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Identification of Priority Habitats for Conservation of the Sierra Madre Sparrow Xenospiza Baileyi in Mexico

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Identification of Priority Habitats for Conservation of the Sierra Madre Sparrow Xenospiza Baileyi in Mexico Oryx Vol 40 No 2 April 2006 Identification of priority habitats for conservation of the Sierra Madre sparrow Xenospiza baileyi in Mexico Leonardo Cabrera-García, José Alejandro Velázquez Montes and Martha Elena Escamilla Weinmann Abstract The Sierra Madre sparrow Xenospiza baileyi, burning and grazing activities and agricultural encroa- categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is chment have restricted sparrow occupancy. Landscape endemic to Mexico. The subalpine bunch grasslands analysis helped to delineate core grassland areas for the of the Transverse Volcanic Belt in the south of the Valley species and grassland strips and islands that could of Mexico are the last remaining habitat of this species. potentially act as habitat corridors. From the information We conducted a detailed survey for the Sierra Madre generated in this study, which was shared with the local communities, we are establishing a participatory socio- sparrow using the point count method, and then des- ecological investigation for conservation of the Sierra cribed the species’ habitat using a phytosociological Madre sparrow’s habitat. approach. The two sets of information were pooled into a single analytical framework to identify priority habitats Keywords Festuca lugens, grassland birds, Mexico, for the species. Eight vegetation communities were dis- Milpa Alta, San Juan Tlacotenco, Xenospiza baileyi. tinguished. The Festuca lugens-Muhlenbergia quadridentata and Stipa ichu bunch grassland communities had the This paper contains supplementary material that can highest densities of the Sierra Madre sparrow. Intensive only be found online at http://journals.cambridge.org Introduction grassland have been reduced by 50% in the last 10 years (Cabrera, 1999; Velázquez & Romero, 1999; González, Habitat loss and fragmentation are recognized as the 2000) and are fragmented and disturbed as a conse- main threats to biodiversity (Mayr, 2000), and innova- quence of agricultural encroachment (mainly cultivation tive, participatory and adaptive methods are urgently of oats and potatoes), intensification of livestock pro- required to slow down the loss of species (Velázquez duction, inappropriate fire management, exotic tree et al., 2003). The endemic Mexican Sierra Madre sparrow plantations, and urban expansion of Mexico City. Xenospiza baileyi (Bangs, 1931) is known only from Sierra Most studies of the Sierra Madre sparrow have con- Madre Occidental (the high mountains of southern cerned its taxonomy, distribution and natural history Durango and northern Jalisco) and the south-central (Pitelka, 1947; Dickerman et al., 1967; Oliveras de Ita Transverse Volcanic Belt (in the Distrito Federal-Morelos et al., 2001) and mostly in only one locality, La Cima, near Estate; Collar et al., 1992; Cabrera, 1999). The northern Mexico City. La Cima was previously considered to be range of the species’ habitat has been transformed into the only site inhabited by the Sierra Madre sparrow agricultural lands and therefore the subalpine bunch (Wilson & Ceballos-Lascurain, 1993), although there had grasslands of the Transverse Volcanic Belt are the last not been a systematic survey for the species. Because remaining habitat for Xenospiza baileyi (Cabrera & of the limited availability of suitable habitat, the Sierra Navarro-Sigüenza, 2000). Areas of subalpine bunch Madre sparrow is both a high conservation and research priority (BirdLife International, 2000). Inappropriate Leonardo Cabrera-García* (Corresponding author) Laboratorio de management is causing a continuing and rapid decline Biogeografía, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n., Ciudad and it is therefore categorized as Endangered on the Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México. E-mail [email protected] IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2004). Here we present the results José Alejandro Velázquez Montes Unidad Académica de Geografía, of a detailed survey for the Sierra Madre sparrow, Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, Aquiles Serdán 382, Morelia Michoacán describe its habitat, and present a landscape analysis for 58000, México. the prioritization of conservation areas for the species. Martha Elena Escamilla Weinmann Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad en México, Mexico. Study area *Current address: Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada. The altitude of the southern Valley of Mexico is 2,950– Received 1 June 2004. Revision requested 9 September 2004. 