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COMPHREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP)

COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP) FOR RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA OF XIth FIVE YEAR PLAN

Prepared by District Agriculture Officer Champhai District

FOREWORD

The National Development Council has set the goal of 4 per cent growth in the 11th plan by reorienting strategies of Agricultural Development towards meeting the needs of farmers and appropriate use of natural resources. The state governments are motivated to concentrate on finding and evolving suitable strategies with innovative technologies and projects for rejuvenation of agriculture in the country. The need for integrated local area plans, based on specific endowments and needs of each area, was stressed from the beginning of planned development. However, despite several reports and studies, only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning could be located. It has therefore been decided by the Govt. of India that the 'District Plan Process' should be an integral part of the process of preparation of State. GoI Introduced a new Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agroclimatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. I appreciate the Department of agriculture at the state level also at the district level for their effort and coordination for preparation of C-DAPs in an appropriate manner consulting with all line departments of the state. I also congratulate all implementing agencies of RKVY to work with commitment for achieving the common goals in general and to improve the agriculture economy of the state.

Date Director Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)

CONTENT

Chapters Title Pages Chapter -I Introduction 1.1 Methodology 1.2 Stages of District Planning 1.3 Vision Statement 1.4 Objectives of C-DAP 1.5 Expected Outcome Chapter - II Champhai District Profile 2.1 Demographic Features 2.2 Socio-Cultural Background 2.3 Climatic Condition 2.4 Rainfall details 2.5 District Administration 2.4.2 Temperature 2.5 The Present Status of Agriculture Chapter - III Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) Analysis of the district and identification of critical gaps

3.1 Introduction 3.2 SWOT Analysis of Agriculture of Champhai District 3.3 SWOT Anlyses of Horticulture of Champhai District 3.4 SWOT Analysis of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Champhai District 3.5 SWOT Analysis of Fishery Sector of Champai District 3.6 SWOT Analysis for Sericulture 3.7 Challenges for the state as whole region and specific to the District

4 Chapter IV Agriculture Status and Proposed Strategies 4.1 Agricultural Farming Systems 4.2 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation 4.3 Settled Cultivation 4.4 Cropping Pattern 4.5 Crop Intensity 4.6 Irrigation 4.7 Fertiliser Usage 4.8 Seed 4.9 Agro-based Industries 4.10 Foodgrains and Oilseeds 4.11 Farm Power 4.12 Resource-base, Potential, Problems and Strategies for the Future 4.13 Traditional System, Their Problems, Potentials and Strategies for Improvement 4.14 Issues and strategies for development 4.15 Infrastructure development for technology/ Research support 4.16 Basic steps needed to make the district self reliant in agricultural production 4.17 PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS Chapter - V Allied Sector’s Status and Proposed Plan 5.1 Horticulture 5.1.1 Potential Horticultural Crops 5.1.2 Strategies for Development of Horticulture Sector 5.1.3 Production Gap Analysis 5.2 Animal Husbandry 5.3 Fishery Development in Champai District 5.3.1 Fish Species of the District 5.3.2 Fish Production

5 5.5 Sericulture Chapter 6 District Plan Annexure I Primary Data of the district

Contents of Tables

Sl Titles Page nos No 1 Area, No. of Household, Population & Literacy Rate 2 Population By Religion (Census 2001) 3 Distribution of Population by Social Group (2001 Census) 4 Agriculture details 5 SERICULTURE RELATED DETAILS 6 Livestock and Poultry Population (Quinqennial Livestock Census) 2007- 08: 7 Fish seed Production and Distribution during 2006- 07 8 No. of Small Scale Industries Registered During 2007-2008 9 Monthly Average rainfall of (2002-09) 10 Temperature (0C) of Champai district from 2002- 2005 11 Main Crops 12 SWOT Analysis Matrix of different crops 13 Projection of population and their food requirement of district till 2025 14 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed-Paddy in the District (Transplanted)

6 15 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown)

16 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed) 17 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse) 18 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse 19 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Maize 20 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions (Rice) 21 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions (Maize) 22 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions (Potato) 23 Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products 24 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture (Champhai District) 25 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Agri) (As on 2010) 26 No. of Institutions and Veterinary Personnel 27 Crop Wise Research / Extension / Adoption Gap Analysis A. Vegetables : Tomato

