25 Philadelphia 26 Seattle 30 San Francisco 33 Edmonton 34 Vancouver 38 Toronto 42 Hamilton 45 Calgary 47 The European Experience 48 Trolley Coach Situation in Other Locales 50 Summary of Trolley Coach Experience and Prospects 51 Specific Factors Influencing Trolley Coach Retention and Conversion 51 References 54 CHAPTER 1.2 - STATE OF THE ART Introduction 55 Motor Voltage Control Systems 55 Introduction 55 System Basics 55 Switched Resistor Control 57 Thyristor Chopper Control 58 Pulse Width Modulation with AC Motors 60 Specific Control Systems 61 North American Designs 61 European Trolley Coach Control Designs 69 Trolley Coach Motors 79 Trolley Coach Braking Systems 81 A Comparison of Trolley Coach Energy Consumption 84 Conclusions 84 Future Technical Trends 84 Off-wire Trolley Coach Operation 86 Battery Operation 88 Flywheels 90 Petrochemicals 90 Combinations of the Above 92 Summary 92 ii Table of Contents (continued) Chapter 1.2 - State of the Art Vehicles 95 Principal Differences 95 New Generation Vehicles - U.S. and Canada 100 New Generation Vehicles - European 101 Articulated Vehicles 105 Transbus Requirements 133 Power Distribution - Contact Wire System 133 Background 133 Components of the Contact Wire System 134 Typical Wire Configuration 141 Rigid and Elastic Contact Wire Systems 144 Ohio Brass (OB) System 147 Kummler & Matter (K&M) System 157 Furrer and Frey (F&F) 164 Delachaux 167 Comparison of OB and K&M Systems 167 Current Collection System 170 Automatic Retriever System 176 Power Supply for Trolley Coaches 178 Power Requirements 179 Feeder Type 182 Voltage Regulation 182 Substation Spacing 186 Substation Reliability 187 Protective Relaying 187 Supervisory Control 188 Regeneration 189 References 190 CHAPTER 1.3 - OPERATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION Operating Performance and Speed 191 Introduction 191 Performance Characteristics 192 Street Performance 195 Conclusions 197 Reliability 199 Availability 199 Service Failure 199 Vehicle Requirements and Capacity 202 Vehicle Requirements 202 Capacity 203 Air Pollution Characteristics 204 Noise Characteristics 206 Energy Characteristics 211 References 213 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.4 - INTEGRATION AND POTENTIAL FOR UPGRADING Introduction 215 Service Design 215 Route Configuration 218 Express Operation 220 System Flexibility 223 Operations and Maintenance 225 Vehicle Maintenance 225 Servicing 232 Storage 234 Power Distribution, Operation and Maintenance 235 Training of Operating Personnel 238 Scheduling 240 Organizational Changes 240 Feasibility of Trolley Coaches for Exclusive Right of Way 241 Background 241 Differences in Right of Way Requirements 241 Suitability of TC's for Diff~rent Right of Way Configurations 243 Variations Due to Usage Level 246 Conversion of Trolley Coach Rights of Way to Rail Operation 247 References 248 CHAPTER 1.5 - IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH NEEDS Introduction 249 Off Wire Capability 249 Current Collection for High Speed Operation 251 Propulsion Control Systems 252 Routing Control 253 Passenger Preference 254 iv LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1.1 - DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS OF THE TROLLEY COACH Figure 1.1-1 New Trolley Coach Systems, 1928-1952 5 1.1-2 Mode Application, Pre-World War II Era 8 1.1-3 Comparison of Maximum Load Checks Before and After 13 TC Conversion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1.1-4 Abandonment of Trolley Coach Systems, 1945-Present 16 1.1-5 Life Span of Selected Trolley Coach Operators 17 1.1-6 Trolley Coach Routes of Boston 24 1.1-7 Trolley Coach Routes of Dayton 27 1.1-8 Trolley Coach Routes of Philadelphia 29 1.1-9 Trolley Coach Routes of Seattle 32 1.1-10 Trolley Coach Routes of San Francisco 35 1.1-11 Trolley Coach Routes of Edmonton 37 1.1-12 Trolley Coach Routes of Vancouver 40 1.1-13 Trolley Coach Routes of Toronto 44 1.1-14 Trolley Coach Routes of Hamilton 46 LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1.1 - DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS OF THE TROLLEY COACH Table 1.1-1 Surface Transportation Vehicles in the United States 6 1.1-2 Comparison of Operating Cost by Mode 10 1.1-3 Comparison of Trolley Coach and Motor Coach 10 Operating Costs 1.1-4 Ridership Increases Attributed to New Trolley Coach 12 Services 1.1-5 New Increase in Ridership Due to Conversion 12 Milwaukee TC Lines 1.1-6 Trolley Coach Purchases Since 1970 21 V LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1.2 - STATE OF THE ART Figure 1.2-1 General Electric Type MRC Control 62 1.2-2 Control Pedal Positions - GE MRC Control 63 1.2-3 Control Schematics - GE MRC Control 64 1.2-4 Randtronics Chopper Controller TBC 500-600 67 Power Circuit Diagram 1.2-5 BBC/Secheron Chopper Installed Under Body 69 1.2-6 Brown Boveri Chopper Control Simplified System 71 for Vancouver, Canada 1.2-7 Oy Stromberg Ab. Schematic Circuit for a PWM System 72 1.2-8 CEM-Oerlikon (France) Basic Control Circuit for 74 Berliet ERlOO Trolley Coach 1.
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