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Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Dipart. Di Scienze Amb., Informatica E Statistica Polo Scientifico Via Torino Loud < Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Dipart. di Scienze Amb., Informatica e Statistica Polo Scientifico via Torino << CONSTRUINDO UMA EXPERIÊNCIA IMERSIVA DE APRENDIZAGEM A DISTÂNCIA ALÉM DOS CURSOS ONLINE ABERTOS E MASSIVOS COM WEBCONFERÊNCIA, MÉTODO SOCRÁTICO, APRENDIZAGEM BASEADA EM PROBLEMAS E AS REDES SOCIAIS Building an Immersive Distance Learning Experience beyond Massive Open Online Courses with Web Conferencing, Socratic Method, Problem-Based Learning and Social Networks Rogério L. Roth, Ph.D. posdoctor at gmail.com rogerio.roth at unive.it RELATÓRIO FINAL DAS ATIVIDADES ESTÁGIO PÓS-DOUTORAL CSF 2 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Período: 01/03/2014 à 31/03/2016 BEX 11542/13-6 http://www.capes.gov.br Centro de Destino: Università Ca' Foscari Venezia (UNIVE), http://www.unive.it Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, http://www.unive.it/dais Polo Scientifico via Torino Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre Venezia, Veneto, Italia Veneza, abril de 2016 Prefácio “Onde você está agora? Em algum lugar quente? Seguro? Próximo a alguém que você ama? E se tudo isso sumisse, e a única coisa a fazer fosse sobreviver? Você sobreviveria, não é? Você tentaria. Você faria coisas... Até perder a última coisa que te sobrou: você mesmo. Mas e se você pudesse voltar atrás? Recuperar tudo? Um botão de reiniciar. Você apertaria, não é? Você teria que apertar, mesmo se não quisesse. Porque, às vezes, a escolha nem é sua, é o destino.” (12 Monkeys, S01E13) A integração das tecnologias já passou por diversas fases, do otimismo exacerbado com excesso de promessas à decepção com as realidades, possibilidades e práticas cotidianas. Dessa forma, o processo intrinsecamente interdisciplinar da efetiva integração à prática docente universitária é cada vez menos frequente e distópico, representado por um retrocesso ou ausência destas práticas. A alternativa ao modelo vigente pode estar em uma volta ao passado, não ignorando as tecnologias, mas realizando uma releitura das boas práticas de ensino, estabelecendo conexões e adaptando-as às necessidades e realidades locais. A mesma tecnologia que massificou de forma virtual a universidade pode dar as respostas e indicar um caminho de volta à qualidade, mas a adoção e a efetiva utilização de modismos sem um contexto prévio de experimentação, testagem, proteção e lógica de utilização podem trazer resultados diversos dos esperados impactando negativamente o uso das tecnologias para apoiar a educação. Massificar, descentralizar e popularizar deveriam ser os objetivos do ensino superior, mas institucionalizar as práticas da educação mediada pelas diversas tecnologias em uma determinada universidade é muito mais do que instalar uma versão de um sistema de gestão da aprendizagem, que não atraem mais tanta atenção e viraram parte do cenário. A inclusão destas tecnologias nos processos educacionais nem sempre é tarefa fácil, sendo necessário que os professores estudem sua realidade e, se necessário, adotem algum modelo de integração. Alguns professores parecem saber como e por que usar a tecnologia, mas a integração eficaz ainda ilude muitos deles. O fundamental é que para trabalharmos determinado conteúdo necessitamos conhecê-lo bem, as tecnologias e a forma didática como utilizar as mesmas. Não necessitamos seguir um determinado modelo de integração tecnológica para utilizarmos as tecnologias, porque nem todos os professores se adaptam a elas e todos os modelos passam a impressão de uma prescrição que tenta definir o que deve ter mais ou menos importância no cenário. Considerando que a prática aleatória surgiu antes dos modelos propostos, estes tentam padronizar o que não deveria ser padronizado, ou seja, produzir uma receita de bolo a ser replicada. 2 Agradecimentos “Eu perdi alguém. E fiquei tão bravo que eu não queria ir a uma igreja e assistir ao show. Todas aquelas pessoas talvez elas se importassem, talvez não. Mas não há um dia em que eu não me arrependa por não ter dado adeus.” (Under the Dome, S02E02) Apesar das características diferenciadas deste tipo de trabalho, muitas pessoas me auxiliaram de alguma forma, em algum momento, desde o início até o final. Agradeço especialmente ao Prof. Flavio Sartoretto pelo apoio em todas as etapas... Ao Prof. Michele Bugliesi (como Diretor e posteriormente Reitor) e aos Professores, Alunos e Funcionários, principalmente aqueles vinculados ao Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Informática e Estatística, do Polo Scientifico Via Torino. Ao Prof. Umberto Margiotta e ao Prof. Carlo Carraro (ex-Reitor), que me concedeu o título de Pesquisador Visitante. À Universidade Ca' Foscari de Veneza que se disponibilizou