The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, Comprehensive Definition, She Embraces the Definitional Extremes, Literature, This Volume Provides a Margaret A

AI Magazine Volume 14 Number 2 (1993) (© AAAI) Book Reviews Book Reviews

The Philosophy of In the introduction to this antholo- no reference to the computer at all. Artificial Intelligence gy, Boden defines the philosophy of This collection, however, focuses on AI broadly “as the science of intelli- the philosophical problems associat- gence in general—or, more accurate- ed with the machine metaphor and asks whether machine intelligence is Lee A. Gladwin ly, as the intellectual core of cognitive science.” Through this possible. For those already familiar with the The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, comprehensive definition, she embraces the definitional extremes, literature, this volume provides a Margaret A. Boden, ed., Oxford Read- handy compendium. For students, it including those that traditionally ings in Philosophy, Oxford Universi- provides a concise overview of the view AI “as the study of how to build ty Press, New York, New York, 1990, machine intelligence debate. The and/or program computers to enable 460 pp., $14.95, ISBN 0-19-824854-7 first essays lay the foundation for the (paper). them to do the sorts of things that discussion that follows. These essays minds can do” and those that make include “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” by Warren S. McCulloch and Walter H. Pitts, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” by Alan M. Turing, and “Computing Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search” by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon. The remaining essays deal primari- ly with three types of criticism inspired by Turing’s paper and the Basic Books Ad belief “that intelligence necessarily involves causal processes (computa- tions) of a certain systematic sort.” Antibehaviorist criticisms form the first type. They “appeal to conscious experience as a necessary condition of mentality.” The second type argues that “even if a computer were to perform as Turing imagined…, it would not really think or under- stand: no intelligence without intentionality.” John Searle’s intentionality critique “Minds, Brains, and Programs” with its Chi- nese room represents this type. The third type argues the impossibility of getting “computers to perform in a way that matches the depth, range, and flexibility of human minds.” Included in this group are David C. Marr’s “Artificial Intelligence: A Per- sonal View,” Daniel C. Dennett’s “Cognitive Wheels: The Frame Prob- lem of AI,” and Drew McDermott’s “A Critique of Pure Reason.” Connectionist AI papers are placed with this last group. Essays include “Distributed Representations” by

