The Use of Phylogeny in Behavior and Ecology
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Delimiting Species in the Genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), Using Genetics, Ecology, and Morphology
bs_bs_banner Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 1136–1151. With 5 figures Delimiting species in the genus Otospermophilus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), using genetics, ecology, and morphology MARK A. PHUONG1*, MARISA C. W. LIM1, DANIEL R. WAIT1, KEVIN C. ROWE1,2 and CRAIG MORITZ1,3 1Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia 3Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia Received 16 April 2014; revised 6 July 2014; accepted for publication 7 July 2014 We apply an integrative taxonomy approach to delimit species of ground squirrels in the genus Otospermophilus because the diverse evolutionary histories of organisms shape the existence of taxonomic characters. Previous studies of mitochondrial DNA from this group recovered three divergent lineages within Otospermophilus beecheyi separated into northern, central, and southern geographical populations, with Otospermophilus atricapillus nested within the southern lineage of O. beecheyi. To further evaluate species boundaries within this complex, we collected additional genetic data (one mitochondrial locus, 11 microsatellite markers, and 11 nuclear loci), environmental data (eight bioclimatic variables), and morphological data (23 skull measurements). We used the maximum number of possible taxa (O. atricapillus, Northern O. beecheyi, Central O. beecheyi, and Southern O. beecheyi) as our operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and examined patterns of divergence between these OTUs. Phenotypic measures (both environmental and morphological) showed little differentiation among OTUs. By contrast, all genetic datasets supported the evolutionary independence of Northern O. beecheyi, although they were less consistent in their support for other OTUs as distinct species. -
Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University Number 63 18 September 2014
Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University Number 63 18 September 2014 List of Recent Land Mammals of Mexico, 2014 José Ramírez-Pulido, Noé González-Ruiz, Alfred L. Gardner, and Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales.0 Front cover: Image of the cover of Nova Plantarvm, Animalivm et Mineralivm Mexicanorvm Historia, by Francisci Hernández et al. (1651), which included the first list of the mammals found in Mexico. Cover image courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Museum of Texas Tech University Number 63 List of Recent Land Mammals of Mexico, 2014 JOSÉ RAMÍREZ-PULIDO, NOÉ GONZÁLEZ-RUIZ, ALFRED L. GARDNER, AND JOAQUÍN ARROYO-CABRALES Layout and Design: Lisa Bradley Cover Design: Image courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University Production Editor: Lisa Bradley Copyright 2014, Museum of Texas Tech University This publication is available free of charge in PDF format from the website of the Natural Sciences Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University (nsrl.ttu.edu). The authors and the Museum of Texas Tech University hereby grant permission to interested parties to download or print this publication for personal or educational (not for profit) use. Re-publication of any part of this paper in other works is not permitted without prior written permission of the Museum of Texas Tech University. This book was set in Times New Roman and printed on acid-free paper that meets the guidelines for per- manence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed: 18 September 2014 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University, Number 63 Series Editor: Robert J. -
45762554013.Pdf
Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 ISSN: 1666-0536 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Flores-Alta, Daniel; Rivera-Ortíz, Francisco A.; Contreras-González, Ana M. RECORD OF A POPULATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF Notocitellus adocetus IN THE NORTH OF THE STATE OF GUERRERO, MEXICO Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 26, no. 1, 2019, -June, pp. 175-181 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45762554013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Mastozoología Neotropical, 26(1):175-181, Mendoza, 2019 Copyright ©SAREM, 2019 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 http://www.sarem.org.ar https://doi.org/10.31687/saremMN.19.26.1.0.02 http://www.sbmz.com.br Nota RECORD OF A POPULATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF Notocitellus adocetus IN THE NORTH OF THE STATE OF GUERRERO, MEXICO Daniel Flores-Alta, Francisco A. Rivera-Ortíz and Ana M. Contreras-González Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos, Laboratorio de Ecología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala. Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México [correspondencia: Ana M. Contreras-González <[email protected]>]. ABSTRACT. The rodent Notocitellus adocetus is endemic to Mexico, and little is known about its life history. We describe a population of N. -
Mammal Species Native to the USA and Canada for Which the MIL Has an Image (296) 31 July 2021
