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Topic 4.3 [9 marks] A 1. Two wave pulses, each of amplitude , approach each other. They then superpose before continuing in their original directions. [1 mark] What is the total amplitude during superposition and the amplitudes of the individual pulses after superposition? Markscheme D Examiners report [N/A] 2. Two pulses are travelling towards each other. [1 mark] What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses overlap? Markscheme A Examiners report [N/A] Unpolarized light of intensity I is incident on the first of two polarizing sheets. Initially the planes of polarization of the sheets are 3. 0 [1 mark] perpendicular. I0 Which sheet must be rotated and by what angle so that light of intensity can emerge from the second sheet? 4 Markscheme C Examiners report [N/A] 4. A beam of unpolarized light is incident on the first of two parallel polarizers. The transmission axes of the two polarizers are initially [1 mark] parallel. The first polarizer is now rotated about the direction of the incident beam by an angle smaller than 90°. Which gives the changes, if any, in the intensity and polarization of the transmitted light? Markscheme A Examiners report [N/A] 5. Properties of waves are [1 mark] I. polarization II. diffraction III. refraction Which of these properties apply to sound waves? A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III Markscheme C Examiners report [N/A] A point source of light of amplitude A gives rise to a particular light intensity when viewed at a distance from the source. When the 6. 0 [1 mark] amplitude is increased and the viewing distance is doubled, the light intensity is doubled. What is the new amplitude of the source? A. 2A0 B. 2√2 A0 C. 4A0 D. 8A0 Markscheme B Examiners report [N/A] A point source emits sound waves of amplitude A. The sound intensity at a distance d from the source is I. What is the sound 7. [1 mark] intensity at a distance 0.5d from the source when the source emits waves of amplitude 2A? A. 16I B. 4I C. I D. 1 I 4 Markscheme A Examiners report [N/A] A water wave moves on the surface of a lake. P and Q are two points on the water surface. The wave is traveling towards the right. 8. [1 mark] The diagram shows the wave at time t = 0. Which graph shows how the displacements of P and Q vary with t? Markscheme C Examiners report [N/A] Horizontally polarized light of intensity I enters a polarizer P whose polarization axis makes an angle of θ degrees with the 9. 0 [1 mark] horizontal. Light from P is then incident on a polarizer A with fixed vertical polarization axis. The angle θ is varied from 0 to 90 degrees. Which of the following represents the variation with θ of the intensity I of the light transmitted through A? Markscheme B Examiners report [N/A] © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019 International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional® Printed for Jyvaskylan Lyseon lukio.

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Section 1: Introduction (PDF)
SECTION 1: Introduction SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Section 1 Contents The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance ....................................................................1-1 Relationship to CZARA Guidance ....................................................................................1-2 National Water Quality Inventory .....................................................................................1-3 What is Nonpoint Source Pollution? ...............................................................................1-4 Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control .......................................1-5 Programs to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution...........................................................1-7 National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program .............................................1-7 Storm Water Permit Program .......................................................................................1-8 Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program ............................................................1-8 Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program ................................................................1-9 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)...................................................................................................1-9 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulation ....................................................................1-10 Sources of Further Information .....................................................................................1-10
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Sources and Emissions of Air Pollutants
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 2 Sources and Emissions of Air Pollutants LEArning ObjECtivES By the end of this chapter the reader will be able to: • distinguish the “troposphere” from the “stratosphere” • define “polluted air” in relation to various scientific disciplines • describe “anthropogenic” sources of air pollutants and distinguish them from “natural” sources • list 10 sources of indoor air contaminants • identify three meteorological factors that affect the dispersal of air pollutants ChAPtEr OutLinE I. Introduction II. Measurement Basics III. Unpolluted vs. Polluted Air IV. Air Pollutant Sources and Their Emissions V. Pollutant Transport VI. Summary of Major Points VII. Quiz and Problems VIII. Discussion Topics References and Recommended Reading 21 2 N D R E V I S E 9955 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 22 Chapter 2 SourCeS and EmiSSionS of Air PollutantS i. IntrOduCtiOn level. Mt. Everest is thus a minute bump on the globe that adds only 0.06 percent to the Earth’s diameter. Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere The Earth’s atmosphere consists of several defined layers (Figure 2–1). The troposphere, in which all life The Earth, along with Mercury, Venus, and Mars, is exists, and from which we breathe, reaches an altitude of a terrestrial (as opposed to gaseous) planet with a per- about 7–8 km at the poles to just over 13 km at the equa- manent atmosphere. The Earth is an oblate (slightly tor: the mean thickness being 9.1 km (5.7 miles). Thus, flattened) sphere with a mean diameter of 12,700 km the troposphere represents a very thin cover over the (about 8,000 statute miles).