para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Correndo o risco de omissões cito aqueles que no momento me vem à lembrança, agrupados em ordem alfabética, sem nenhuma ordem de importância ou temporal. Muito obrigado a Adilson Passos da Costa Marques, Alberto Piotto, Alessandra Ori, André da Silva Castro, André de Oliveira Dornelles, Anita Mazurek, Claudia Grespi, Danielle Queiroz Castro, Domingos de Mello Aymone Filho, Enrico Sartor, Francesca Rosina, Ilaria Pistorello, Ivone Umar, João Figueira Martins, Laura Cappellesso, Luciano Peixoto Lopes, Mauro Nicola Póvoas, Nataliya & Misha Prylypko, Patrizia Resente, Valéria Brasil, Valeria Cristina Lima Carvalho, Victor Konrad Abraminko, Virginia Pafundi e Wilson Schuelter. Por último, mas não menos importante, agradeço pelo apoio às candidaturas CSF 2: Prof. John Hartley, Curtin University (Austrália); Prof. Olga Smolyaninova, Siberian Federal University (Rússia); Prof. Janni Nielsen, Copenhagen Business School (Dinamarca). No período entre março de 2014 e março de 2016, contamos com o apoio financeiro da CAPES através da bolsa de pesquisa BEX 11542/13-6. Em memória de Ernesto, Yedda, Beto e Babalú (nada será como antes). Em memória de Umberto Eco (perdi um ídolo da high-brow). 3 Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar e descrever os diferentes modelos de integração de tecnologia (plataformas, ambientes, metodologias) no suporte às praticas educacionais à distância e/ou mediadas pelas tecnologias; e a prospecção e identificação de novas possibilidades que agreguem simultaneamente, soluções baseadas em vídeo (webconferência), aprendizagem baseada em problemas, redes sociais e método socrático. Se por um lado a ubiquidade da internet permitiu a invasão de nossas privacidades, também criou uma infinidade de oportunidades de aprendizado e trabalho. Foi desta forma que a Khan Academy começou, para proporcionar uma educação gratuita e de alta qualidade para todos, em qualquer lugar. No entanto, o envolvimento dos clientes poderia ser estimulado através de um método provocativo, conhecido como Socrático, que reflete como a cognição humana tem se desenvolvido. Com certeza é necessária uma releitura, uma renovação para adaptá-lo às necessidades e possibilidades tecnológicas atuais que, de modo inexorável, remete à onipresença dos vídeos e das videoconferências e sem os quais todos os sistemas relacionados à tecnologia digital educacional permanecem indiferentes aos stakeholders. Palavras-chave: e-recursos, estratégias, integração das tecnologias, método socrático, metodologias, modelos de referência, paradoxo, releitura. Abstract This research aimed to study and describe the different models of technology integration (platforms, environments, methodologies) in supporting distance educational practices and/or mediated by technologies; and the prospecting and identifying new opportunities that add simultaneously, video-based solutions (web conferencing), problem-based learning, social networking and Socratic method. If on one hand the ubiquity of the internet allowed the invasion of our privacy, also created a plethora of learning and work opportunities. This is how the Khan Academy got started, to provide a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. However, the involvement of customers could be stimulated through a provocative method, known as Socratic, which reflects how human cognition has been developed. Certainly is necessary a rereading, a recycling to adapt it to the needs and current technological possibilities that, so inexorable, refers to the omnipresence of videos and videoconferencing and without which all systems related to digital educational technology remain indifferent to stakeholders. Keywords: e-resources, methodologies, paradox, rereading, role models, socratic method, strategies, technology integration. 4 Índice Prefácio 2 Agradecimentos 3 Resumo / Abstract 4 A Integração da Tecnologia numa Encruzilhada: Beco sem Saída 6 ou Novos Horizontes? 1. De volta ao passado: aulas expositivas, quadro-negro e giz 2. Ambientes de Aprendizagem & Plataformas 3. Vídeo & Videoconferências 4. Ambientes presenciais 5. Modelos relevantes Os Impactos sobre o Panorama Educacional diante das Ofertas 31 Gratuitas da Internet, Armadilhas e Vigilância, que Ameaçam a Segurança e Privacidade na Web. 1. Olhando para o futuro: quebrando os laços com o passado recente 2. Cavalo de Tróia 3. Remando contra a maré 4. Efeito Streisand Estratégias Institucionais e Práticas para Integração de 54 Tecnologias de Aprendizagem nos Espaços Interior, Exterior e Virtual. 1. Sem saída 2. Resolver problemas vs. decorar respostas 3. Espaço Interior 4. Espaço Exterior 5. Espaço Virtual Metodologias para a Integração das Tecnologias Digitais na 70 Estrada: Modelos Inovadores, Tendências Atuais e Perspectivas Futuras. 1. Primeiros passos 2. Tecnologia educacional vs. educação tecnológica 3.
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