Space Technology Mission Directorate Briefing

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites

Presented by: Dr. Michael Gazarik Associate Administrator, Space Technology Mission Directorate

August 12, 2013

www.nasa.gov/spacetech Why Invest in Space Technology?

• Enables a new class of NASA missions Addresses National Needs beyond low Earth Orbit. A generation of studies and reports • Delivers innovative solutions that (40+ since 1980) document the need dramatically improve technological for regular investment in new, capabilities for NASA and the Nation. transformative space • Develops technologies and capabilities that technologies. make NASA’s missions more affordable and more reliable. • Invests in the economy by creating markets and spurring innovation for traditional and emerging aerospace business. • Engages the brightest minds from academia in solving NASA’s tough technological challenges. Who: Value to NASA Value to the Nation The NASA Workforce Academia Industry & Small Businesses Other Government Agencies

The Broader Aerospace Enterprise 2 Challenges for Deep Space Exploration Trends in Space Technology Pioneering Transformative & Creating Markets & Concepts/ Crosscutting Growing Innovation Developing Technology Economy Innovation Breakthroughs Community Space TechnologySpace Portfolio Centennial Challenges Research Grant Development (ETD/CSTD) SpaceTechnology Game Game Changing (CSTD) Early Stage Innovation Innovation EarlyStage (CSTD) TechnologyTransfer (SBIR/STTR) Research Small Small Business Innovation Missions Missions (ETD/CSTD) AdvancedConcepts NASAInnovative (NIAC) Demonstration Technology & Small Small Business (CSTD) Flight Flight Opportunities Technologies(CSTD) Program (CSTD) Center Small Small Spacecraft Fund Innovation (CSTD) 5 FY2014 Big Nine

6 Space Technology Major Events & Milestones

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Solar Sail

CPOD HIAD IRVE 3 Cryogenic Telerobotics Propellant

Atomic Clock Laser Telerobotics PhoneSat Communications Telerobotics SEP Demo Mission Future Planning ISARA

Edison Demo Green SmallSat Propellant OCSD MEDLI

Supersonic Inflatable Supersonic Aerodynamic Inflatable Decelerator Aerodynamic Decelerator 7 STMD Involvement in Small Spacecraft

Small Spacecraft Technology (Combination of former Franklin and Edison Programs) - 2 directed flight projects: PhoneSat and EDSN (FY12-14) - 3 flight projects from FY12 BAA (FY13-15) - FY13 NRA in partnership with Flight Opportunities - Propulsion Systems & Small Earth Return Vehicles (~$1M) - Smallsat Technology Partnerships – FY13 pilot ($1.5M + 10 FTE)

Game Changing Development - General cross-cutting technology development - FY13 NRA for Miniaturized Electrospray Propulsion (~$5M)

SBIR/STTR - Existing subtopics for small spacecraft technology

Flight Opportunities - Technology payload development and test opportunities (FY13 NRA, etc.)

Centennial Challenges - Several relevant prize competitions in formulation

NIAC General cross-cutting concept & technology development Space Technology Research Grants and some small spacecraft projects Center Innovation Fund

STMD also supports the CubeSat Launch Initiative in HEOMD and the HOPE Program with SMD and OCE

8 Small Spacecraft Technology (SST) Program Objectives

Advance the capabilities of small spacecraft to support NASA missions in science, exploration and space operations • to accelerate the introduction of new technologies and capabilities • to perform missions or examine phenomena not possible otherwise • to unleash NASA’s unique capabilities and assets into the already vibrant small spacecraft community SST Flight Projects

2013 2014 2015

ISARA

EDSN CPOD PhoneSat 1/2b OCSD ISARA (Integrated OCSD (Optical PhoneSat EDSN (Edison Solar Array & CPOD (Cubesat Communication & Demonstration of Reflectarray Antenna) Proximity Sensor Smartphone-based SmallSat Networks Operations Demonstration) avionics Increased bandwidth for Demonstration) 8 cubesat swarm operating Ka-band using the back Space-to-ground laser Led by NASA Ames as a network for distributed of the solar array as a Proximity operations communications, low- Research Center sensing & communication radio antenna reflector and docking with two cost navigation 3U cubesats Lifecycle Cost: $850K Led by NASA Ames Led by JPL with sensors with two 1.5U cubesats Research Center with NASA Pumpkin, Inc. and NRL Led by Tyvak, LLC Mission Completed: MSFC, Montana State U. & Led by Aerospace April 21-27, 2013 Santa Clara U. Lifecycle Cost: $5.5M Lifecycle Cost: $13.5M Corp. Lifecycle Cost: $11.9M Launch: 2014 Launch: 2015 Lifecycle Cost: $3.6M Launch: 2014 Launch: 2014