7 28 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from OKRA 29 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli 30 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous 31 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Banana 32 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple 33 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passion fruit 34 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato 35 Matrix Of Horticulture 36 PRODUCTION , REQUIREMENT, AND ESTIMATED DEMAND FOR MILK AND ITS VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FOR CHAMPHAI DISTRICT 37 Technological Matrix of Animal Husbandry 38 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow 39 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / income from Goat

8 40 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig 41 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry 42 Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary 43 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES 44 Constraints and Intervention Needed 45 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Fishery sector 46 The interventions are suggested for fishery Physical and Financial targets for the current plan 47 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Fishery) (As on 2010) AIZAWL, SERCHHIIP, CHAMPHAI) 48 Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in Champhai District are Presented (in lakhs) 49 Soil Treatment 50 Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities 51 Water Conservation 52 DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES

CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION

India occupies 2% of the world geographical area and 16% of its population. At the time of independence, the country had a total population of 350 million and produced only 51 million tonnes of food grain. Today, population has crossed 1 billion marks and food grain production has increased to 230.67 million tonnes (2007-08). But the agricultural productivity world over has hit a plateau, whereas, Indian scenario is different. Apart from the flattening of yields over the past two decades, our average productivity also lies below the optimum level. The growth spurt ignited by the green revolution in the 1970 is now seeing diminishing returns to technology. Again the North Eastern state like Mizoram, the situation is completely different. Most of the people observe the state as organic “by default”. In the last 30 years the state has not been able to do any remarkable job in the field of agriculture, especially for attaining independency in food supply. At the same time the population of the state is growing very fast and the last decadal growth rate was 28.82 %. So, in this current global scenario policy makers have to rethink on the long term basis for the development of agriculture of the state. Another fact is that the crisis for food is going to increase in other parts of the country with the increasing population pressure. Therefore, we need to be independent in our food grain production.

The economic reforms commenced in 1991 has successfully put the economy in a higher growth orbit with more than 8 percent growth rate in total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during the recent years. However, the agriculture sector which accounted for more than 30

10 percent of total GDP at the beginning of reforms failed to maintain its pre-reform growth. On the contrary, it witnessed a sharp declining in growth after the mid 1990s as the per annum growth in agriculture sector dropped to 1.9 percent during 1996-97 to 2001-2002 from 3.2 percent in the period 1980-81 to 1995-1996. This happened despite the fact that agricultural productivity in most of the States was quite low, as it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The Tenth five year plan target of growth of 4 percent per annum in agriculture and allied sectors, set to reverse the sharp declining of 1996- 1997 to 2001-2002 has not been achieved. A sustained and wide spread agricultural growth is a precondition of development in India as more than 50 percent of country‟s work fare still depends upon agri. for its livelihood. This slow growth in agriculture (including allied sectors) can be of great strain for the economy. Concerned over this pace of growth in agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC), in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme i.e. National Agriculture Development Programme/ Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched with following main objectives .

The main objectives of the scheme are: ► To stimulate the States for increasing public investment in agriculture and allied sectors ► To ensure that agricultural plans of Districts/States are prepared and are based on agroclimatic conditions, availability of technology and natural resources. ► To reduce the yield gap in important crops and increase production and productivity in agriculture and allied sectors through forcused and holistic initiatives.

► To ensure that local needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the agricultural plans of the Districts/States.

11 ► To provide flexibility and autonomy to States in planning and implementation of agriculture and allied sector schemes. ► To maximize income of farmers in agriculture and allied sectors. The eligibility for assistance from the Centre under the scheme would depend upon the State Government providing amounts in the Plan Budget of the State for agriculture and allied sectors over the baseline expenditure.

As per the NDC resolution Government of India introduced a new Additional Central Assistance Scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agroclimatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries etc. This involves a new schemefor Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plans, administered by the Union ministry of Agriculture over and above its existing centrally sponsored schemes, to supplement the state-specific strategies. In order to rejuvenate the agriculture during XI th plan a growth rate of 4 percent per annum has to be achieved (as per NDC commitment) by reorienting development strategies that meet the needs of the farmers. The agriculture growth being essential element of the strategy of making growth more inclusive, the NDC advised the State Governments on preparation of Comprehensive District Agriculture Plans (C-DAP) which includes allied agriculture sectors with full and efficient utilization of available resources. The concept of integrated local area plans (to raise living standard in rural area and over come food shortage) based on specific endowments and needs of each area mooted in 1st Five year plan in 1951, could not be materialized in true sense as only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning were practically attempted. For success of local area or District level plans the underlying constraints needed to be identified and required infrastructural investment, extension (and research system) revamping and market reach with the system‟s conduct and performance have to be