Mammal species native to the USA and Canada for which the MIL has an image (296) 31 July 2021 ARTIODACTYLA (includes CETACEA) (38) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei - Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 7. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Bos bison - American Bison 2. Oreamnos americanus - Mountain Goat 3. Ovibos moschatus - Muskox 4. Ovis canadensis - Bighorn Sheep 5. Ovis dalli - Thinhorn Sheep CERVIDAE - deer 1. Alces alces - Moose 2. Cervus canadensis - Wapiti (Elk) 3. Odocoileus hemionus - Mule Deer 4. Odocoileus virginianus - White-tailed Deer 5. Rangifer tarandus -Caribou DELPHINIDAE - ocean dolphins 1. Delphinus delphis - Common Dolphin 2. Globicephala macrorhynchus - Short-finned Pilot Whale 3. Grampus griseus - Risso's Dolphin 4. Lagenorhynchus albirostris - White-beaked Dolphin 5. Lissodelphis borealis - Northern Right-whale Dolphin 6. Orcinus orca - Killer Whale 7. Peponocephala electra - Melon-headed Whale 8. Pseudorca crassidens - False Killer Whale 9. Sagmatias obliquidens - Pacific White-sided Dolphin 10. Stenella coeruleoalba - Striped Dolphin 11. Stenella frontalis – Atlantic Spotted Dolphin 12. Steno bredanensis - Rough-toothed Dolphin 13. Tursiops truncatus - Common Bottlenose Dolphin MONODONTIDAE - narwhals, belugas 1. Delphinapterus leucas - Beluga 2. Monodon monoceros - Narwhal PHOCOENIDAE - porpoises 1. Phocoena phocoena - Harbor Porpoise 2. Phocoenoides dalli - Dall’s Porpoise PHYSETERIDAE - sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm Whale TAYASSUIDAE - peccaries Dicotyles tajacu - Collared Peccary CARNIVORA (48) CANIDAE - dogs 1. Canis latrans - Coyote 2. -
Mammalian Predators Appropriating the Refugia of Their Prey
Mamm Res (2015) 60:285–292 DOI 10.1007/s13364-015-0236-y ORIGINAL PAPER When prey provide more than food: mammalian predators appropriating the refugia of their prey William J. Zielinski 1 Received: 30 September 2014 /Accepted: 20 July 2015 /Published online: 31 July 2015 # Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland (outside the USA) 2015 Abstract Some mammalian predators acquire both food and predators) may play disproportionately important roles in their shelter from their prey, by eating them and using the refugia communities. the prey construct. I searched the literature for examples of predators that exhibit this behavior and summarize their taxo- Keywords Predator–prey . Dens . Herbivore . Behavior . nomic affiliations, relative sizes, and distributions. I hypothe- Habitat . Resting . Foraging sized that size ratios of species involved in this dynamic would be near 1.0, and that most of these interactions would occur at intermediate and high latitudes. Seventeen species of Introduction Carnivorans exploited at least 23 species of herbivores as food and for their refugia. Most of them (76.4 %) were in the Mammals require food and most require shelter, either to pro- Mustelidae; several small species of canids and a few tect them from predators or from thermal stress. Carnivorous herpestids were exceptions. Surprisingly, the average mammals are unique in that they subsist on mobile food predator/prey weight ratio was 10.51, but few species of pred- sources which, particularly if these sources are vertebrates, ators were more than ten times the weight of the prey whose may build their own refuges to help regulate their body tem- refugia they exploit. -
Helminths of Squirrels (Sciuridae)
Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University Number 303 5 October 2011 HELMINT H S OF SQUIRRELS (SCIURIDAE ) FROM MONGOLIA DAVI D S. TINNIN , SUMIYA GANZORI G , AN D SCO tt L. GAR D NER ABSTRACT Two species of ground squirrels, Urocitellus undulatus and Spermophilus alashanicus, were collected and examined for parasites from two localities in Mongolia in 1999. A total of 24 individuals of U. undulatus were examined resulting in a total of six taxa of helminths found, including: Ascaris tarbagan, Physaloptera massino, Streptopharagus kutassi, Anoplocephaloides transversaria, Hymenolepis suslica, and Moniliformis sp. This represents four new species records and an additional host record for the country. Two individuals of S. alashanicus were examined and found to be uninfected. Key words.—acanthocephala, cestode, helminth, Mongolia, nematode, Spermophilus, squirrel, Urocitellus INTRODUCTION The geographic distribution of the long-tailed which some authors consider to be synonymous with ground squirrel, Urocitellus undulatus (Pallas 1778) C. marmotae; Mesocestoides sp.; and Moniliformis extends through a wide band of central Asia including moniliformis (Bremser 1811) (see Danzan 1978; Gan- suitable habitats in Kazakhstan across southern and zorig et al. 1988; Ganzorig et al. 1998; Ganzorig et eastern Siberia through Mongolia and into northern al. 2007). Tokobaev (1976) reports the finding of two China (Tinnin et al. 2002). Although patchy in occur- helminths, Trichuris citellorum (Kirshenblat 1939) and rence through this region, these squirrels are found in Ctenotaenia citelli, from Kazakhstan. great abundance in some areas with numerical densi- ties sometimes exceeding 18 individuals/hectare (ha) In contrast, there have been nine publications (Tinnin 2002) with some observers reporting very high that examined the parasite fauna of the long-tailed densities of “…hundreds all over the plains” (Allen ground squirrel in eastern Siberia, reporting 35 spe- 1940). -
Ecological Roles and Conservation Challenges of Social, Burrowing
