The Role of Exogenous Somatotropin, Ovariectomy and Extracellular Matrix in Bovine Mammary Gland Development

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Role of Exogenous Somatotropin, Ovariectomy and Extracellular Matrix in Bovine Mammary Gland Development The Role of Exogenous Somatotropin, Ovariectomy and Extracellular Matrix in Bovine Mammary Gland Development Brandy Patrice Huderson Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Animal Science, Dairy Committee: Dr. R. Micheal Akers (Chair) Dr. Mark D. Hanigan Dr. Eric A. Wong Dr. William R. Huckle Dr. Ronald E. Pearson January 27, 2010 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: heifer, mammary, growth hormone, ovariectomy, MAC-T The Role of Exogenous Somatotropin, Ovariectomy and Extracellular Matrix in Bovine Mammary Gland Development Brandy Patrice Huderson ABSTRACT The highly regulated maturation of the mammary gland is poorly understood. Our studies were designed to further characterize the role of ovarian hormones, growth hormone (GH)/IGF axis proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the growth and development of prepubertal mammary glands. Prepubertal heifers were injected with either exogenous GH or subjected to ovariectomy (OVX). Mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP) were harvested for DNA, protein, lipid, and western blot analysis. Remaining tissues were preserved for histological staining or snap frozen for quantitative real-time PCR. We examined 13 genes that work in conjunction with the extracellular matrix to regulate mammary proliferation and morphogenesis. Administration of GH, while impacting composition of MFP, had no effect on expression of the selected genes; there was a decrease in expression of fibronectin in PAR. Ovariectomy had no effect on gene expression in MFP but decreased expression of epimorphin, a potent regulator of morphogenesis, in PAR. In both experiments, the presence of a 55 kDa band corresponding to androgen converting enzyme aromatase was detected but its expression was unaffected. In another study, we used in vitro cell culture to evaluate the role of ECM in mammary gland maturation and employed quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate gene expression profiles of select genes involved in proliferation and differentiation. Expression of Rac1 was decreased in response to bovine insulin (BI) but increased on collagen I (Col). Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase was decreased in BI and serum on plastic and on Col in the presence of BI. Expression of IGF binding proteins (BP) 3, -4, and -6 were decreased in the presence of serum on laminin (LM). Also, IGF-BP2 expression was decreased on Col while IGF-BP6 was increased on LM with BI. Clusterin, a ubiquitous non-adhesive ECM protein was not affected by ECM substrate but did increase over time. In conclusion, we propose that the mammary gland is not able to respond to GH at this age and that while OVX did effect the expression of some genes, the presence of aromatase maintained local estrogen concentrations. Furthermore, ECM alone is insufficient to regulate mammary gland development and growth. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Akers, my major advisor and committee chair. Thank you for your seemingly endless patience. Thank you for taking a chance on me and giving me this opportunity. The past four and a half years have been the best of my life and I owe that to you. Your support and generosity has allowed me to grow as a researcher and as an academic. It has been an honor to work in your lab. I would like to also thank my dissertation committee. Dr. Pearson you willingness to sit with me and repeatedly explain statistics and SAS as whole is greatly appreciated. Dr. Huckle, your warm smile was greatly appreciated when I was imagining my academic career flying out of the window. Dr. Hannigan, thank you for the time you have taken out to help me. Your vast breathe of knowledge is both impressive and a bit intimidating, but I appreciate the kindness that you have shown me. Dr. Wong, I owe you special thanks not only for serving on my dissertation committee or for the help that you have provided me but also for the many opportunities that I have been afforded with PREP. To my dear lab sisters, lab just wasn’t the same without you here. I am so sad that our paths have forked but I am so proud of both of you. Ladies, your patience and willingness to conquer SAS for me can never be repaid but I am certainly alright with spending the rest of life trying. No other lab will ever come close to what we had here. It was privilege to work next to such phenomenonal women. I will never forget our times here in lab, making messes and trying to figure out the simplest of task. I am excited about our next adventures and look forward to seeing both of you at least once a year, every year. I am so humbled and honored to have been a part of the PREP/IMSD family. You were the first family I had after coming to VT and I am so thankful for the soft landing. To Dr. Smith, thank you for taking a chance on me. You have been a guiding light in my time here at VT and I thank you. Many of the opportunities that I have had here at VT have been a direct result of the PREP/IMSD family and I only hope that I have represented you well. Soror Kershaw, thank you for all your help! You have been there for me through thick and thin. I wish you and your family all the best. Thank you, Pattie