12 synchronized through a holistic policy approach. Keeping this in view the C-DAP of district Mamit is prepared for achieving sustainable agricultural growth with improved farmers‟ income through participatory process involving stakeholders and various organizations. By establishing strong linkages with required institutional support services the plan will ensure optimum utilization of scarce physical and financial resources. The Agriculture in the district can‟t possibly achieve same growth as in the past without recognizing the role of farmers‟ participatory approach for formulating strategies and finding solution to new and emerging problems.

1.1 METHODOLOGY

The methodology of the Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) focuses on understanding the potential for development, infrastructure needed to support the development and identifying initiatives required. These potentials are to be treated as goals to be achieved with the available flow of resources and additional resources under RKVY. The C-DAP guidelines envisage the preparation of the district agricultural plan as a process to be accomplished by the various stakeholders of the district and below level. Towards such stipulation, the Agriculture Department, Government of Mizoram approached North Eastern Regional Institute of Land and Water Management to render technical services as Technical Support Institution (TSI) with the guidance at the initial stages, but the actual planning work was undertaken by the district planning units under the supervision of district Agriculture Officer with the coordination of all the line departments and elected bodies.

CDAP guidelines envisage planning for agriculture development at grass root level. In the context of the state of Mizoram and similarly for the district, the planning process have been accomplished with the consultation at various level conforming nearly all the villages. In the light of the need for constitution of District Agricultural Planning Unit

13 (DAPU), Block Agricultural Planning Unit (BAPU) and Village Agricultural Planning Unit (PAPU) as per the CDAP Guidelines, the state decided to make use following aerial unit as the planning unit at three levels namely;

Formation of planning units Agriculture and allied activities in the state as in the case of other states of India are looked after by number of government departments with organizational structure at district and below level. Selection of departments to decide upon the content of CDAP, the state Government followed the stipulation of the CDAP Guidelines. The consideration led to the selection of following departments and their activities under CDAP- . Department of Agriculture . Department of Horticulture . Department of Sericulture . Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary . Department of Fishery . Department of Minor Irrigation

Finalization of Activity Chart The district agriculture unit has completed the following activities in the five broad areas as follows – 1. Visioning and Vision Statement. 2. Development of working skills and capabilities of the Planning Teams. 3.Developing methodology, planning tools and software package for data entry and analysis for preparation of CDAP to different planning units 4. Familiarization of Planning Teams in the planning methodology. 5. Guidance and coordination during the planning process.

1.2 Stages of District Planning 1: Preparatory Activities Task-1: Conduct of state level workshop for orientation with CDAP, selection of agri. and allied departments to be part of C-DAP, planning unit and role and responsibility of the selected department in the preparation of C-DAP. Task-2: Guided for constitution of Planning Teams namely; DAPU, BAPU and PAPU at district, Block and Village levels. Task-3: Preparation of Planning Module and Reading Material to be used for the capacity building of the members of DAPU, BAPU and PAPU. Task-4: Preparation of Format (Primary Data Collection at Village Level) for participatory assessment of local situation [Natural, Human, performance status of the activities in practice, Backward-Forward linking facilities (input, services and output) and price] and local need / choice. Task-5: Preparation of Sector wise Department Schedules for collection of data for assessment of establishment setup, manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) under plan and non-plan heads and utilization by line department at District Level. Task-6: Estimation of economics (land and labour productivity) of the departments of agriculture and allied under- Advance practice, Moderate practice, Traditional practice and Average status. Task-7: Piloting of the Schedules / Formats

Activity-2: Data Collection and Plan Preparation Task-1: Conduct of capacity building training of Planning Teams (a) DAPU by TSI

