Set Up and Operation of the AMF Site in the Black Forest During COPS Volker Wulfmeyer1, Andreas Behrendt1, Dietrich Althausen2, Christian Barthlott3, Hans-Stefan Bauer1, Ulrich Corsmeier3, Susanne Crewell4, Galina Dick5, Christian Hauck3, Christoph Kottmeier3, Mark Miller6, Kim Nitschke7, Gerhard Peters8, and Dave Turner9 1: University of , , ; 2: Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany; 3: Karlsruhe University / Research Center, 4: , Germany; 5: GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany; 6: Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; 7: Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA; 8: University of , Germany; 9: University of Wisconsin – Madison, USA

1) COPS and AMF science 2) European summer experiments 2007 Quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) is a key issue in atmospheric To address these topics, a series of research programs has been initiated, which is coordinated by the World Weather Research science. Accurate predictions of precipitation, particularly of extreme events, Program (WWRP). Process and predictability studies are strongly related to World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and are of extraordinary value for economy and society. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program research activities. QPF problems are related to deficiencies in the representation of the whole life cycle of precipitation events from the preconvective environment, to the Phase 1 Phase 3 EUMETSAT special satellite Phase 2 development of clouds, to the onset, development, and decay of operation modes and data April 2004 April 2005 April 2006 April 2007 April 2008 April 2009 April 2010 precipitation. Corresponding errors are interwoven and propagate in a non- European THORPEX Regional Campaign (ETReC07) linear cascade in the model system. As model physics and spatial scales in COPS and GOP General Observations Period (GOP) region, duration: 1 year in 2007 weather and climate simulations are becoming more and more similar, D-PHASE 2) Assimilation and 1) Data base and 3) Processes and improved simulations of precipitation will contribute to forecast skills on all COPS Transport and Chemistry stat. dyn. methods retrievals model physics in Convective Systems (TRACKS) region time scales. ETReC07 VALIDATION AMF Particularly in complex terrain, two prominent QPF problems have been Region of COPS, WWRP GOP Research and Development 4) Operational Project (RDP) test environment identified: Universities and TIGGE DFG Priority Program research institutes Demonstration of Probabilistic Hydrological and Atmospheric Simulation of flood Events in the Alpine region (D-PHASE), WWRP B08 FDP, Vancouver NWP models 1. Windward/lee effect 2. Diurnal cycle of precipitation Forecast and Demonstration Project (FDP) 2010 FDP Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data archive, Program Mobile Facility (AMF) MPIfM Hamburg Figure 4. Spatial overlap of research areas. Figure 5. Set up of German QPF program PQP. MAP and IHOP_2002 experiences