REVIEWS REVIEWS REVIEWS Ecological roles and conservation challenges 477 of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world’s grasslands Ana D Davidson1,2*, James K Detling3, and James H Brown1 The world’s grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. However, these burrowing mammals are facing myriad threats, which have caused marked decreases in populations of the best-studied species, as well as cascading declines in dependent species and in grassland habitat. To prevent or mitigate such losses, we recommend that grasslands be managed to promote the compatibility of burrowing mammals with human activities. Here, we highlight the important and often overlooked ecological roles of these burrowing mammals, the threats they face, and future management efforts needed to enhance their populations and grass- land ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 2012; 10(9): 477–486, doi:10.1890/110054 (published online 28 Sep 2012) rassland ecosystems worldwide are fundamentally Australia (Figure 1). Often living in colonies ranging Gshaped by an underappreciated but key functional from tens to thousands of individuals, these mammals col- group of social, semi-fossorial (adapted to burrowing and lectively transform grassland landscapes through their bur- living underground), herbivorous mammals (hereafter, rowing and feeding activity. By grouping together socially, burrowing mammals). Examples include not only the phy- they also create distinctive habitat patches that serve as logenetically similar species of prairie dogs of North areas of concentrated prey for many predators. -
Differential Responses of Prairie Rodents to Edge Effects from Recreational Trails
A peer-reviewed open-access journal Nature Conservation 41: Response113–140 (2020) of prairie rodents to edge effects from recreational trails 113 doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.41.52100 RESEarcH arTICLE http://natureconservation.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity conservation Differential responses of prairie rodents to edge effects from recreational trails Cameron M. Shorb1, Laur A. Freymiller1, Daniel L. Hernández1 1 Carleton College Biology Department, 1 North College St., Northfield, MN 55057, USA Corresponding author: Daniel L. Hernández ([email protected]) Academic editor: Jochen A.G. Jaeger | Received 15 March 2020 | Accepted 28 July 2020 | Published 10 September 2020 http://zoobank.org/AB43B43E-EE9A-4998-9CFC-22A6F492B7B8 Citation: Shorb CM, Freymiller LA, Hernández DL (2020) Differential responses of prairie rodents to edge effects from recreational trails. Nature Conservation 41: 113–140. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.41.52100 Abstract Edge effects are a common phenomenon in which an ecological variable changes with respect to distance from a habitat edge. Recreational trails may constitute a habitat edge for prairie rodents because of high human presence, high predator presence, or limited shelter compared to the prairie core. Despite the prevalence of trails in conservation parcels, their effect on wildlife distribution remains largely unstudied. We examined the impacts of recreational trails on small mammal activity in the restored prairies of the Cowling Arboretum at Carleton College. The prairies were restored from 1995 to 2008 and now com- prise a contiguous prairie block of approximately 155 ha. Over 2 consecutive summers, we used infrared motion-sensing cameras to record the relative amount of time rodents spend at baited stations placed at different distances from the trail. -
Sciurid Phylogeny and the Paraphyly of Holarctic Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus)
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (2004) 1015–1030 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of Holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus) Matthew D. Herron, Todd A. Castoe, and Christopher L. Parkinson* Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816-2368, USA Received 26 May 2003; revised 11 September 2003 Abstract The squirrel family, Sciuridae, is one of the largest and most widely dispersed families of mammals. In spite of the wide dis- tribution and conspicuousness of this group, phylogenetic relationships remain poorly understood. We used DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 114 species in 21 genera to infer phylogenetic relationships among sciurids based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Although we evaluated more complex alternative models of nucleotide substitution to reconstruct Bayesian phylogenies, none provided a better fit to the data than the GTR + G + I model. We used the reconstructed phylogenies to evaluate the current taxonomy of the Sciuridae. At essentially all levels of relationships, we found the phylogeny of squirrels to be in substantial conflict with the current taxonomy. At the highest level, the flying squirrels do not represent a basal divergence, and the current division of Sciuridae into two subfamilies is therefore not phylogenetically informative. At the tribal level, the Neotropical pygmy squirrel, Sciurillus, represents a basal divergence and is not closely related to the other members of the tribe Sciurini. At the genus level, the sciurine genus Sciurus is paraphyletic with respect to the dwarf squirrels (Microsciurus), and the Holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus) are paraphyletic with respect to antelope squirrels (Ammosper- mophilus), prairie dogs (Cynomys), and marmots (Marmota). -