Geoffrey Hinton, James McClelland, er Society Press, 1993. ISBN 0-86341- and David Rumelhart; “Connection- Books Received 295-5. ism, Competence, and Explanation” ■ Johansen, P., and Olsen, S., editors. by Andy Clark; “The Connectionist Note: The following books were received Theory and Applications of Image Anal- Construction of Concepts” by Adrian by press time. If you would like us to con- ysis, volume 2. Machine Perception and Cussins; and “Some Reductive Strate- sider your book for review, have your pub- Artificial Intelligence. River Edge, N.J.: gies in Cognitive Neurobiology” by lishers send a review copy to AI Magazine, World Scientific Publishing Co., 445 Burgess Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Paul M. Churchland. Finally, repre- 1993. 346 pp. $78.00. ISBN 9-8102- senting the phenomenalist critique We’ll include it in the next books received column. Receipt of a review copy, of 0945-2. of AI, Boden includes “Making a course, doesn’t guarantee a review! ■ Levin, Beth, and Pinker, Steven, Mind versus Modelling the Brain: editors. Lexical and Conceptual Seman- Artificial Intelligence Back at the ■ tics. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Branch Point” by the brothers Andrews, James H. Logic Program- ming: Operational Semantics and Proof Publishers, 1993. 244 pp. $21.95. Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus. Theory. New York: Cambridge Univer- ISBN 1-55786-354-7. Conspicuous by their absence are sity Press, 1993. 104 pp. $39.95. ISBN ■ essays by Jerry Fodor and Hilary Luger, George. Artificial Intelligence: 0-521-43219-7. Putnam (before and after his aposta- Structures and Strategies for Complex sy). Also missing is a discussion of ■ Beerel, Annabel. Expert Systems in Problem Solving. Reading, Mass.: Addi- the philosophy of mind in the twen- Business. New York: Ellis Horwood, son-Wesley, 1993. 740 pp. ISBN 0- tieth century, which would provide a 1993. 267 pp., ISBN 0-13-296633-6. 8053-4780-1. much-needed context for this collec- ■ Beer, Randall D., Roy Ritzmann, ■ Meyer, David E., and Kornblum, tion. Certainly, the contributions of and Thomas McKenna. Biological Sylvan, editors. Attention and Perfor- Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Neural Networks in Invertebrate Neu- mance XIV: Synergies in Experimental Alfred North Whitehead, and Ludwig roethology and Robotics. Boston, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, and Wittgenstein (early and later) deserve Mass.: Academic Press, 1993. 417 Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge, mention. Fortunately, there is an pp., ISBN 0-12-084728-0. Mass.: The MIT Press, 1993. 915 pp. ISBN 0-262-13284-2. excellent survey available in William ■ Cann, Ronnie. Formal Semantics: Bechtel’s Philosophy of Mind: An An Introduction. New York: Cam- ■ Perez de la Blanca, N.; Santeliau, Overview for Cognitive Science (Hills- bridge University Press, 1993, 344 A.; and Vidal, E., editors. Pattern dale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988). pp. ISBN 0-521-37463-4. Recognition and Image Analysis, volume Some discussion of the machine 1. Machine Perception and Artificial ■ Cawsey, Alison. Explanation and metaphor would also be helpful. Intelligence. River Edge, N.J.: World Interaction. Cambridge, Mass.: The Again, we are fortunate in having a Scientific Publishing Co., 1993. 293 MIT Press, 1993. 232 pp., ISBN 0- thorough discussion available in Earl pp. $82.00. ISBN 9-8102-0881-2. 262-03202-3. R. MacCormac’s A Cognitive Theory of ■ Przytula, K. Wojtek, and Viktor K. ■ Clark, Herbert H. Arenas of Lan- Metaphor (Cambridge, Mass.: Brad- Prasanna. Parallel Digital Implementa- guage Use. Chicago, Ill.: University of ford Books, 1985). An excellent essay tions of Neural Networks. Englewood Chicago Press, 1993. 438 pp., ISBN 0- on this topic is “The Computational Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1993, 226-10782-5. Metaphor and Artificial Intelligence: 311 pp. ISBN 0-136-49262-8. A Reflective Examination of a Theo- ■ Fox, Barbara A. Discourse Structure ■ Ristad, Eric Sven. The Language retical Falsework” by David M. West and Anaphora. Cambridge: Cam- Complexity Game. Cambridge, Mass.: and Larry E. Travis (AI Magazine, bridge University Press, 1993. ISBN The MIT Press, 1993, 148 pp. ISBN 0- volume 12, number 1, 64–79). 0-521-43990-6, 173 pp. 262-18147-9. If you are looking for an introduc- ■ Gallant, Stephen J. Neural Network tion to the machine intelligence ■ Saoudi, A.; Nivat, M.; and Wang, P. Learning and Expert Systems. Cam- debate, you might want to consider S., editors. Parallel Image Processing, bridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1993. volume 4. Machine Perception and Arti- this anthology for your library and 365 pp. ISBN 0-262-07145-2. classes. ficial Intelligence. River Edge, N.J.: ■ Horacek, Helmut, and Zock, World Scientific Publishing Co., Lee A. Gladwin is an archive specialist Michael, editors. New Concepts in 1993. 467 pp. ISBN 9-8102-1120-1. Natural Language Generation: Plan- with the Center for Electronic Records at ■ Skrzypek, J., and Karplus, W., edi- ning, Realization, and Systems. the National Archives and Records tors. Neural Networks in Vision and London: Pinter Publishers, 1993. 318 Administration (NARA) in Washington, Pattern Recognition, volume 3. Machine pp. ISBN 1-85567-084-4. D.C. He is designing an interface to infor- Perception and Artificial Intelligence. mation about NARA holdings and is also ■ Hunt, K. J., editor. Polynomial River Edge, N.J.: World Scientific Pub- working on an expert system to assist Methods in Optimal Control and Filter- lishing Co., 1993. 205 pp. ISBN 9- with reference requests. ing. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Comput- 8102-1014-0.

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