15 (b) BAPU by DAPU (c) PAPU by DAPU

Task-2: Delivery of Planning Tools i. Primary Data Collection Schedule as per guidelines. ii. Sectoral Department Schedule (establishment setup, manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) by plan and non-plan and utilization) iii. Participatory assessment of development need / potential and decision making through structured schedule. District Level, Block Level, Village Level Task-3: Estimation of economics of Agriculture and agro-based activities a. Advance practice – HYV with full package. b. Moderate practice – HYV with mixed use of advanced package. c. Traditional practice d. Average status – Task-4: Conduct of capacity building training on software. (i) „Data Entry and Analysis Software‟ for Operator (selected members at district level). Task-5: Data Entry, Compilation and Aggregation of data as per structured format. Task-6: Organisation of the plan report in chapters Task-7: Preparation of Draft Report. 1. Statistical profile has been prepared at the level of each planning unit. This helped to understand the development perspective of the district. 2. Vision was prepared combining both development perspective and aspiration of the people.

16 3. The strengths across the agriculture and allied sectors have been documented on the basis of the resource endowment, production and productivity. 4. The Weaknesses confronted in the existing pattern of development also have been identified with respect to the status of productivity, skill and infrastructure available. 5. The Opportunities that benefit most in the district have been identified by making necessary information about technology and external market available to the groups and individuals at grassroot level. 6. The Threats that may confront also have been visualized and enlisted. 7. People‟s choices and preferences have assessed for Income Generating (IG) activities and Infrastructure facilities 8. Assessment of Investment requirement of the preferred activities and also the gap with the resources that are expected to be available during the plan period has been made. 9. The growth potential of the proposed investment has been worked out and presented. 10. Physical and financial dimension of the plan have been set and phased.

The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan- • Adoption of resources conservation technologies at large scale. • Farm productions system for land owing families. • Soil health sustainability through the applications of fertilizers & other mgt practices. • Effective pest management strategies including weed & nematodes based on economic threshold value. • Augmentation of the existing water applications through rain water conservation and demand management.

System approach: 1. Market infrastructure and marketing opportunities, custom hiring services and some of the policy issue related to subsidy.. 2. Collected and discussed the feed back regarding on-Farm and Off- Farm activates. 3. Farmer inability to invest in the productivity enhancement as majority of farmers belongs to resources poor category. 4. Livelihood support system for landless families. 5. Profitability and sustainability of cropping system and return

1.3 VISION STATEMENT

Sustainable Rural Livelihood by Accelerating Agriculture Growth through Integrated farming system and diversified Cropping Pattern.

Priority setting for the district • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.

1.4 Objectives of C-DAP

Considering the above situation the present database/information system was developed with the following objectives

1. Analysis on the existing farming practices.

2. Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector.

3. Identification of production constrains and technological gap.

4. Documentation of existing marketing pattern.

5. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural production system to increase productivity.

1.5 Expected Outcome

 This document will provide better and clear understanding of prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing technological gaps in Champai district.

 This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the development opportunities and potentialities for employment generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector.

 This document will support the state government to develop agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and action plans.

CHAPTER – II CHAMPHAI DISTRICT PROFILE

Champhai district is one of 8 districts of Mizoram state in India. The district is bounded on the north by Churachandpur district of Manipur state, on the west by Aizwal and Serchhip Districts, and on the south and east by Myanmar. The district occupies an area of 3185.83 km². Champai town is the administrative headquarters of the district.

The district has 4 R.D. Blocks, Champhai, Khawbung, Khawzawl, and Ngopa. The district has 5 assembly constituencies. These are Champhai, Khawbung, Khawhai, Khawzawl, and Ngopa.

District HQ: Champhai.

Distance from State Capital (In KM): 194.

Sub Divisions: Champhai, Khawzawl, Ngopa.

Town of the District: Champhai.

Major Language: Mizo, English, Hindi.

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES: Source: Economic Survey Manipur 2007- 08 Table -1 Area, No. of Household, Population & Literacy Rate according to 2001 census: No. of Population Decadal Area (Sq. Literaqcy house variation % km.) Total Male Female Rate (%) holds 1991-2001 3185 22059 108392 55756 52636 29.90 91.20

21 Table 2 Population By Religion (Census 2001): Religion Christian Hindu Muslim Sikhs Buddhist Jains not Other stated 105061 2248 432 24 163 6 209 249

Table 3 Distribution of Population by Social Group (2001 Census): ST SC Others Population Population 104924 0 3468

Table 4 AGRICULTURE DETATILS WRC Statistics of Champhai:

2006-2007 2007-2008 Area of Area of No. of Area still to No. of Area still to WRC WRC WRC be developed WRC be developed cultivated cultivated farmers (Ha) farmers (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) 2630 2557 2113 2630 2374 2113

SERICULTURE RELATED DETAILS: Area under No. of Sericulture No. of Families Sericulture No. of Sericulture Village Engaged Plantation (in Fram Ha.) 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 25 25 1600 1600 900 950 2 2

22 Production of Cocoons, Silk Yarn and Seed Distributed: 2006-07 8 Mulberry (in MT.) 2007-08 7 2006-07 0 Muga (in MT.) 2007-08 0 2006-07 0 Eri (in MT.) 2007-08 0 2006-07 1.50 Oak Tasar (in lakhs) 2007-08 1.00 2006-07 0 Silk yarn (in MT.) 2007-08 0 No. of seed/cutting 2006-07 2068 distributed to Farms (in 2007-08 1745 '000')

No. of Sericulture Farms, Area and Reeling Units: No. of Sericulture Farms Area in Ha. No. of Reeling Units 2006- 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 07 2 2 900 950 0 0

23 LIVESTOCK & POULTRY: Table 6 Livestock and Poultry Population (Quinqennial Livestock Census) 2007- 08: Crossbred 572 Ca ttle Indigenous 6556 Total 7128 Buffaloes 3183 Mithun 1105 Sheep 564 Goats 706 Horse and Ponies 831 Pigs 36705 Dogs 4139 Fowls 265884 Ducks 502 Turkey 3 Others 2 Total 320752

FISHERY: Table 7 Fish seed Production and Distribution during 2006-07. Distribution of Production of Fish Fish Seed (in lakh Seed (in lakh Nos.) Nos.) 1953 20

No. of Nurseries and Fish Ponds in 2007-08: Nurseries/ Fish Ponds Hatcheries Govt. Private Total 0 0 775 775

Area of Fish Ponds and Production Fish: Area of Fish Ponds (in Ha.) Production of fish (in Qntl.) 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 135.00 146.00 1953 1950.00

INDUSTRY: Table 8 No. of Small Scale Industries Registered During 2007-2008: Unit Registered 15 No. of persons employed 40 Amount of Investment (Rs. in 40 lakhs)

ELECTRICITY: Cumulative No. of Village Electrified: As on As on 01.04.2007 01.04.2008 76 80

HEALTH: Medical Institution and No. of Bed Strength: Government Bed (as on Bed (as on Hospital 01.04.2007) 01.04.2008) Civil Hospital 60 60

No. of Births and Deaths Registered:

25 (January-December) Births (Nos.) Deaths (Nos.) 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2082 2205 2608 441 466 486

BANKING:

Name of Bank Number

SBI 1 MCAB 1 MRB 8 Total 10

2.2 Socio-Cultural Background The main communities inhabiting Champai District are the Lais, Chakmas, Bawm, Pang etc. These are famous cultural heritage among such tribes. In the eastern side of the district where Lai communities are the main inhabitants, Chawnglaizawn, Sarlamkai and Pawhlohtlawh are the main cultural dances. In Chakma occupied area of the district, there are various tribes of backward classes. These communities have different folk dances, habits and customs of their own. The common cultural dances of the Chakmas are Nua Jhumo Naach and Biju Naach.

26 The inhabitants of district are very backward in various ways, the standard of living is very low and literacy percentage of the district is also the lower. 2.3 Climatic Condition The district has a pleasant climate. It is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter. In winter the temperatures varies from 8 degree Celsius to 24 degree Celsius and in summer, it is between 18 degree Celsius and 32 degree Celsius. Relative humidity is highest during the south-west monsoon and heavy precipitation is usually received during the months from May up to September every year. The average annual rainfall is about 2558mm. The hottest period starts from the month of March up to August every year. During the rainy season, it is usually heavily clouded. There is an increase of cloudiness from March onwards. A clear and cool weather starts appearing from the month of September up to January the next year.