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DOE-HDBK-1122-99; Radiological Control Technician Training
DOE-HDBK-1122-99 Module 1.11 External Exposure Control Study Guide Course Title: Radiological Control Technician Module Title: External Exposure Control Module Number: 1.11 Objectives: 1.11.01 Identify the four basic methods for minimizing personnel external exposure. 1.11.02 Using the Exposure Rate = 6CEN equation, calculate the gamma exposure rate for specific radionuclides. 1.11.03 Identify "source reduction" techniques for minimizing personnel external exposures. 1.11.04 Identify "time-saving" techniques for minimizing personnel external exposures. 1.11.05 Using the stay time equation, calculate an individual's remaining allowable dose equivalent or stay time. 1.11.06 Identify "distance to radiation sources" techniques for minimizing personnel external exposures. 1.11.07 Using the point source equation (inverse square law), calculate the exposure rate or distance for a point source of radiation. 1.11.08 Using the line source equation, calculate the exposure rate or distance for a line source of radiation. 1.11.09 Identify how exposure rate varies depending on the distance from a surface (plane) source of radiation, and identify examples of plane sources. 1.11.10 Identify the definition and units of "mass attenuation coefficient" and "linear attenuation coefficient". 1.11.11 Identify the definition and units of "density thickness." 1.11.12 Identify the density-thickness values, in mg/cm2, for the skin, the lens of the eye and the whole body. 1.11.13 Calculate shielding thickness or exposure rates for gamma/x-ray radiation using the equations. 1.11-1 DOE-HDBK-1122-99 Module 1.11 External Exposure Control Study Guide INTRODUCTION The external exposure reduction and control measures available are of primary importance to the everyday tasks performed by the RCT.
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Physics 1CL · WAVE OPTICS: INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION · Winter 2010
Physics 1CL · WAVE OPTICS: INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION · Winter 2010 Introduction An important property of waves is interference. You are familiar with some simple examples of interference of sound waves. This interference effect produces positions having large amplitude oscillations due to constructive interference or no oscillations due to destructive interference which can be considered to arise from superposition plane waves (waves propagating in one dimension). A more complicated behavior occurs when we consider the superposition of waves that propagate in two (or three dimensions), for instance the waves that arise from the two slits in Young’s double slit experiment. Here, interference produces a two (or three) dimensional pattern of minima and maxima that depends on the relative position of the interfering sources and on the wavelength of the wave. The Young’s double slit experiment clearly shows that light has wave properties. Interference effects are important because they are the basis for determining the positions of atoms in molecules using x-ray diffraction. An interference pattern arises from x- rays scattered from the individual atoms in a molecule. Each atom acts as a coherent source and the interference pattern is used to determine the spatial arrangement of the atoms in the molecule. In this lab you will study the interference pattern of a pair of coherent sources. Coherent sources have a fixed phase relationship at all times. Several pairs of transparences are provided to facilitate the understanding and analysis of constructive and destructive interference. The transparencies are constructed to mimic the behavior of a pair of harmonic point source wave trains.
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Lesson 2. Pollution and Water Quality Pollution Sources
NEIGHBORHOOD WATER QUALITY Lesson 2. Pollution and Water Quality Keywords: pollutants, water pollution, point source, non-point source, urban pollution, agricultural pollution, atmospheric pollution, smog, nutrient pollution, eutrophication, organic pollution, herbicides, pesticides, chemical pollution, sediment pollution, stormwater runoff, urbanization, algae, phosphate, nitrogen, ion, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, nitrifying bacteria, proteins, water quality, pH, acid, alkaline, basic, neutral, dissolved oxygen, organic material, temperature, thermal pollution, salinity Pollution Sources Water becomes polluted when point source pollution. This type of foreign substances enter the pollution is difficult to identify and environment and are transported into may come from pesticides, fertilizers, the water cycle. These substances, or automobile fluids washed off the known as pollutants, contaminate ground by a storm. Non-point source the water and are sometimes pollution comes from three main harmful to people and the areas: urban-industrial, agricultural, environment. Therefore, water and atmospheric sources. pollution is any change in water that is harmful to living organisms. Urban pollution comes from the cities, where many people live Sources of water pollution are together on a small amount of land. divided into two main categories: This type of pollution results from the point source and non-point source. things we do around our homes and Point source pollution occurs when places of work. Agricultural a pollutant is discharged at a specific pollution comes from rural areas source. In other words, the source of where fewer people live. This type of the pollutant can be easily identified. pollution results from runoff from Examples of point-source pollution farmland, and consists of pesticides, include a leaking pipe or a holding fertilizer, and eroded soil.
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Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1
Exposure Routes Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1 External exposure Internal exposure Body surface From outer space contamination and the sun Inhalation Suspended matters Food and drink consumption From a radiation Lungs generator Radio‐ pharmaceuticals Wound Buildings Ground Radiation coming from outside the body Radiation emitted within the body Radioactive The body is equally exposed to radiation in both cases. materials "Radiation exposure" refers to the situation where the body is in the presence of radiation. There are two types of radiation exposure, "internal exposure" and "external exposure." External exposure means to receive radiation that comes from radioactive materials existing on the ground, suspended in the air, or attached to clothes or the surface of the body (p.25 of Vol. 1, "External Exposure and Skin"). Conversely, internal exposure is caused (i) when a person has a meal and takes in radioactive materials in the food or drink (ingestion); (ii) when a person breathes in radioactive materials in the air (inhalation); (iii) when radioactive materials are absorbed through the skin (percutaneous absorption); (iv) when radioactive materials enter the body from a wound (wound contamination); and (v) when radiopharmaceuticals containing radioactive materials are administered for the purpose of medical treatment. Once radioactive materials enter the body, the body will continue to be exposed to radiation until the radioactive materials are excreted in the urine or feces (biological half-life) or as the radioactivity weakens over time (p.26 of Vol. 1, "Internal Exposure"). The difference between internal exposure and external exposure lies in whether the source that emits radiation is inside or outside the body.