M Lidars Figure 3. Coordination of weather research programs during this decade. PQP: German QPF COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced 5 Supersites Cloud radars • AMF Precip. radars Precipitation Study) RS, MWR, AERI, RWP, WACR, aerosol in-situ analysis program funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG); MEDEX: World Weather • HATPRO Radiometers • 90/150 GHz Radiosondes Research Program (WWRP) Research and Development Project (RDP) for studying cyclones in Goal: Advance the quality of forecasts of orographically-induced • IfT MWL Sodars • IfT WILI convective precipitation by 4D observations and modeling of its life cycle • UHH MRR S the mediterranean area; D-PHASE: WWRP Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP). COPS: • FZK WTR H Region: Southwestern Germany, • UV MRR • UV Radiosondes Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study, a WWRP RDP; GOP: 1-year • UHOH WV DIAL (scanning) eastern France • UV Tethersonde • UHOH RR Lidar (scanning) Date: 1 June – 31 August 2007 • CNS MW radiometer Figure 1. Comparison of observations with 24-h precipitation forecasts in • FZK WindTracer (scanning) General Observations Period; COPS and GOP and strongly supported by operation of the Features: Severe thunderstorm COPS „Natural convection • UK Doppler laboratory“ • FZK Cloud Radar (45° scan) activity but low QPF skill • UHOH X-Band (vertical) H S mm/day using the MM5 model driven by ECMWF analyses. 13 representative Area (270 x 150 km2) M AMF; ETReC07: First summertime European THORPEX Regional Campaign; TIGGE: Information: www.uni-hohenheim.de/cops/ • UK Radiosondes R cases with significant precipitation in the Black Forest region during summer • UK aerosol in-situ analysis V R THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble; MAP: Mesoscale Alpine Programme; z Hartheim z Tuttlingen • UNIBAS Raman lidar 2005 have been averaged. The black lines indicate the orography of the V • UK Doppler lidar 2 DOWs (mobile) • UK radiometer IHOP_2002: International Water Vapor Project. ARM Mobile • CNRS WV Raman lidar • UHH cloud radar region. Left panel: 7-km MM5 simulation with convection parameterization. Facility • CNRS TRESS = • TARA Aerosol Raman Lidar • UK Radiosondes IR radiometer, sun ph. • UK sodar Middle panel: 1-km MM5 simulation without convection parameterization. Figure 2. Diurnal cycle of surface variables simulated for the • LaMP X-Band (scanning) Black-Forest valley entrances • LaMP K-Band (vertical) Between S1 and S3 • MF Radiosondes • FZK and UBT Sodars (entrance of Murg and Kinzig V.) FZK RS station (mobile) Right panel: Corresponding observations. Using high-resolution simulations • UF Sodar (entrance of Rench V.) same 13 cases as in Fig.1. LM: Lokalmodell of the German • MF Surf. Flux Stations (3) Rhine valley • 2 UK sodars (entrance of Nagold V., center of Murg V.) Within these research programs, intense global and • MF soil moisture (1-3) FZK RS station (mobile) • MF UHF prof., sodar without convection parameterization, the windward/lee effect is clearly Weather Service (DWD). Strong deviations from observations Supersite Transect of MRRs from E to W (UHH) reduced. are found in all variables. Increasing model resolution and mesoscale modeling activities are coordinated with shutdown of convection parameterization results in an a series of experiments providing a unique data set. Figure 6. COPS region and science goal. The location Figure 7. COPS Supersite equipment. The AMF is Figure 8. Airborne platforms participating in improvement of the simulation of precipitation. of the AMF is also indicated. located at Supersite M. COPS / TRACKS.

3) Set up of AMF site, coordination with COPS and GOP 4) Strategy for reaching the science goals Mission planning is performed by the COPS ISSC and the COPS PIs. Mission preparation and performance is organized Energy balance stations FZK Flux stations (turb. towers) at the COPS Operations Center. Particularly challenging is the coordination of the airborne platforms with scanning and Radiation turbulence clusters mobile ground-based measurements. Long- term statistics of synergetic retrievals will be used for model evaluations. y Soil moisture sensors e ll Mesonet N a a COPS Operations Center (OC) V M g Radiosonde stations (RS) Overarching Science Questions: o Operate webbased data management system u l y d as fast and user-fiendly interface to Quick- e e r l V Sodars looks n g l a • Visualize and discuss all forecasts and NINJO i a l ƒ What are the processes responsible for the formation and V V l operational data available Fast and user-friendly interface for h e MRRs a z y • Select missions of the day visualizing R l n • Guide operations of the instruments l E • DWD forecasts e GPS Guidance • Visualize and discuss COPS measurement data y • operational data of DWD evolution of convective clouds in orographic terrain? Figure 10. Zoom in view of Real-time Quicklooks AMF DWD Hornisgrinde H Data ƒ What are the microphysical properties of H UHOH WV DIAL Northern Black Forest. COPS Instruments & Data Quicklooks & R UHOH RRL Quicklooks EUMETSAT en Scanning remote sensing orographically induced clouds and how do these ch V Data COPS/GOP Data Archive Karlsruhe Research Center a Windtracer & Quicklooks R ll Figure 16. COPS OC at Baden Airpark in MAP-FDP/D-PHASE simplified soil moisture ey systems from Supersite H Operate data bank for depend on dynamics, thermodynamics, and aerosol University of Cologne radiometer HATPRO probe (SISOMOP) UHOH X-band • COPS data the Rhine valley. • GOP data Kinz FZK cloud radar shall overpass the AMF site • Operational forecasts and analyses ETReC07 ig V • Reseach forecasts and analyses microphysics? alley for synergetic measurements A5 B5 C5 D5 E5 F5 G5 ... AMF GTS AMF Real-time Data Assimilation ƒ How can convective clouds in orographic terrain 10 km and for studying the B4 C4 D4 E4 HATPRO + 90/150 GHz F4 G4 MWL & WiLi representativeness of AMF Figure 18. Mission planning and data management. It be represented in atmospheric models based on is expected that about 10TB of data will be produced. AMF, COPS, and GOP data? measurements. B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3

