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Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior De Ingeniería Y Arquitectura Globalización Y Ampliación Del Aeropuerto

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Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior De Ingeniería Y Arquitectura Globalización Y Ampliación Del Aeropuerto INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA Y ARQUITECTURA UNIDAD ZACATENCO SECCIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO E INVESTIGACIÓN GLOBALIZACIÓN Y AMPLIACIÓN DEL AEROPUERTO INTERNACIONAL DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO TESIS para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN INGENIERÍA CIVIL presenta TZATZILHA TORRES GUADARRAMA directores de Tesis M. EN C. VÍCTOR MANUEL JUÁREZ NERI DR. JORGE GASCA SALAS México, junio de 2011 Agradecimientos a los profesores Jorge Gasca Salas y Víctor Manuel Juárez Neri por la asesoría y confianza depositadas en mí en especial a Rocío Navarrete Chávez por el apoyo en esta investigación a Juan Pablo Granados Gómez por el trabajo de edición y corrección de estilo, pero sobre todo, por tu apoyo y confianza a mi madre, Mamichi, por tu amor y alimento en los días adversos a mi Papichi y a Eva por confiar en mí y por el amor que me brindan a mis hermanos Tony, Ome, Eka y Cinti por su amor y soporte en esta aventura a Jesús Guadarrama Sánchez por tu apoyo en mi proceso de educación a Mylai López Guadarrama por tus consejos y amor. Dedicatoria a María Celia de Jesús Sánchez Bejarano por enseñarme a luchar por lo que quiero, y por el amor que me das, pero sobre todo por estar en todo momento en mi pensamiento y corazón. GLOBALIZACIÓN Y AMPLIACIÓN DEL AEROPUERTO INTERNACIONAL DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO Cinco minutos bastan para soñar toda una vida, así de relativo es el tiempo. Mario Benedetti ÍNDICE Índice de tablas, gráficas, mapas e imágenes Glosario Resumen Abstract Introducción 31 Capítulo 1 panorama de un «aeropuerto global» 33 el aeropuerto internacional de la ciudad de méxico 1.1 Antecedentes del problema 33 1.2 Planteamiento del problema 35 1.3 Justificación 38 1.4 Delimitación 39 1.5 Objetivos 42 1.5.1 General 42 1.5.2 Particulares 42 1.6 Hipótesis 42 1.7 Método de investigación 43 Capítulo 2 Globalización aeroportuaria 45 2.1 ¿Qué se entiende por globalización? 45 2.2 Ciudad global 49 2.2.1 Espacio global 51 2.3 Relación de la globalización con los servicios a la producción 55 2.3.1 El fenómeno aeroportuario a nivel global 58 2.3.2 Los aeropuertos y sus servicios 61 2.4 Índice Global de Competitividad 76 Capítulo 3 Análisis territorial aeroportuario 81 3.1 Regiones en México 84 3.2 Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México 89 3.2.1 Antecedentes de la Aviación Comercial en México 89 3.2.2 Normatividad aeroportuaria 96 3.2.3 Desconcentración de la demanda en el aicm 101 3.2.4 Imagen aeroportuaria de los servicios en el aicm 110 Capítulo 4 Aeropuertos globales 117 4.1 Elementos de un aeropuerto global 120 4.1.1 Infraestructura 127 4.1.2 Pasajeros, operaciones y carga 137 4.1.3 Servicios 143 Prospectiva 151 Conclusión 159 Apéndice 163 Bibliografía 199 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS, GRÁFICAS, MAPAS E IMÁGENES Tablas no. título pág. 1-1 Composición geográfica de la zmvm, 2010 40 2-1 Composición del pib por país, 1990-2008: sector agricultor 57 2-2 Composición del pib por país, 1990-2008: sector manufacturero 57 2-3 Composición del pib por país, 1990-2008: sector servicios 58 2-4 Población en México, 1950-2010 65 2-5 Población en la zmvm, 1950-2010 66 2-6 Participación nacional relativa por sector en el pib, 1960-2009 67 2-7 México y zmvm: pib (en millones de pesos a precios de 1993), 1960-1970 68 2-8 México y zmvm: pib (en millones de pesos a precios de 1993), 1980-1988 69 2-9 México y zmvm: pib (en millones de pesos a precios de 1993), 1993-1998 70 2-10 México y zmvm: pib (en millones de pesos a precios de 1993), 1998-2003 70 2-11 Participación por sector económico en el pib nacional, 1960-2009 73 2-12 Índice Global de Competitividad para México 77 2-13 Pilar de infraestructura, México 79 3-1 Regionalización propuesta por Luis Unikel 86 3-2 Regionalización propuesta por Ángel Bassols 87 3-3 Regionalización por grupo aeroportuario 89 3-4 Restricción de concesiones 111 20 globalización y ampliación del aicm 4-1 Capacidad operacional del Aeropuerto Internacional Hartsfield Jackson, At- 138 lanta 2000-2010 4-2 Capacidad operacional del Aeropuerto Internacional O’Hare, Chicago 2000-2010 139 4-3 Capacidad operacional del Aeropuerto Internacional Heathrow, Londres 139 2000-2010 4-4 Capacidad operacional del Aeropuerto Internacional Haneda, Tokio 2000-2010 140 4-5 Capacidad operacional del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México, 141 2000-2010 4-6 Rúbrica de elementos de un aeropuerto global 148 5-1 