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Nonintrusive Depth Estimation of Buried Radioactive Wastes Using Ground Penetrating Radar and a Gamma Ray Detector
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Deepsource: Point Source Detection Using Deep Learning
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20 Years of Hubble Space Telescope Optical Modeling Using Tiny Tim
20 years of Hubble Space Telescope optical modeling using Tiny Tim John E. Krista, Richard N. Hookb, Felix Stoehrb a9655 Saluda Ave, Tujunga, CA USA 91042 bEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Str. 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany ABSTRACT Point spread function (PSF) models are critical to Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data analysis. Astronomers unfamiliar with optical simulation techniques need access to PSF models that properly match the conditions of their observations, so any HST modeling software needs to be both easy-to-use and have detailed information on the telescope and instruments. The Tiny Tim PSF simulation software package has been the standard HST modeling software since its release in early 1992. We discuss the evolution of Tiny Tim over the years as new instruments and optical properties have been incorporated. We also demonstrate how Tiny Tim PSF models have been used for HST data analysis. Tiny Tim is freely available from tinytim.stsci.edu. Keywords: Hubble Space Telescope, point spread function 1. INTRODUCTION The point spread function (PSF) is the fundamental unit of image formation for an optical system such as a telescope. It encompasses the diffraction from obscurations, which is modified by aberrations, and the scattering from mid-to-high spatial frequency optical errors. Imaging performance is often described in terms of PSF properties, such as resolution and encircled energy. Optical engineering software, including ray tracing and physical optics propagation packages, are employed during the design phase of the system to predict the PSF to ensure that the imaging requirements are met. But once the system is complete and operational, the software is usually packed away and the point spread function considered static, to be described in documentation for reference by the scientist.
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Radiation Protection Note No 6 : the External Hazard
RADIATION PROTECTION NOTE 6: THE EXTERNAL HAZARD The external radiation hazard arises from sources of radiation outside the body. When radioactive material actually gets inside the body it gives rise to an internal radiation hazard. The internal radiation hazard is discussed in Radiation Protection Note No: 7. Alpha radiation is not normally regarded as an external radiation hazard as it cannot penetrate the outer layers of the skin. The hazard may be due to beta, X-ray, gamma or neutron radiation and is controlled by applying the ALARP principals of using least activity, time, distance and shielding. USE LEAST ACTIVITY All experiments involving radioactive materials should be designed and planned so that successful results may be obtained by using the minimum amount of radioactivity. Taking the random nature of radioactive decay into account, it is possible to calculate the statistical error n½ associated with the count “n” obtained at the end of the experiment. This error should be arranged to be considerably less than other experimental errors and one can then work back through other procedures involved to calculate the activity of radioisotope required in the initial stages of the experiment. It should be noted that using twice as much stock solution will double the final count but, at best, will only improve the statistical error by a factor of 2 . USE LEAST TIME The radiation dose received by a person working in an area having a particular dose rate is directly proportional to the amount of time spent in the area. Therefore, dose can be controlled by limiting the time spent in the area.
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Calculating the Absorbed Dose from Radioactive Patients: The Line-Source Versus Point-Source Model Jeffry A. Siegel, PhD1; Carol S. Marcus, PhD, MD2; and Richard B. Sparks, PhD3 1Nuclear Physics Enterprises, Cherry Hill, New Jersey; 2Radiological Sciences and Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and 3CDE Dosimetry Services, Incorporated, Knoxville, Tennessee ceiving therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Although it is ex- In calculations of absorbed doses from radioactive patients, the pected that radioactive patients are counseled to stay a reason- activity distribution in such patients is generally assumed to be able distance from others, there are often speciﬁc situations an unattenuated point source and the dose to exposed individ- that need to be addressed, such as doses to others while uals at a given distance is therefore calculated using the inverse sleeping, using public or private transportation, or being in a square law. In many nuclear medicine patients, the activity distribution is widely dispersed and does not simulate a point theater for a few hours. In addition, calculating radiation ab- source. In these cases, a line-source model is proposed to more sorbed dose to individuals exposed to diagnostic nuclear med- accurately reﬂect this extended activity distribution. Methods: icine patients is often prudent, if only to reassure patients, their Calculations of dose rate per unit activity were performed for a families, and their caregivers. Patients who are mothers with point source and for line sources of lengths of 20, 50, 70, 100, young children are especially apprehensive about radiation and and 174 cm, and the ratios of line-source values to point-source often want to know the potential dose to their children.
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Annual Pollution Report: 2000 Air Emissions and Water Discharges
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