Mammal Watching in the Pacific Northwest, Summer 2019 with Notes on Birding, Locations, Sounds, and Chasing Chipmunks
Mammal watching in the Pacific Northwest, summer 2019 With notes on birding, locations, sounds, and chasing chipmunks Keywords: Sciuridae, trip report, mammals, birds, summer, July Daan Drukker 1 How to use this report For this report I’ve chosen not to do the classic chronological order, but instead, I’ve treated every mammal species I’ve seen in individual headers and added some charismatic species that I’ve missed. Further down I’ve made a list of hotspot birding areas that I’ve visited where the most interesting bird species that I’ve seen are treated. If you are visiting the Pacific Northwest, you’ll find information on where to look for mammals in this report and some additional info on taxonomy and identification. I’ve written it with a European perspective, but that shouldn’t be an issue. Birds are treated in detail for Mount Rainier and the Monterey area, including the California Condors of Big Sur. For other areas, I’ve mentioned the birds, but there must be other reports for more details. I did a non-hardcore type of birding, just looking at everything I came across and learning the North American species a bit, but not twitching everything that was remotely possible. That will be for another time. Every observation I made can be found on Observation.org, where the exact date, location and in some cases evidence photos and sound recordings are combined. These observations are revised by local admins, and if you see an alleged mistake, you can let the observer and admin know by clicking on one of the “Contact” options in the upper right panel. -
Diet of the Mohave Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus Mohavensis) in Relation to Season and Rainfall
Western North American Naturalist 77(1), © 2017, pp. 1–13 DIET OF THE MOHAVE GROUND SQUIRREL (XEROSPERMOPHILUS MOHAVENSIS) IN RELATION TO SEASON AND RAINFALL Barbara M. Leitner1 and Philip Leitner2 ABSTRACT.—The Mohave ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis) is endemic to the western Mojave Desert of California. It is listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act, yet there is little published information on its habitat requirements. We studied the diet of Mohave ground squirrels at 4 sites in desert scrub habitat in Inyo County, California, primarily by microhistological analysis of 754 samples of fecal pellets collected from live-trapped animals. Over all sites and seasons, shrub foliage was the largest component of the diet (39.8% relative density) and mainly derived from several taxa of Chenopodiaceae: winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), and saltbushes (Atriplex spp.). Forb leaves were next in importance (34.1% relative density), especially from Fabaceae (Astragalus and Lupinus), Polemoniaceae (Gilia and Linanthus), and Asteraceae. Flowers, pollen, and seeds were also major components (20.3% relative density). Leaves composed nearly all of the diet in spring, whereas pollen, flowers, and seeds made up about a third of the diet in summer. Following dry winters when annual forbs were limited, Mohave ground squirrels depended primarily on foliage from perennial shrubs and forbs. Following wet winters when spring annuals were abundant and most plant species flowered and set seed prolifically, squirrels consumed a high proportion of leaves plus flowers, pollen, and seeds of annual forbs. Mohave ground squirrels reproduced only after winter rainfall >80 mm that resulted in a standing crop of herbaceous annuals ≥100 kg ⋅ ha−1. -
Catherine Ovens B.Sc
KINSHIP AND USE OF UNDERGROUND SPACE BY ADULT FEMALE RICHARDSON’S GROUND SQUIRRELS (UROCITELLUS RICHARDSONII) Catherine Ovens B.Sc. Zoology, University of Guelph, 2006 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada March 3, 2011 © Catherine Ovens, 2011 Dedication To all the strong, independent, and amazing women in my life who have influenced me in every way possible. Thank you. iii Abstract Although female Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii) spend 80% of their lives sleeping and hibernating underground, studies on interactions and space-use have historically focused on the 20% of the time they spend aboveground. The type and frequency of aboveground interactions and degree of home-range overlap among female Richardson’s ground squirrels depend on their reproductive status and degree of kinship. The purpose of my study was to determine whether reproductive status and kinship influence underground sharing of space as well. I radio-collared 54 adult female Richardson’s ground squirrels (18 in 2008, 30 in 2009, and 6 in both years) of known maternal kinship in 5 spatially adjacent matrilines at a field site near Picture Butte, Alberta, Canada. Radio-collared females were located underground every evening after they retired and every morning before they emerged during both the 2008 and 2009 active seasons to determine sleep-site use and sleep-site sharing. The locations at which females were observed to retire in the evening (170 evenings) and emerge in the morning (141 mornings) in 2008 and 2009 were used to determine underground connections between surface entrances and underground sleep sites.