27 2.4 Rainfall Details Table 9 Monthly Average rainfall of (2002-09)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

2002 13 Nil 41 55 698 701 892 377 253 74 99 Nil

2003 Nil Nil 42 27 462 916 323 269 365 367 Nil Nil

2004 Nil Nil Nil 525 234 577 554 233 202 115 Nil Nil

2005 Nil Nil 89 160 140 457 416.4 582.1 302 217 97.7 Nil

2006 Nil Nil Nil 35 461 557 481 265 149 153 35 Nil

2007 Nil 35 11 86 423 519.5 525.5 421.1 579.5 195.5 36 Nil

2008 196 18.5 12 Nil 193 314.5 419.2 391.4 336.9 137.9 32.5 Nil

2009 Nil Nil 12 123 183 449.9 400.7 478

Source : Directorate of Agriculture and Minor Irrigation, Government of Mizoram.

2.5 District Administration The district administration is look after by the office of the Deputy Commissioner and various development programmes are implemented mainly by the office of the Deputy Commissioner, DRDA and actively assisted by BDOs. The office of the Deputy Commissioner is headed by the Deputy Commissioner and he is assisted by Additional Deputy Commissioner, Sub Deputy Officer (Sadar), two assistant to Deputy Commissioner, Sub Divisional Magistrate. Judiciary is at the hands of Deputy Commissioner, Sub Divisional Officer (Sadar) and Sub Divisional Magistrate. All cases civil criminal are within their purview except some cases of customary in nature are within the purview of the District Council courts.

The district is divided into two rural development blocks for efficient implementation and monitoring of various developmental programmes of both the Central and the State Government. The following offices are function within both the R.D. Blocks.

28 Seasons Based on the variation in temperature, rainfall, humidity and other general weather conditions four different types of seasons are observed here. They are 1. The cold and winter season (Thlasik) Winter season starts from the month of December to first half of February. This is the coldest season of the year. During this period rainfall is much less as compared to other seasons, and whatever amount of rainfall received is originated from North East Monsoon, generally known as the retreating monsoon. 2. Spring season (Thal) Spring is the shortest season of the year. It starts from the second half of the February to the first half of March. Temperature is mild during this period and the sky is clear and Mizoram people accustomed to build new houses during this season as there are no weather disturbances during this period.

3. Summer season/ Rainy season (Nipui/Fur) It is the longest season and starts from the second half of March till the first half of October. The warmest months, i.e. July and August, prevails during this period and maximum insolation is received during the early part of this season. Study from rainfall records reveals that the heavy precipitation generally starts from the second quarter of May and it continues up to September and these five months alone contributed 74.41% of the total annual rainfall during 2007. 4. Autumn season (Favang) It starts from second part of October to November. This season is very pleasant as both the temperature and rain comes down and it is the season of harvesting major crops like paddy.

2.4.2 Temperature Temperature of Champai district does not fluctuate much. The average maximum and minimum temperature of the district is 350C and

29 5.30C, respectively. The highest temperature was recorded on 6th May 2004 and it was 35.60C. On an average July and August was recorded to be the warmest months with mean maximum temperature 27.50C and mean minimum temperature 20.40C. The temperature starts falling from November and it falls far low during December and January. January was recorded to be the coldest month of the year with mean maximum temperature 27.10C and minimum temperature 6.10C. However, the coldest day was recorded to be 28th December 2004 with 5.30C.

Table 10. Temperature (0C) of Champai district from 2002-2005 Months 2002 2003 2004 2005 Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Jan - - 26.5 6 26.5 5.9 28.2 6.4 Feb - - 29.4 8.5 31.1 5.7 32.2 7.2 March - - 31.5 8.3 34.8 11.6 33.4 13.5 April - - 34.2 16.6 34.2 15 34.8 14.4 May 33.9 16.7 34.3 18.1 35.6 17.4 34.2 16.8 June 32.6 20.4 34 19.5 33.7 20 34.8 19.4 July 32.8 22 34.5 22 32.8 20.6 33.3 21.6 Aug 32.8 22 33.5 20.1 34.3 21.8 - - Sep 34 20.4 33.1 21.4 31.8 21 - - Oct 32.5 17 31.1 18.4 31.4 17.2 - - Nov 30.2 13 29.4 11.3 30.4 12.2 - - Dec 26.5 6.3 27.6 9 27.6 5.3 - -

Wind The monsoon wind is the most important wind that prevails in Mizoram. During summer, the subtropical high pressure belt and the thermal equator are displaced northward in response to the changing pattern of solar heating of the earth. From the ocean, particularly from the North Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal, they move towards the land mass and blow over the Asian continent. This South West Monsoon usually reaches Mizoram during second half of May and prevails up to the first half of October. The summer monsoon is characterized by highly variable weather with frequent spells of draught and heavy rains. Besides this, the winter monsoon also prevails which is a gentle drift of air in which the winds generally blow from the north east. The retreating

