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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting GROWING UP WITH AMERICA: MYTH, CHILDHOOD, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY FROM 1945-2011 By EMILY A. MURPHY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 © 2014 Emily A. Murphy To my family and loving boyfriend ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a dissertation involves long hours of solitude and an enormous amount of painstaking research and writing. For those who helped me complete this process, I am deeply grateful. My support team consisted of a number of family members, friends, and, of course, committee members. I want to give a special thanks to my co-directors, Dr. Phillip Wegner and Dr. Anastasia Ulanowicz, who both read multiple drafts of my dissertation and provided invaluable support and guidance. Together, my directors made a phenomenal team that went above and beyond anything I have ever experienced in terms of mentorship. Dr. Ulanowicz listened in the early stages as I attempted to figure out what I wanted to write and she continued to foster my ideas at every stage of the dissertation writing process. Her confidence in my ideas and my ability to write about them gave me the energy to keep writing even when things seemed hopeless. Phil, for his part, gave superb advice regarding professional development (from journals, to grants, to jobs) and never complained when I asked him countless questions about graduation or when I made a request for yet another letter of recommendation. Phil’s support helped me navigate the final stages of the dissertation, especially the balancing act of dissertation writing and job searching. Each of my other committee members have helped shape my intellectual career, and their influences are imprinted on the pages of this dissertation project. Without their group effort, I would not have completed this work or have envisioned such an ambitious project. I also owe much to my family, who have provided the emotional support needed to complete a PhD. Graduate students know that one of the greatest challenges are the emotional ups and downs that one encounters over the years, whether it is stress about that upcoming deadline or fears about lack of funding over the dreaded summer 4 semester. My boyfriend, especially, listened for long hours as I talked (or, rather, complained) about the work I needed to complete, and the seemingly insurmountable amount of work ahead. Friends, especially Marilisa Jimenez, Anuja Madden, Missy Molloy (and the ever cheerful Leo Molloy), provided laughs along the way. Marilisa, in particular, demonstrated what it means to be a friend and a colleague. I look forward to working with her during the rest of my career, and really “rocking it” as she would cheerfully say. In addition, my fellow children’s literature peers provided friendship and support in the form of a dissertation group: Mariko Turk, Casey Wilson, Anuja Madden, and Poushali Bhadury (though we missed her during her year in India) all deserve mention. Although more deserve praise, these are the people who provided the most assistance and I am forever in their debt. I could not rightfully end my acknowledgements without mentioning my former committee member, Scott Nygren. In addition to being a valued committee member, Scott was also my professor and a generous mentor. Scott encouraged me to organize my first conference panel, and upon hearing of the panel’s acceptance his response was a huge smile and a high five. He was one of the few who always genuinely wanted to know how I was doing and what I was up to in terms of my research. His generosity and kindness were constantly an inspiration to me, and he helped me learn to think about the world in ways I never had before. Without Scott, I could not call myself a filmmaker in addition to a researcher. I will always remember Scott’s contributions to my personal and professional development. My intellectual debt to Scott, in the words of R.W.B. Lewis, “will be evident on many pages; [but] more important and less evident is a debt to the man himself, to a wise and dedicated teacher and an unforgettable friend.” 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 THE “TRUE MYTH” OF AMERICA: CHILDHOOD AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN COLD WAR CULTURE ...................................................................................... 10 Remaking America: Cold War Mythology and the Search for Identity .................... 14 Chapter Overview ................................................................................................... 32 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 36 2 “DEPLOY THE CHILD!”: AMERICAN NATIONAL MYTHS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ............................................................................................................ 37 The Beyond Innocence Debate: A Brief Overview .................................................. 41 For the Love of Innocence: R.W.B. Lewis and the American Adam ....................... 49 Growing Down: Henry Nash Smith and the Man Turned Boy Hero ........................ 58 Bombs, Boys, and Legendary Fathers: Perry Miller’s Errand into the Wilderness .. 66 3 AMERICAN ADAM (AND EVE): INNOCENCE, YOUTH, AND THE “AGE OF HOPELESSNESS” ................................................................................................. 80 Dreaming Up Eve: A Male Writer’s Perspective ...................................................... 83 Building a Female-Centered World ......................................................................... 86 The American Eve in Native Literature ................................................................... 94 American Eve in Crisis: Aftereffects of 9/11 .......................................................... 112 4 FROM VIRGIN LAND TO VIRGIN GIRL: NATURE, NOSTALGIA, AND AMERICAN EMPIRE ............................................................................................ 126 From Virgin Land to Virgin Girl .............................................................................. 130 Immaculate Deaths in American Suburbia ............................................................ 145 A Plague Shall Descend Upon Him: Power, Redemption, and Revenge .............. 161 The Many Roles of the Modern Virgin Girl ............................................................ 163 5 EXTRAORDINARY BOYS ON AN ERRAND: RACE AND NATIONAL BELONGING IN NARRATIVES OF FATHERHOOD ............................................ 183 Failed Adoptions and the Love/Hate Relationship with China ............................... 186 “Going Native”: White Guilt, Illegal Aliens, and the Problems of Black Fatherhood ........................................................................................................ 200 Commies in the Caribbean: A Critique of the Reagan Administration ................... 211 6 Native Fathers, Oriental Others, and American Discontent after September 11 ... 221 Sins of the Father: Zits’s Flight Through Time ...................................................... 225 6 THE FUTURE OF “AMERICA”: CHILDHOOD, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE NEW US IDENTITY .............................................................................................. 238 The Child of Many Nations, or the Child of No Nation: National Identity in a Global Era .......................................................................................................... 241 Globalizing the American Child: A Case Study of Chang Ta-Chun’s “Wild Child” . 246 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 277 7 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy GROWING UP WITH AMERICA: MYTH, CHILDHOOD, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY FROM 1945-2011 By Emily A. Murphy August 2014 Chair: Phillip Wegner Cochair: Anastasia Ulanowicz Major: English My dissertation, “Growing Up With America: Myth, Childhood, and National Identity from 1945-2011,” considers the deployment and renegotiation of American national myths in the period 1945-2011. In order to place larger changes affecting U.S. national identity into relief, especially the effects of globalization on domestic and foreign policy, my study expands beyond the temporal and national boundaries associated with the Cold War. I argue that childhood was for cultural and historical reasons integral to the articulation of competing narratives about U.S. national identity, a fact that few in American studies have previously acknowledged. I begin with a reassessment of landmark studies, including Henry Nash Smith’s Virgin Land (1950) and R.W.B. Lewis’s The American Adam (1955), where childhood helped literary scholars construct a national narrative that supported the existing order at the time. I organize later chapters around the literary responses to Cold War interpretations of American national myths like the American Adam, a figure that promotes fresh starts and a view of the U.S. as innocent, and its sister myth, the virgin land, which justifies
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