Boyle, for all your help and support. To this day, whenever I hear “Celebration” or “Ladies Night” I just want get up and dance. Continue to be happy and beautiful. Cathy, your problem solving super strength probably saved my dissertation more than once. Thanks for all your help and time especially with taking pictures. I have no doubt that you will soar through your master’s program whenever the time is right. While I am grateful to all of DASC faculty I am especially grateful to Dr. G and Isis. I am not sure what I did to deserve it but your unrelenting belief and confidence in me was the bright spot in many of my days. Thank you for every piece of advice you ever gave me, every kind word and every smile. Cindy, please continue to be wonderful. To Julie and Becky, thank you for all your help. Had it not been for you ladies I am not sure that I would have been enrolled each semester I never knew there was so much fun to be had in a Dairy Science department. To the grad students, I say thank you for accepting an “outsider” and making me feel like this was where I belonged. Kto, Agustin, Jobi and Joe, best of luck in all that you do. Megan your very interesting and often times hilarious questions were classic and will forever be etched on my mind. Ivory, you probably don’t know it, but your friendship during one of the darkest times in my life saved iii me. I am so happy for you and wish you many years of wedded bliss. I can’t wait to see the tall, chubby babies! All of this would have been impossible if it were not for the love and support of my family. Ma, thank you for daily calls and encouragement even when you didn’t know what you were encouraging me to do. A big thank you for taking temporary custody of Salaam and Nyah, I know they can be a handful but they love their grandmother very much. Big Pimp, thank you for being the best daddy a girl could have, you never judged me, just laughed at me, you never chastised me, just laughed at me. You remind me that nothing is that important. Bigurl, Diva, you are one-half of the best things our parents ever did. Of all the people in my life I admire you the most. You are a beautiful woman and I am exceedingly proud to know you much less be your sister. You challenge me and steal my things but I wouldn’t have it any other way. Diva, I can’t wait to toast you as Dr. Huderson, you will take this world by storm! To Boogers and Gal, it has been an honor to have such strong black women in my life. You both have seen many sunsets yet your strength and wisdom have never been eclipsed. Thank you, both, for making me feel like the best granddaughter in the world. I can’t promise a husband and kids, but I can promise to always strive to make you proud of me. To my Nubian Princesses, Coco and Meme, you are the inspiration in my life. All that I do is for you, to show that there is a better way. You can accomplish anything that you put your minds to. And when you fall short I will always be there to lift you up. Thank you for your patience, I love you both. Ley and Nitra, wow, I have officially known you ladies most of life and I can’t picture, nor do I want to, my future without you. You have seen me at my worst and have stood by me the entire time. We have seen the tragedy of death and the miracle of birth together. We have grown into beautiful women together and are a force to be reckoned with, as long as no one sees the antics that happen behind closed doors. A toast to us, the Holee Trinity. It is amazing, most of us spend the majority of our time here in the NRV begging to leave, but when that time comes we find that it is the hardest thing to do.
Recommended publications
  • Bovine Somatotropin in Milk
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Archived Food and Health Publications Archived USU Extension Publications 1999 Bovine Somatotropin in Milk Charlotte P. Brennand PhD Utah State University Extension Clell V. Bagley DVM Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_histfood Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Food Processing Commons, and the Nutrition Commons Warning: The information in this series may be obsolete. It is presented here for historical purposes only. For the most up to date information please visit The Utah State University Cooperative Extension Office Recommended Citation Brennand, Charlotte P. PhD and Bagley, Clell V. DVM, "Bovine Somatotropin in Milk" (1999). Archived Food and Health Publications. Paper 32. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/extension_histfood/32 This Factsheet is brought to you for free and open access by the Archived USU Extension Publications at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Archived Food and Health Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EL 250.6 UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION FOOD SAFETY FACT 8UEET m1888 FOOD SAFTBY SBRIBS by Charlotte P. Brennand, PhD Clell V. Bagley, DVM Extension Food Safety Specialist Extension Veterinarian Bovine Somatotropin in Milk What is Bovine Sources of BST/BGH Biotechnology Somatotropin? production of BST Early research efforts used crude extracts from bovine pituitary Bovine Somatotropin (BST), The genes responsible for pro­ glands. Although the treated cows also called bovine growth hormone duction of BST in cattle were iden­ increased their milk production, the (BGH), is a hormone produced by tified in bovine tissue cells; they amount of available BST was too the cow's pituitary gland.