3,600 m (Velázquez & Romero, 1999; Fig. 1). Climate is Accepted 7 March 2005. temperate, sub-humid, mild to cool, with a mean annual 211 © 2006 FFI, Oryx, 40(2), 211–217 doi:10.1017/S0030605306000615 Printed in the United Kingdom Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.76, on 23 Sep 2021 at 14:16:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000615 212 L. Cabrera-García et al. Fig. 1 The study area in the southern Valley of Mexico, with location of bunch grasslands and other land cover types. temperature of c. 16dC and a mean annual rainfall of abundance per plot in each vegetation community (see c. 800 mm. The area has c. 3,000 plant and 350 vertebrate below) were used to define the habitat of the Sierra species (Fa & Morales, 1993; Velázquez & Romero, 1999). Madre sparrow, following Freemark & Rogers (1995), Subalpine bunch grasslands or zacatonales (the regional Velázquez (1993), Velázquez & Heil (1996) and Huff et al. vernacular name of bunch grassland) are restricted to flat (2000). valley bottoms with little or no tree cover (Rzedowski, 1978). Land tenure on the zacatonales is principally Vegetation survey communal. Traditional governance institutions regulate access and use of natural resources for community In areas where we located the Sierra Madre sparrow we members. Main land uses and managerial practices are carried out vegetation surveys, from September 1998 to livestock grazing (cows and sheep). Grasslands have September 1999, using the phytosociological method of traditionally been burned by local herders to produce Braun-Blanquet (1932), modified for this type of survey fresh pasture. The communities also rely on the grass- (Velázquez, 1993). A stratified random strategy was used lands for mushrooms, medicinal plants, and materials to sample all distinctive plant communities (subalpine for construction and craft products for sale and trade. grasslands, agricultural fields and pine forest). Relevés were established on identifiable grassland units fol- lowing homogeneity criteria (Velázquez, 1993). In total Methods 68 relevés were surveyed (Müeller-Dombois & Estimates of Sierra Madre sparrow abundance Ellenberg, 1974). The number of relevés per physiogno- mic type varied in accordance with the proportional area We systematically surveyed the whole southern region occupied and the species richness accumulation criteria of the Valley of Mexico (>1,000 km2) in the summer (Velázquez, 1993). The relevés were 10 * 10 m in all plant of 1998 to determine the occurrence of the Sierra Madre communities, with the exception of some linear grass- sparrow. The abundance of the Sierra Madre sparrow land remnants, where the size was c. 42 m2. In each relevé was estimated using the fixed-radius point count method the following data were gathered: a complete list of the (sensu Hutto et al., 1986) in a total of 120 plots. Plots were vascular plant species, an estimation of the percentage located in a net-like design, 200 m apart, and surveyed cover of each species, of rock, litter, bare ground, and of from sunrise until 10.00 in all directions (sensu Freemark each vegetation layer. All habitat disturbance factors & Rogers, 1995), avoiding extremely rainy or windy (grazing, burning and trampling) were noted. Grazing days. All plots were geo-referenced. Vocalizations of was considered to be present if traces were seen. Burning the Sierra Madre sparrow within a plot were taken as was considered to be present if ash traces were found in evidence of the species’ presence. The total number of the vegetation or on the ground. Trampling was consid- individual birds observed or heard and mean bird ered to be present if soil had cow or sheep footprints © 2006 FFI, Oryx, 40(2), 211–217 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.76, on 23 Sep 2021 at 14:16:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000615 Sierra Madre sparrow 213 and/or there was evidence of compacted soil. The loca- following recommendations from other bird studies tion of each relevé was determined with a global (Huff et al., 2000; Lusk et al., 2003). We computed mean positioning system. Vascular plant specimens were iden- Sierra Madre sparrow abundance per survey plot tified and deposited in the Herbarium Agustína Batalla and 95% confidence intervals from 1,000 resampling (FCME, UNAM, México, D.F.). iterations using the software Pop Tools (Hood, 2003). Landscape analysis Sharing information at the local level A set of 25 aerial photographs (1997; scale 1:35,000) was Milpa Alta and San Juan Tlacotenco local community key interpreted to delineate land cover types, following members and local environmental authorities were Haines-Young et al. (1993). From the aerial photographs contacted at the beginning of the study to inform them we drew a geo-referenced and oriented photo mosaic, about the
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