Microwave Cloud radar Micropulse lidar A priori inf. Geoforschungszentrum COPS ISSC Science Overview Document Operations Plan Potsdam GPS receiver Radiometer - reflectivity ceilometer - radiosondes

B2 C2 -HATPRO - Doppler velocity - climatology D2 E2 F2 G2 - extinction - DPR 90/150 - spectral width - cloud base height - short-term NWP Aerosol and Precipitation Data Assimi- Convection A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 Cloud Micro- and its Life lation and Pre- Initiation (CI) physics (ACM) Cycle (PPL) dictability (DAP) 9 University of Cologne 1. Cloudnet target 90/150 GHz radiometer 24 COPS Coordinator: 1 10 Operations 22 21 classification General Education at Logistics Observations Universities 19 Mission planning Model preparation Period (GOP) and Schools Figure 20. COPS

17 Data archiving 2. Integrated Profiling −1 T −1 −1 scientific organization. Figure 12. MWRs. Figure 13. Wind profiler. x i+1 = x i + (S a + K i S e K i ) ⋅ Bayesian micro rain radar 15 Technique (IPT) T −1 −1 advanced version under development [K i S e (y − F(x i )) − S a (x i − x a )] approach COPS 1. Previously unachieved 12 2. High-resolution, 13 highlights data sets: 8 advanced models Synergy of 3-d scanning, Figure 21. COPS research

Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric 2 airborne and satellite 5 Physically consistent profiles of Statistical vision for separating errors Research multi wavelength aerosol instrumentation lidar and coherent Doppler lidar evaluation temperature, humidity, LWC + effective 3. Data assimilation, ensemble Figure 17. Forced convection mission - weather forecasts due to initial fields and radius, IWC + effective radius forecasts, reanalyses plan for German and French Falcons - radiation schemes Big picture approach: model physics as well as for Initiation of convection performing process and Figure 9. Result of site preparation and operation planning process, which was organized within a contract between Los Alamos Figure 11. Aerial photo of AMF site (upper panel) as well as DO 128 Figure 19. Planned near real-time data analysis using Cloudnet Minimizing the gap ⇒ Formation of clouds between models and data ⇒ Formation of precip. predictability studies. National Laboratory and University of Hohenheim. It comprised the work of the local government and an engineering office and in Murg valley. Figure 14. Eddy correlation Figure 15. AMF site with aircraft (bottom panel). classification and improved Integrated Profiling Technique (IPT). included site rental, building application, site ground work, logistics (power, internet, phone), fence, outreach, etc. The German station. aerosol inlet. COPS and GOP contributions are highlighted. Acknowledgements: This research program is supported by ARM, DFG, WWRP, HGF, ANR, CNRS, NERC, DWD, Meteo France, Meteo Swiss, EUMETSAT, EUFAR, the COPS ISSC, and the-P D HASE S S C .