A New Procedure for Scoring Rail Transit Connections to U.S
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A New Procedure for Scoring Rail Transit Connections to U.S. Airports Mark William Peterson Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Civil Engineering Shinya Kikuchi Ralph Buehler Samuel C. Tignor April 30, 2012 Falls Church, VA Keywords: airport, public transportation, rail transit access, system evaluation, mode share A New Procedure for Scoring Rail Transit Connections to U.S. Airports Mark William Peterson ABSTRACT 25 airports have a connection with the local rail transit system, but each is unique. Variables such as network size, train frequency, type of airport station, time, and cost vary by airport. Both airport passengers and planners should have a technical basis of selecting which system is the most useful, efficient, and reliable. To date, there have been no scoring procedures created to rank the airports in order of quality of connection. This thesis analyzes rail transit accessibility for all 25 airports (3 of which have 2 separate transit systems) by investigating 8 characteristics, 3 of which are market factors and 5 of which are system factors. The 5 system factors are travel time difference between car and train, transit cost difference between car and train, airport/transit connection type, network size, and train frequency. The 3 market factors are rail transit mode share, business traveler percentage, and low-cost carrier percentage. A scoring system was then developed and each airport’s characteristics were inputted. The airports were scored using three different methods and were subsequently evaluated to understand why airports received the scores they did. This evaluation led to a better understanding of airport transit best practices. The scoring system was used again to evaluate an airport (Washington-Dulles) undergoing radical changes to understand by what factor a score can improve. A “top 10” list of airport transit connections was produced with JFK coming in first. This method is a starting point for developing a robust system to evaluate transit connections to airports. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Alasdair Cain for helping me understand what my purpose and goal in writing a thesis should be. Thank you to Sharon Podobnik for constant emotional support and for keeping me on track to complete my thesis. Thank you to Dr. Ralph Buehler for recommendations on how to make the thesis more approachable and informative to readers. Thank you to Dr. Sam Tignor for your repeated efforts and persistence to better my thesis and suggest valuable additions that validate my work. Special thanks to Dr. Shinya Kikuchi for being there with me every step of the way, from acceptance into graduate school, to advising me on appropriate courses, to finding internships, and for believing in me, encouraging my thesis topic, and ensuring the final product was relevant to the real world. iv Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 2 3. Thesis Scope and Purpose ....................................................................................... 8 3.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Who Is This For? .................................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Types of Transit Included ....................................................................................................... 9 4. Evaluation Criteria .................................................................................................... 11 4.1 System Factors ..................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.1 Cost ................................................................................................................................ 11 4.1.2 Travel Time .................................................................................................................... 13 4.1.3 Airport/Transit Connection Type .................................................................................... 14 4.1.4 Network Length .............................................................................................................. 14 4.1.5 Frequency ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Market Factors ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.1 Quantity of Low-cost Carriers ........................................................................................ 16 4.2.2 Percentage of Business Travelers ................................................................................. 17 4.2.3 Mode Share ................................................................................................................... 17 5. Airport Characteristics ............................................................................................ 19 5.1 Atlanta (ATL) ......................................................................................................................... 19 5.1.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 20 5.1.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 20 5.1.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Baltimore (BWI) .................................................................................................................... 21 5.2.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 21 5.2.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 22 5.2.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 22 5.3 Washington – Reagan (DCA) ............................................................................................... 23 5.3.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.3.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 24 5.3.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 24 5.4 Washington – Dulles (IAD) .................................................................................................... 25 5.4.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 25 5.4.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 26 5.4.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 26 5.5 Chicago – Midway (MDW) .................................................................................................... 27 5.5.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 27 5.5.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 28 5.5.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 28 5.6 Chicago – O’Hare (ORD) ...................................................................................................... 28 5.6.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 29 5.6.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 29 5.6.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 30 5.7 Cleveland (CLE) .................................................................................................................... 30 5.7.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 31 v 5.7.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................. 31 5.7.3 Time/Cost ....................................................................................................................... 31 5.8 Minneapolis (MSP) ................................................................................................................ 32 5.8.1 Service ........................................................................................................................... 32 5.8.2 Physical Characteristics ................................................................................................