10 Successful PhoneSat Mission – April 21 – 26, 2013

PhoneSat Team – NASA Ames Research Center

“Graham” “Bell”PhoneSat 1.0 “Alexander” PhoneSat 1.0 with Iridium experiment PhoneSat 2.0b Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (EDSN)

Team Eight low-cost 1.5U cubesats to demonstrate the NASA Ames Research Center operation of intra-swarm communications and coordinated multi-point science observations. Partners: Montana State University – Payload Launch planned for 2014 from Hawaii on Super Santa Clara University – Ground Station Strypi launch vehicle NASA Marshall Space Flight Center SmallSat Technology University Partnerships – 2013 Awards

Proposal Title Universities NASA Partners Space Optical Communications Using Laser Beam University Of Rochester ARC Amplification Printing the Complete CubeSat University Of New Mexico GRC University of Texas-El Paso, Drake State Technical College SmallSat Low Mass, Extreme Low Temperature Energy California State University- JPL Storage Northridge High Rate Cubesat X-band/S-band Communication University Of Colorado GSFC System Propulsion System and Orbit Maneuver Integration in Western Michigan University, JPL CubeSats University of Michigan CubeSat Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking Software University Of Texas JSC (CARDS) Film-Evaporation MEMS Tunable Array for PicoSat Purdue University GSFC Propulsion and Thermal Control Radiation Tolerant, FPGA-based SmallSat Computer Montana State University GSFC System An Integrated Precision Attitude Determination and University Of Florida LARC Control System Development of Novel Integrated Antennas for University Of Houston JSC CubeSats Mini Fourier-Transform Spectrometer for Cubesat- Appalachian State University, GSFC Based Remote Sensing University of Maryland- Baltimore County COmpressive Sensing for Advanced Imaging and Texas A&M University LARC Navigation SmallSat Precision Navigation With Low-Cost MEMS West Virginia University, JSC IMU Swarms Marquette University Why Miniaturized Electrospray Propulsion ?

The obvious, …. Small Sats  Current micro-propulsion systems are heavy and inefficient  8 MEP 100mN thrusters on a cube sat will provide:

• 1000 m/s of ΔV at 5000 s Isp with 60 grams of propellant - for 7 degree inclination change - for 2000 km orbit transfer (raise + de-orbit or many orbit changes)

The not so obvious, …. Large structures requiring fine or low noise pointing  Current propulsion options cannot be distributed along deployable structures  Limits control system performance and can induce vibrations  MEP modules enable highly distributed thrust for precision pointing of large deployable structures  MEP thruster development leverages the SMD LISA project investment in electrospray thrusters for fine pointing

The logical extension, ….Attitude Control and Reaction Wheel Alternatives  S/C are routinely plagued with reaction wheel failures; vibrations limit performance and/or require isolation  MEP Modules have the potential to remove need for reaction wheels which can result in > 14% reduction in system mass Miniaturized Electrospray Propulsion (MEP) The Basic Concept

Applied electric field extracts and accelerates charged ions or droplets – Creates ~0.1-10 micro-newtons/emitter – Propellant reservoir and feed system are based on capillary forces (no moving parts) – Capillary feed system elements are integrated into the microfabricated components to feed array of emitters

System is inherently scalable – Each emitter runs in parallel; scaling up thrust equates to adding more emitters – Thrust can be manipulated via regulation of voltage and current like standard EP system

1 mm

19 mm

Micro-fabricated Emitter Array

STMD MEP Project Pushing the State of the Art

Electrospray thrusters have been flight qualified by NASA for Space Technology 7 Recent STMD MEP Project Selectees Mission

1 cm Conventional Emitter Array Thruster Head Busek Thruster Busek Electrospray Thruster JPL Thruster Size: ~25 x 25 x 38 cm Emitters: 9 STMD MEP System Goals: Thrust: 4-30 µN Mass: > 2 kg (head, reservoir, Specific Impulse (Isp) >1500 valve, PPU) Thrust >100uN Power <10W System Efficiency >70% System Mass <100g System Volume <100cm3 MIT Thruster

Microfabricated components, microfluidic flow control and microelectronics enable >10X improvement in thrust range, mass, volume and cost over SOA. Virgin Galactic 2014 XCOR Aerospace Spaceport 2014 America Midland, TX SS1 2004 3 Flights

UP Aerospace Spaceport America Operational 2006 11 Launches to-date Armadillo Whittinghill Masten Space Aerospace Aerospace Systems Spaceport TBD Xaero 2014 America 2014 Mojave, CA 2014 Xombie 2009 Lunar Lander Ch. 5 Flights for FO

Near Space Corp Tillamook, OR Operational 1996 Zero-G Corp 160+ Flights Ellington to-date Field, TX Operational 2008 Who Wants to Fly?