30 monsoon cause sporadic rainfall especially in Mizoram and other north eastern states producing sometimes heavy cyclonic rains. As evidence from the earlier records, Mizoram state is vulnerable to impact of tropical cyclone which develop in North Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal), and the cyclones of the post monsoon season (October to December) are more intense than those of pre-monsoon season (April and May). Cyclones are associated with strong winds, torrential rains and storms. The impacts of these cyclones are quite devastating; it often led to loss of properties, houses, power line cut-off, blockage of road, damages to crops and even human lives etc. Generally these winds come from the north western part of the state as the wind originates from the Bay of Bengal. Vulnerability Analysis of Cyclone in Mizoram has been conducted by the State Remote Sensing Center, Mizoram and according to that report there are 87 villages/ towns/ wards falling in different classes of vulnerability. Out of this, four villages (Mamit town, Tuipuibari, Hmunpui and Darlung) are grouped as high vulnerable areas. Other than this, eighteen villages/ towns/ wards are grouped as medium vulnerable and rest sixty five villages/ towns/ wards are grouped as low vulnerable.

Water The water resources of the Northeast are abundant and constitute one third of all of India‟s runoff. In addition, there are substantial unutilized groundwater resources. Appropriate water development and management can provide several benefits: • Income generation to the northeastern states through development of the massive hydropower potential of the region (with the host state getting large royalties of 12 percent of generated power, which could be sold in the market). • Improvement of the base conditions for development in the Northeast, for instance through: . Making hydropower available for industrial development and local

31 electrification . Catchment area treatment around dams to control deforestation and erosion, which otherwise lead to increased siltation of dams, thus reducing their useful life . Flood and erosion control, thus improving the livelihoods of farmers in the flood-prone areas . Watershed management activities in major watersheds to improve livelihoods, prevent erosion and landslides, and conserve biodiversity . Groundwater development, especially for expanded winter and spring agriculture . Wetland preservation and management to improve rural livelihoods, and for biodiversity conservation . Inland water transportation to reach internal and export markets.

• Cooperation on water and power with neighboring states can be a pillar for the regional cooperation and development strategy of the Government of India. • Development of sustainable hydropower can contribute to reductions in greenhouse gases, a global benefit, but also one from which India may be able to benefit as carbon trading mechanisms emerge. Forests The forests of the Northeast constitute the key livelihood environment for many of the region‟s inhabitants. The region is at the confluence of the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic biogeographical realms and therefore harbors tremendous biodiversity. . Forest management can provide at least three types of benefits: • Improvement of the base conditions for development in the Northeast through: . Maintenance of the forest cover for community-driven productive activities, both industrial and nonindustrial

Due to the indiscriminate destruction of forests, vast tracts of hilly lands are exposed to erosion and fast depletion of valuable fertile topsoil and other nutrients. With the destruction of vegetative cover, removal of topsoil, the water retention capacity of the soil is reduced. The resultant effect is that, the water availability in the lower reaches of the state for drinking and irrigation have been greatly reduced. High hills offer low returns and restrict alternatives. As a result hill villages are small.Difficult terrain encourages isolation of small communities and support of higher technologies is not available to them.

2.5 The Present Status of Agriculture : The method of cultivation has remained primitive the practice of jumping or shifting cultivation. For various reasons this method of cultivation has not undergone significant changes till today. The main reasons are: Lack of suitable land for wet rice cultivation (WRC), lack of adequate resources.

The total area of land having slope from 0 to 10% where there may be a possibility of WRC is 58,638 hectares, which is merely 2.8% of the total area. It is obvious that only a portion of these areas of comparatively gentle slope will be suitable for preparation of WRC. Till today, total cultivable command area of 5,316 hectares had been completed for irrigation. The number of householders having WRC is between 9,000 to 10,000, many of them have only small plots which have been properly cultivated. More than 90% farmers are having no proper irrigation system. Therefore, even though shifting cultivation is destructive for environment, backbreaking and un-remunerative for the cultivators, the vast majority of rural and semi-urban householders have to resort to this primitive method of cultivation for want of any

33 alternative farming system or occupation. Rice is the staple food of the people and the paddy harvested from jumps is still much more than that harvested form WRC. These cultivators are eagerly looking forward to the day when they will be emancipated from this cultivation.