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Somatotropin (Bst) – Possible Increased Use of Antibiotics to Treat Mastitis in Cows, October 30, 2013
    Bovine Somatotropin (bST) – Possible Increased Use of Antibiotics to Treat Mastitis in Cows, October 30, 2013 Suzanne J. Sechen, Ph.D. Leader, Ruminant Drugs Team Division of Production Drugs Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration Rockville, MD, U.S.A. The following report was submitted by FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine for consideration in the re-evaluation of bovine somatotropin at the seventy-eighth meeting on residues of veterinary drugs by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee (JECFA) on Food Additives, held November 5-14, 2013 BACKGROUND The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a formulation of recombinant bovine growth hormone (bST) in 1993, sometribove zinc, for administration to lactating dairy cows to increase milk production. The FDA concluded that use of the drug increased the risk of clinical mastitis in treated cows, and that it may also increase milk somatic cell count1. Approved labeling for the product communicates these risks. These conclusions were reconfirmed in 2003 when the FDA approved a supplemental application for this bST product following reanalysis by the sponsor of the original data and new, post- approval monitoring program (PAMP) data using more accurate mixed-model analyses, not available at the time of the original approval2. At the time of the original approval, FDA concluded that the increase in clinical mastitis in sometribove-treated cows was not a public health concern in terms of antibiotic residues in milk being increased above tolerance due to therapeutic treatment of mastitis1. When examined on a per unit milk basis, the increase in the incidence of clinical mastitis due to sometribove (approximately 0.1 case per cow per year) was about 4 to 9 times less than the effects due to other sources of variation, such as season, parity, stage of lactation, and herd-to-herd variation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Stems in the Selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances
    WHO/PSM/QSM/2006.3 The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances 2006 Programme on International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Quality Assurance and Safety: Medicines Medicines Policy and Standards The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Somatotropin Physiology
    S.Afr.J.Anim.Sci.,199 4, 24(1) Somatotropinphysiology - a review J.G.van der Walt Departmentof Physiology,Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,Onderstepoort, 0110 Republicof SouthAf rica Received4 June 1993;accepted l5 November/,993 The continuing search for improved efficiency has led to the introduction of exogenousgrowth and lactation promo- tants to enhance traditional animal production systems.Various species-limitedsomatotropins have been synthesized by meansof recombinantgene technology,thereby allowing milk productionin dairy cattle,and lcan meat production in pigs, sheep and cattle to be manipulated.Growth hormone occurs in plasma in several forms, which overlap considerably with the structuresof placental lactogen and prolactin. The peptide is stabilized by two disulphidc bridges,and is folded into four a-helix regions.The somatogenicand lactogenicregions have been mapped,and two different binding sites found. Somatotropinis secretedepisodically from the anterior pituitary with a sniking ultradian rhythm in all mammals investigated thus far. The primary control over this release would appear to be neuro- endocrinological,with somatostatinand releasinghormone (GHRH) playing the major roles, with considerablespecics differences.Starvation primes the systemto optimally releasesomatotropin when feedingrecommences. While sexual dimorphism in the releaseof somatotropinhas been clearly demonstratedin the rat, most studiesin other specieshave concentratedon male animals. Although somatotropinexhibis negative feedback on its release,it
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Sheep
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2017 The Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Sheep Richard B. McCosh Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation McCosh, Richard B., "The Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Sheep" (2017). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6194. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6194 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Sheep Richard B. McCosh Dissertation submitted to the School of Medicine at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Biomedical Science Cellular and Integrative Physiology Robert L. Goodman, PhD; Mentor Stanley M. Hileman, PhD; Chair Michael W. Vernon, PhD Steven L. Hardy, PhD Donal C. Skinner, PhD Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Morgantown, West Virginia 2017 Key Words: gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, somatostatin, kisspeptin, sheep Copyright 2017 Richard B.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Approved by the Honors Tutorial College and Department of Biological Sciences
