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Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bovine Somatotropin on Endocrine Function, Embryo Development, and Uterine-Conceptus Interactions in Dairy Cattle

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Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bovine Somatotropin on Endocrine Function, Embryo Development, and Uterine-Conceptus Interactions in Dairy Cattle EFFECTS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION, EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, AND UTERINE-CONCEPTUS INTERACTIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE By TODD RUSSELL BILBY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Todd R. Bilby To my parents, Ross and Cheryl Bilby, for their endless support ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to Dr. William W. Thatcher, my supervisory committee chair. Dr. Thatcher provided endless guidance, encouragement, inspiration, and financial support. Dr. Thatcher provided me with the skills to be successful and instilled in me a passion for knowledge. I am proud of the opportunity I had to work with him and will always consider Dr. Thatcher an excellent mentor and great friend. I extend my appreciation to my committee members: Dr. Peter J. Hansen, who allowed me to use his laboratory for my final project and provided endless insight into my projects, curriculum, and overall professional development; Dr. Lokenga Badinga for his teaching in the area of nutritional physiology, and for always being willing to answer any questions; and Dr. Nasser Chegini for the use of his laboratory and invaluable contributions. All committee members provided continual support throughout my Ph.D. program. I greatly appreciate Dr. Charles Staples for his patience and guidance in working with me on my projects, editing papers, and providing knowledge on dairy cattle nutrition. I would also like to thank Dr. Staples’s graduate students: Mr. Bruno Amaral for his help with my last research project and Mrs. Faith Cullens for her assistance at the Dairy Research Unit with my projects. I extend my appreciation to Mrs. Marie-Joelle Thatcher for all her help with different hormone assays, statistics, excel spreadsheets, and for the excellent French cuisine. iv I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Jeremy Block for being a great friend, colleague, and roommate. Jeremy was always willing and able to help me at any time during my projects at the DRU without complaint. I owe special thanks to all of the members of the Thatcher Lab (Dr. Flavio Silvestre, Dr. Julian Bartolome, Dr. Metin Pancarci, Dr. Allessandro Sozzi, Dr. Aydin Guzeloglu, Mr. Ocilom Sa Filho) for helping with all aspects of my projects, for their insightful discussions, and for the great camaraderie. I thank the laboratory technicians who worked in Dr. Thatcher’s laboratory (Mr. Oscar Hernandez, Mr. Frank Michel and Ms. Idania Alverez) for teaching me various molecular biology techniques, and for their continuous technical support. I am very grateful to Dr. Shunichi Kamimura, Dr. Ana Meikle, Dr. Leslie MacLaren, Dr. Maarten Drost, Dr. Tom Jenkins, and Dr. Alan Ealy for their assistance and guidance with my research papers and projects. I would like to acknowledge members of the Hansen Lab: Dr. Rocio Rivera, Mrs. Amber Brad, Mr. Jeremy Block, Mr. Dean Jousan, Mr. Moises Franco, Ms. Maria Padua, Dr. Luiz de Castro e Paula, Ms. Barbara Loureiro, Dr. Katherine Hendricks, and Dr. Zvi Roth. I could always find someone in their laboratory to help me at any time, nights or weekends. They included me in many of their social functions. Words cannot express all the fun, friendship, and knowledge I gained through knowing each one of them. I express appreciation to Dr. Herbert Head, Mrs. Joyce Hayen, Dr. Marcio Liboni, and Dr. Tomas Belloso for their assistance with my radioimmunoassays. I thank Mr. David Armstrong and Mrs. Mary Russell, and all the staff at the Dairy Research Unit for their safe care and handling of the cows for all of my projects. I am v also very grateful to the faculty, staff and students of the Animal Sciences department for creating a positive working environment, and for all their support, discussion, and friendship. I would like to extend special thanks to Ms. Myriam Lopez for her endless patience and continuous support. Ms. Lopez always made herself available to help with my research projects, no matter the time or day. There are not enough words to express how thankful I am for her encouragement and meaningful friendship. Last but not least, I extend my utmost sincere appreciation to my parents, Ross and Cheryl Bilby. Their never-ending love and unconditional moral and financial support brought me where I am today. They have always encouraged my brother and me to look toward the future and experience life. Through them, I learned that hard work, a good personality, a sense of humor, and a strong education will lead to success and happiness. For all of that and much more, I thank them. I would also like to thank my brother, Chad Bilby. His encouragement and excellent advice has proven true, time and time again. To all my family and friends in both the United States and now in other countries, I give heartfelt thanks. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ xviii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xxi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.......................................................................................7 Reproductive Challenges of the High-Producing Dairy Cow ......................................7 Transition Period and Energy Balance..................................................................7 Fertility ..................................................................................................................9 Follicle and Estradiol...........................................................................................12 Corpus Luteum and Progesterone Production.....................................................14 Oocyte Competence and Early Embryo ..............................................................16 Conceptus and Maternal Unit..............................................................................19 Fatty Acid Metabolism ...............................................................................................22 Enzymes ..............................................................................................................22 Biohydrogenation ................................................................................................24 Fatty-Acid Intermediates.....................................................................................25 Effects of Supplemental Lipids on the High-Producing Dairy Cow ..........................28 Transition Period and Energy Balance................................................................28 Fertility ................................................................................................................32 Follicles and Estradiol .........................................................................................34 Corpus Luteum and Progesterone .......................................................................36 Oocyte and Early Embryo ...................................................................................38 Conceptus and Maternal Unit..............................................................................41 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors.....................................................44 Bovine Somatotropin and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System ...........................46 Bovine Somatotropin...........................................................................................46 Structure, synthesis, and secretion ...............................................................46 Receptor and ligand binding ........................................................................50 vii Second messengers.......................................................................................51 Insulin-like Growth Factor System .....................................................................52 Structure, synthesis, and secretion ...............................................................52 Receptors and ligand binding.......................................................................54 Second messengers.......................................................................................56 Binding proteins ...........................................................................................57 Effects on Lactation.............................................................................................58 Effects on Reproduction......................................................................................62 3 PREGNANCY AND BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN IN NONLACTATING DAIRY COWS: RESPONSES OF THE OVARIAN, CONCEPTUS AND IGF SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................................70 Introduction.................................................................................................................70 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................72
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