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Flora of Peru

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Flora of Peru no. % FLORA OF PERU BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART IV, NUMBER 2 NOVEMBER 28, 1958 THE LIBRARY OF. THE PUBLICATION 861 DEC 1 9 1953 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS To renew call Telephone Center, 333-840O FLORA OF PERU BY ROGERS MCVAUGH CURATOR OP VASCULAR PLANTS, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART IV, NUMBER 2 NOVEMBER 28, 1958 PUBLICATION 861 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 36-10426 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS FLORA OF PERU ROGERS MCVAUGH MYRTACEAE. Myrtle Family Shrubs or trees or rarely subherbaceous. Leaves simple, oppo- site (except in some introduced genera), exstipulate, entire or rarely crenate, punctate with resinous or pellucid glands, usually pinnately veined. Midvein usually elevated and prominent on the lower sur- face. Principal lateral veins usually uniting distally into a "marginal vein" which extends nearly the length of the blade and more or less parallel to the margin but somewhat separated from it. Flowers borne on axillary (or rarely terminal) branches, solitary or in spe- cialized bracteate inflorescences with opposite branching, these mod- ified in various ways, e.g., by elongation of the axis and reduction of the lateral axes to one flower each ("racemes"); by suppression of the axis and reduction of the lateral axes to one flower each (flowers in "glomerules" or "umbelliform clusters"); by reduction of the lateral axes to one pair, these arising just below the flower which central axis indefinite terminates the ("dichasium") ; by potentially elongation of both central and lateral axes, this resulting in a "pan- icle" with proximal branches elongate and a transition from these to short simple branches and terminal triads of flowers. Flowers regular or essentially so, hermaphrodite or rarely by abortion uni- sexual. Ovary inferior, the hypanthium adnate to the ovary its whole length or prolonged beyond it so that the stamens, petals and calyx-lobes appear to arise from the distal margin of a short tube surrounding the summit of the ovary. Calyx-lobes usually 4 or 5, distinct and imbricate, or the calyx calyptrate and circumscissile, or rupturing irregularly in anthesis. Petals usually 4 or 5 (sometimes reduced in number or size, or wanting). Stamens usually indefi- nitely many, in one-many series about the margin of the usually thickened calycine disk, usually inflexed in the bud. Filaments usually filiform and distinct in Peruvian species. Anthers usually short, versatile or basifixed, bilocular, opening (at least in Peruvian genera) by longitudinal slits. Style simple, elongate, with small capitate or peltate stigma. Ovary 2- to many-locular, the placentae affixed to the axis or parietal and coalesced into a central axis, the ovules 2 or more. Fruit fleshy or capsular. Embryo various. 569 570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII The genera now referred to Myrtaceae were divided by DeCan- dolle among three tribes, namely, Chamaelaucieae (with dry uni- locular and usually indehiscent fruit), Leptospermeae (with dry multilocular and usually dehiscent fruit), and Myrteae (with fleshy multilocular fruit). This system was set forth in detail in the Prodromus 3: 207-288. 1828. Essentially the same arrangement was followed by Bentham, in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 1: 690- 720. 1865. Niedenzu, in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. Ill (7): 57-105. 1893, erected two subfamilies; the first, Myrtoideae, comprised the one tribe Myrteae, and the second, Leptospermoi- deae, included the two tribes Leptospermeae and Chamaelaucieae. The subfamily Leptospermoideae is especially developed in the Australian region and to a lesser extent elsewhere in the southwest Pacific. The total number of species approaches 1000, including according to some authors nearly 500 species of the vast Australian genus Eucalyptus. The only American member of the subfamily is the endemic Chilean species Tepualia stipularis (Barn.) Griseb. All the native Peruvian Myrtaceae are members of the tribe Myrteae, but several species of Eucalyptus have been introduced for shade and for ornament, and at least one has become widespread. Key to the Tribes (Peruvian representatives only) Fruit dry, capsular, consisting of the capsule immersed in the hard- ened hypanthium, the valves sometimes projecting beyond the rim of the hypanthium; petals and calyx-lobes united into an operculum which is dehiscent at anthesis; flowers usually in pedunculate axillary umbels; adult leaves glabrous, lanceolate and long-petiolate, and mostly alternate, the juvenile ones often broad, subsessile and more or less opposite. Tribe I. Leptospermeae Fruit fleshy (a few- or many-seeded "berry") ; petals and calyx-lobes free, or in a few genera united into an operculum; flowers vari- ously arranged, never in pedunculate axillary umbels; leaves opposite, rarely