By Lead Principal Investigator’s Organization

18 Launch Portal

• To help Cubesat Rideshare community, STMD in collaboration with The Aerospace Corp and SMC’s Space Test Program has established a launch portal website to bring developers and providers together • What it is: a searchable web-based database to allow Cubesat developers to search for a list of candidate launch providers and vice-versa; provides POC for launch opportunity. • What it isn’t: – It is NOT an endorsement of launch providers or Cubesat missions – It is NOT an online marketplace – It is NOT a source of technical data • URL - http://launchportal.arc.nasa.gov (expected “go live” August 31, 2013) Launch Portal (cont’d)

• Benefits of use: – For a Cubesat developer, more likely to find a launch or a backup launch if first opportunity does not materialize – For a launch provider, more likely to fill up opportunity slots – Expectation is for more Cubesat missions in the next two years than in the last ten years. The community needs to embrace standard processes to avoid confusion and potential backlash. – Capability will evolve to include ALL rideshares (Cubesat, ESPA-class, duel manifest, etc.) in near future • See a beta version demonstration (visit STMD/Aerospace Corporation booths) New Hardware in Advancing Space Technology

BIRD focal Low Density Deep Space plane arrays Supersonic Atomic Clock MSL heat shield with Decelerator Proof Test instrumentation Cryogenic tank PhoneSat

Additive Manufacturing

Green Propellant 22N thruster Telerobotic Systems

Inflatable Re-entry Regolith Advanced Vehicle Surface Systems Experiment Operations Robot Exoskeleton (RASSOR) Solar Sail and Boom Fab Technology Demonstration and Testing

Laser Communication Relay Demonstration

Reduced Liquid Hydrogen boil off test Mike Fossum with Smart SPHERES checkout

Deep Space Atomic Clock

Low Density Supersonic Decelerator ARC Jet Testing Sled Test

K10 rover deploying MSL Launch and MEDLI measurements 22 polyimide film LCAT Stagnation Test (50 W/cm2) successfully completed Space Tech Role in Agency Asteroid Strategy

Early Stage programs will foster innovation regarding: – Asteroid detection, characterization and mitigation for planetary defense and asteroid retrieval mission target selection – Asteroid proximity operations and resource utilization techniques

Game Changing will complete high power SEP tech development: – Advanced solar array systems – Advanced magnetic shielded Hall thrusters – Power processing units (PPUs)

Technology Demonstration Missions will develop, test and demonstrate the SEP system as part of the retrieval mission: – 30kW – 50 kW advanced solar arrays – Magnetically shielded Hall thrusters & Power Processing – Xenon propellant tanks

Additional Asteroid Retrieval funding in FY2014 will cover: – Flight hardware solar array procurements – Hall thruster engineering development units – Design of Xenon propellant tanks

23 First Steps Towards Mars

Asteroid Long Stay Humans to Mission Humans to Redirect In Deep Mars Mars Orbit Sequence Mission Space Surface STMD/ETD ISRU & Surface Power X Investments Surface Habitat X EDL, Human Lander X HEOMD/ESD/AES Aero-capture X X Investments Adv. Upper Stage w Cryo- X X Prop storage & Transfer HEOMD/ESD/AES + Deep Space Habitat (DSH) X X X STMD/ETD Investments High Reliability ECLSS X X X Autonomous Assembly X X X SEP for Cargo / Logistics X X X X Deep Space GNC X X X X Crew Operations beyond X X X X LEO (Orion) Crew Return from Beyond X X X X LEO – HS Entry (Orion) Heavy Lift to Beyond LEO X X X X (SLS) 24 25 26 Collaborations with Other Government Agencies

Currently, significant engagements include:  Green Propellant Infusion Mission partnership with Air Force Research Laboratory propellant and rideshare with DoD’s Space Test Program (STP)  Solar Sail Demonstration partnership with NOAA and rideshare with Air Force  Soldier-Warfighter Operationally Responsive Deployer for Space (SWORDS) low-cost nano-launch system with Army  UAS Airspace Operations Prize Challenge coordinated with FAA  Working with the USAF Operationally Responsive Space Office (ORS) for launch accommodations for the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (EDSN) mission.  Partnership for Ohio’s first hydrogen generating fueling station with Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority to power city bus  Partnership with DARPA on “Next Generation Humanoid for Disaster Response”  In discussion with Department of Veteran Affairs for a collaborative project with “Exoskeleton” from our Human Robotics Systems Program Working Together to Innovate National Aeronautics and Space Administration

More Information at: www.nasa.gov/spacetech