Valores para el cálculo de la regresión simple, pasajeros 152 5-2 Valores para el cálculo de la regresión simple, operaciones 155 5-3 Proyección en el flujo del aicm 156 Gráficas no. título pág. 2-1 Relación de la población nacional y Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México 65 (zmvm) en el periodo de 1950 a 2010 2-2 Relación de la población de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México (zmvm), 67 Distrito Federal (D. F.) y Estado de México en el periodo de 1950 a 2010 2-3 Participación porcentual en el Producto Interno Bruto (pib) nacional por sec- 74 tor, en el periodo de 1960 a 2006 2-4 Participación porcentual en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) nacional para el 75 sector terciario (por subsectores), en el periodo de 1960 a 2009 3-1 Movimiento nacional e internacional de pasajeros en el Aeropuerto Interna- 106 cional de la Ciudad de México (aicm), en el periodo de 1992 a 2010 3-2 Movimiento nacional e internacional de carga en el Aeropuerto Internacio- 107 nal de la Ciudad de México (aicm), en el periodo de 1992 a 2010 3-3 Operaciones nacionales e internacionales en el Aeropuerto Internacional de 108 la Ciudad de México (aicm), en el periodo de 1992 a 2010 3-4 Operaciones realizadas por el Sistema Metropolitano de Aeropuertos (sma), 108 en el periodo de 1992 a 2010 índice de tablas, gráficas, mapas e imágenes 21 3-5 Pasajeros transportados por el Sistema Metropolitano de Aeropuertos (sma), 109 en el periodo de 1992 a 2010 3-6 Carga transportada por el Sistema Metropolitano de Aeropuertos (sma), en 110 el periodo de 1992 a 2010 4-1 Distancia del centro de la ciudad al aeropuerto 128 4-2 Ratio de superficie del aeropuerto sa( ) por pasajeros anuales (pax), 2000-2010 129 4-3 Ratio de plazas de estacionamiento (pe) por pasajeros anuales (pax), 2000-2010 137 4-4 Movimiento de pasajeros por aeropuerto en el periodo de 2000 a 2010 141 4-5 Operaciones realizadas por aeropuerto en el periodo de 2000 a 2010 142 4-6 Movimiento de carga por aeropuerto en el periodo de 2000 a 2010 143 4-7 Concesiones de comida por aeropuerto en 2010 145 4-8 Franquicias de Starbucks por aeropuerto en 2010 146 4-9 Elementos de un aeropuerto global 149 5-1 Tendencia del flujo de pasajeros para el Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciu- 154 dad de México (aicm), de 1992 a 2040 5-2 Tendencia en las operaciones aéreas para el Aeropuerto Internacional de la 156 Ciudad de México (aicm), de 1992 a 2040 Mapas no. título pág. 1-1 Ubicación geográfica de la zona de estudio 39 1-2 Orografía de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México 41 2-1 Treinta aeropuertos con mayor flujo de pasajeros de acuerdo con el Consejo 60 Internacional de Aeropuertos 2000 2-2 Treinta aeropuertos con mayor flujo de carga de acuerdo con el Consejo In- 61 ternacional de Aeropuertos 2010 3-1 Regionalización según Luis Unikel 85 3-2 Regionalización según Ángel Bassols 87 3-3 Grupos aeroportuarios 88 3-4 Localización del Sistema Metropolitano de Aeropuertos (sma) 102 22 globalización y ampliación del aicm 4-1 Localización de los cinco aeropuertos de análisis 126 4-2 Destinos del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México 144 Imágenes no. título pág. 2-1 Nivel de desarrollo para México de acuerdo con su igc 78 3-1 Terminal 2 del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México 104 3-2 Aerotrén de la Terminal 2 del aicm 105 3-3 Concesiones con faldón (izq.) y sin faldón (der.) 111 3-4 Fachada de las concesiones 112 3-5 Plafón (izq.) e iluminación (der.) de las concesiones 112 3-6 Fachada con faldón 113 3-7 Concesiones de la Terminal 2 114 3-8 Concesión de la Terminal 1 del aicm 115 3-9 Infraestructura hotelera del aicm, Terminal 1 (izq.) y Terminal 2 (der.) 115 3-10 Transporte entre terminales del aicm (izq.) y hacia otros centros urbanos (der.) 116 4-1 Terminal del aeropuerto internacional de Narita, Tokio 121 4-2 Traza del aeropuerto internacional Hartsfield Jackson, Atlanta 121 4-3 Terminales del Aeropuerto Internacional O’Hare, Chicago 130 4-4 Posición de las terminales del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México 131 4-5 Posición de las pistas del aeropuerto Hartsfield Jackson atl( ), Atlanta 132 4-6 Posición de las pistas del aeropuerto O’Hare (ord), Chicago 133 4-7 Monorriel de Tokio 135 4-8 Aerotrén de México 135 GLOSARIO Aeródromo civil. Área definida de tierra o de agua adecuada para el despegue, aterrizaje, acuatizaje o movimiento de aeronaves con instalaciones o servicios mínimos para garantizar la seguridad de su operación. Aeropuerto. Aeródromo civil de servicio público, que cuenta con las instalaciones y servi- cios adecuados para la recepción y despacho de aeronaves. atl. Clave única del aeropuerto internacional Hartsfield, Atlanta, asignada por la Inter- national Air Transport Association (iata).
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