    This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and Department of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ Dr. Darlene Berryman Professor, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness College of Health Sciences and Professions Thesis Adviser __________________________________ Dr. Soichi Tanda Director of Studies, Honors Tutorial College Biological Sciences _________________________________ Jeremy Webster Dean, Honors Tutorial College THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE MACROPHAGE CONTENT OF DIFFERENT ADIPOSE TISSUE DEPOTS A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University _____________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for Graduation From the Honors Tutorial College With the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biological Sciences _____________________________________________ By Rachel D Munn June 2011 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………3 Abstract……………………………………………………………...4 Introduction…………………………………………………………6 Adipose Tissue………………………………………………6 Adipose Tissue Depots……………………………………...7 Obesity………………………………………………………11 Inflammation………………………………………………..12 Macrophages………………………………………………..14 Physiological Function……………………………...14 Adipose Tissue Macrophages……………………….15 Growth Hormone……………………………………………18 Function……………………………………………..19 Growth Hormone and Macrophages………………..23 Growth Hormone and Adipose……………………...24 Transgenic Mouse Models…………………………………..26 Significance of Research…………………………………….29 Materials and Methods…………………………………………….30 Results……………………………………………………………….36
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Plasmid Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Treatment During Heat Stress
    DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY Volume 27, Number 11, 2008 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Pp. 629–635 DOI: 10.1089=dna.2008.0758 Effects of Plasmid Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Treatment during Heat Stress Patricia A. Brown,1 Angela M. Bodles-Brakhop,2 and Ruxandra Draghia-Akli2 A gene therapy treatment with plasmid-based growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) delivered by elec- troporation (EP) was investigated during heat stress; 32 primiparous cows received 2.5 mg of a GHRH-expressing myogenic plasmid (pSP-HV-GHRH), while 20 were designated as controls. Offspring of treated animals showed a reduction in mortality (47%; p < 0.02), and survival from birth to 260 days was dramatically improved (0% mortality vs. 21% in controls) along with an increase in weight gain ( p < 0.05). Milk production was increased compared to controls with an average yield gain of 421 kg=cow ( p ¼ 0.028). Prolactin (PRL) levels were also significantly increased compared to controls ( p < 0.05). The second pregnancy rate was improved by GHRH treatment (53.3% vs. 30.8%). This study shows that the use of plasmid-mediated therapy delivered by EP can maintain health status during periods of heat stress, important for both animals and potentially humans in hot, challenging climates. tion of bovine somatotropin (bST) is the current method used Introduction to improve productivity in domestic animals and has been he seasons of the year can have a dramatic impact on shown to enhance milk production (Gulay et al., 2003, 2004) Thumans and animals alike. As a model for heat stress we even under conditions of heat stress (Johnson et al., 1991; have chosen dairy cows.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL INFORMATION Name: David Robert Clemmons EDUCATION 1965-1966 Undergraduate, Vanderbilt University 1966
    CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL INFORMATION Name: David Robert Clemmons EDUCATION 1965-1966 Undergraduate, Vanderbilt University 1966-1969 B.S., Davidson College 1970-1974 M.D. with honors, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Postgraduate: 1974-1975 Intern in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital 1975-1976 Junior Assistant Resident, Massachusetts General Hospital 1976-1977 Senior Assistant Resident, Johns Hopkins Hospital 1977-1978 Clinical Fellowship in Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital 1978-1980 Research Fellow in Cell Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill RESEARCH EXPERIENCE 1971-1972 USPHS Fellow in Pediatric Endocrinology 1978-1980 USPHS Fellow in Endocrinology FACULTY APPOINTMENTS 1980-1984 Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 1984-1989 Associate Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 1989-present Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 1990-2006 Chief, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 1995-present Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 2006-2009 Director, Diabetes Center for Excellence, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC TEACHING APPOINTMENTS 1974-1976 Clinical Fellow in Medicine, Harvard Medical School 1976-1977 Clinical Fellow in Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital 1977-1978 Clinical Fellow in Endocrinology, Harvard Medical School 1978-1980 Clinical and Research Fellow in Endocrinology, Harvard Medical School and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill HONORS 1973 Deborah Cushing Leary Award 1974 Alpha Omega Alpha 1974 M.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) is a synthetic (man-made) hormone that is marketed to dairy farmers to increase milk production in cows. It has been used in the United States since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993, but its use is not permitted in the European Union, Canada, and some other countries. This document summarizes what is known about the product and its potential effects on health. What is recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)? The human form of growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is made by the pituitary gland. It promotes growth and cell replication. Bovine growth hormone (BGH), also known as bovine somatotropin (BST) is the natural form of this hormone in cattle. Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) or recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) refers to bovine growth hormone that is made in a lab using genetic technology. Some rBGH products on the market differ chemically from a cow's natural somatotropin by one amino acid. Both the natural and recombinant forms of the hormone stimulate a cow's milk production by increasing levels of another hormone known as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). What are the health concerns in humans? Concerns about possible health effects on humans from milk produced using rBGH have focused on 2 main issues. First, does drinking milk from rBGH-treated cows increase blood levels of growth hormone or IGF-1 in consumers? If it does, would this be expected to have any health effects in people, including increasing the risk of cancer? Several scientific reviews have 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 looked at these issues and are the main focus of this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Apoptosis As Determinants of Preimplantation Bovine Embryonic Development
    INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I AND APOPTOSIS AS DETERMINANTS OF PREIMPLANTATION BOVINE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT By FRANK DEAN JOUSAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Frank Dean Jousan This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and family. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the dedication, guidance, and tireless support of Dr. Peter J. Hansen, chairman of my supervisory committee. I admire Dr. Hansen for his energy, enthusiasm, and passion that he has for science. Dr. Hansen works continuously toward the development and training of scientific minds while creating an enjoyable working environment. I am grateful for the opportunity that I had to work with Dr. Hansen and will always consider him to be an excellent mentor and great friend. Appreciation is also extended to the other members of my committee: Dr. William C. Buhi for his knowledge and support; Dr. Kenneth C. Drury for his interest and insight to my research; Dr. Karen Moore for her willingness to discuss science and dedication to providing such a high-quality embryology lecture and laboratory course; and Dr. Mats Troedsson for his willingness to allow opportunities for collaborations between our laboratories and his interesting, humorous conversations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the management and personnel at Central Packing Co. in Center Hill, FL, for providing the ovaries used in the majority of my experiments and to William Rembert for his assistance in collecting ovaries.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2017/180788 Al 19 October 2017 (19.10.2017) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/180788 Al 19 October 2017 (19.10.2017) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every Λ 61Κ 8/02 (2006.01) A61K 45/00 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, A61K 8/18 (2006.01) A61P 17/18 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, A61K 8/19 (2006.01) A61Q 19/00 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, A61K 33/00 (2006.01) C07K 14/78 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, A61K 38/00 (2006.01) HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, (21) International Application Number: MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, PCT/US20 17/027275 NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, (22) International Filing Date: RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, 12 April 2017 (12.04.2017) TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (26) Publication Language: English kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (30) Priority Data: GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, 62/321,626 12 April 2016 (12.04.2016) US TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, (71) Applicant: ILLUSTRIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bovine Somatotropin on Endocrine Function, Embryo Development, and Uterine-Conceptus Interactions in Dairy Cattle
    EFFECTS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION, EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, AND UTERINE-CONCEPTUS INTERACTIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE By TODD RUSSELL BILBY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Todd R. Bilby To my parents, Ross and Cheryl Bilby, for their endless support ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to Dr. William W. Thatcher, my supervisory committee chair. Dr. Thatcher provided endless guidance, encouragement, inspiration, and financial support. Dr. Thatcher provided me with the skills to be successful and instilled in me a passion for knowledge. I am proud of the opportunity I had to work with him and will always consider Dr. Thatcher an excellent mentor and great friend. I extend my appreciation to my committee members: Dr. Peter J. Hansen, who allowed me to use his laboratory for my final project and provided endless insight into my projects, curriculum, and overall professional development; Dr. Lokenga Badinga for his teaching in the area of nutritional physiology, and for always being willing to answer any questions; and Dr. Nasser Chegini for the use of his laboratory and invaluable contributions. All committee members provided continual support throughout my Ph.D. program. I greatly appreciate Dr. Charles Staples for his patience and guidance in working with me on my projects, editing papers, and providing knowledge on dairy cattle nutrition. I would also like to thank Dr. Staples’s graduate students: Mr. Bruno Amaral for his help with my last research project and Mrs.
    [Show full text]