markedly long-petiolate .... Tribe II. Myrteae Tribe I. LEPTOSPERMEAE DC. 1. EUCALYPTUS L'Her. Glabrous trees or shrubs, the leaves alternate, leathery, usually elongate, lanceolate and 8-12 cm. long or more, markedly petiolate and often hanging vertically; juvenile foliage (of seedlings or shoots FLORA OF PERU 571 from felled trees) often broad, subsessile and more or less opposite, rarely hairy; flowers usually in pedunculate axillary umbels, some- times forming panicles; bracts and bracteoles deciduous so early as to be seldom seen; ovary usually 3- to 4-locular, immersed in and surrounded by the fleshy hypanthium which hardens in fruit and is prolonged beyond the summit of the ovary into a rim which bears the numerous stamens; petals and calyx-lobes united into an oper- culum which is continuous with the rim of the hypanthium in bud and circumscissile at anthesis; stamens widely spreading in anthesis and forming the showy part of the flower; style about as long as the operculum; ovules and seeds numerous, but only a few in each locule fertile. A large and almost exclusively Australian genus at one time sup- posed to include nearly 500 species; some recent authors have sug- gested that the actual number is somewhat smaller. A recent account of the Northern Australian species, by S. T. Blake in Austral. Jour. Bot. 1: 185-352, pi. 1-36. 1953, includes 50 species in this part of the continent; J. M. Black, in Fl. South Austral, ed. 2, 612-632. 1952, lists 52 species. Numerous species have been introduced into the tropical and warm-temperate regions of America for ornament, for purposes of reforestation, for wood and for lumber; only the following seems to have been entirely successful. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Voy. 1: 153, t. 13. 1799. A large tree, said to reach a height of 75-90 meters, with pale deciduous bark and yellowish green angled branchlets; adult leaves alternate, lanceolate and often falcate to narrowly ovate, 2-3 (-6) cm. wide at base, 12-25 cm. long, (3-) 5-8 times as long as wide, attenuate from base to the slenderly pointed apex, the base often obliquely unequal-sided, abruptly rounded to the flexuous petiole 2-4 cm. long; midvein pale, flat or concave above, convex beneath; leaf-margins bordered by heavy cartilaginous veins about equal to the midvein but compressed at right angles to the plane of the leaf and often standing somewhat above and below it; lateral veins deli- cate and inconspicuous, joining an equally slender and nearly straight submarginal vein just within the cartilaginous border; foliage with numerous small dark glands on both surfaces; juvenile shoots and leaves conspicuously whitened and waxy-glaucous, their leaves oppo- site, sessile, ovate to oblong, cordate, abruptly short-acuminate at tip, 4-5 cm. wide, 7-15 cm. long; flowers large, subsessile, solitary or 572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII rarely 3 in an axil, on a massive, broadly 2-angled peduncle up to 5 mm. long; buds 1.7-2.5 cm. long, conspicuously whitened by a heavy waxy-farinose coating; hypanthium about 1 cm. long, trun- cate at base, strongly 4-angled, obpyramidal, irregularly and coarsely warty-roughened especially on the angles and the thickened margin; calyptra dome-like, roughened like the hypanthium, usually with a broad knoblike or acute central beak; stamens 1.5 cm. long (the flower when expanded 3-4 cm. across), borne on the inner edge of the disk which projects about 3 mm. beyond the thickened margin of the hypanthium; style 8-10 mm. long; fruit 2-2.5 cm. broad and high, flat-topped or the surface convex, the 4-5 valves not exserted but nearly plane with the surface; seeds 1-3 mm. long, very numer- ous, prismatic, irregularly several-angled. A native originally of Victoria, New South Wales, and Tasmania, this species is now extensively planted and naturalized from Cali- fornia to Argentina and Chile, especially in high semi-arid regions; it is a valuable timber tree of rapid growth, and now forms a charac- teristic feature of the landscape in many parts of Latin America. According to Acosta Solis, "El eucalipto en el Ecuador," in Flora (Quito) 15-16: 149-194. 1945, E. globulus was introduced into Ecua- dor in 1865 and has become a valuable resource in the inter-Andine region of that country. It has likewise become abundant in Peru, as in Cuzco, where, according to Herrera in Contr. Fl. Depto. Cuzco, ed. 2, 148-149. 1921, it was introduced about 1880 and subsequently became general in all the provinces of that Department. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 2,700 meters, Williams 7562. Junin: Tarma, 3,000-3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 21870. "Eucalipto." Another species, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Cat. PI. Hort. Camald. ed. 2: 20. 1832 (E. rostrata Schlecht., 1847, non Cav., 1797), has been collected near Yucay, Cuzco, by Soukup (no. 840). The inflorescence is a 6- to 10-flowered axillary umbel, on a peduncle 1-2 (-3) cm. long, the pedicels 3-8 mm.
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