Farming in the mountainous area : The main method of agriculture in Mizoram is cultivation, or jhuming. The mountainous country with its steep slopes and narrow valleys and a few level areas led to the tradition of felling forests on the steep slopes, burning the remains of the forest and growing crops without terraces and terraces and without contour cultivation. The growing method in a prepared plot is usually based on pit planting, where the plants are sown or planted (rice) into pre-prepared holes and filled with newly crumbled soil in order to prepare a bedding that is suitable for the plant‟s development in the compacted soil.

This practice, which leads to severe soil erosion (as well as environmental damage), eventually results in reduced yields, abandonment of the plots and moving on to other plots. The Mizoram Government understands the implications and disadvantages of the method and proposed to implement a programmed that will lead to permanent cultivation of the land by a transition to terrace farming by construction of terraces on the moderate slopes.

In terrace farming plots, where plantation crops such as Banana, Coffee, Cardamoms, Oranges, Hatkora, etc. are grown, the crop cycle is longer and the roots‟ band in the ground prevents soil loss.

Irrigation without terraces is less feasible in mountainous cultivation, so annual crops grow during the monsoon (Kharif) season only. In terraced plots, if there is water, crops are also grown during the

34 rabi season and are irrigated manually with a hosepipe. In most places this is not possible because there is no water.There is no mechanization inn the cultivated plots and produce is also transported manually.

Farming in the valleys : A number of valleys and narrow valleys along the rivers are available. The area is divided into small leveled plots with a maximum size of half a hectare. They are prepared according to contours with a system of dirt irrigation canals lined with mounds of earthy at their borders in order to enable flooding. The principal crops are rice, pulses, oilseed and some vegetables.

Most of the activities take place in the monsoon (Kharif) season. During the winter (Rabi) season, there is no water supply for irrigation, except in the few locations, where water is pumped from the river and used to irrigate two cycles of rice crops. Some of the plots are cultivated using animals, while others are cultivated using tractors up to 25HP. A combination of drainage problems, medium to heavy soil and ploughing in wet soil creates a profile of very compacted soil under the tip layer.Proper drainage and cultivation procedures to reduce the soil compaction are conditional for agricultural reclamation in the valleys.

The low profitability of agriculture produce allows use of fertilizer. In addition, the severe shortage of organic manure and compost prevents amelioration of the soil. The Government distributes seeds free of cost, or with a 50% subsidy, as part of a plan to improve farming performance.For the same reason (low profitability), herbicides and plant-protection materials are used in a limited extent.

35 Table 11 Main Crops :

Cereals Rice is grown in the valleys and in the cultivated plots on the mountain sides. Varieties grown include upland Rice and Maize. Pulses Rice bean, French Bean, Black Gram and more. Leafy Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower and more. vegetables Root Potatoes, Carrots, Reddish and more. vegetables Squash Different varieties of Squash grown on trellises on the mountain sides. Oilseed Soya bean, Mustard, Sesame. Spices Turmeric, Ginger, Chilies Miscellaneous Cotton, Sugarcane.

1.5 Agro Climatic Zones : Out on six agro-climatic zones i.e., alpine, temperate sub-alpine, sub-tropical hills, sub-tropical valleys, mild tropical hills and mild tropical plain zones for the entire North eastern region, four agroclimatic zones have been identified in Mizoram as given below :

Zone Area covered Zone I Temperate sub-alpine zone Eastern and South Mizoram adjoining Burma border, Major portion of Champhai , Saitual areas of Aizawl district. S.Vanlaiphai areas of Lunglei district and Saiha Tuipang areas of Chhimtuipuidistrict.

Zone II Sub-tropical Central Aizawl, Ngopa areas of Champhai & Lunglei sub-division of Southern Mizoram.

36 Zone III Kolasib area of North Mizoram, Mamit areas of Western part of Mizoram bordering Tripura, Demagiri (Lunglei sub-div) and Chawngte sub-division of Southern Mizoram bordering Bangladesh.

Climate Mizoram has a pleasant climate. It is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter. The temperature varies between 20 and 30 degree during summer and between 11and 21 degree in winter. Pre- monsoon rains are experienced from March to May while regular south- west monsoon commences from June till October. The averages monthly rainfall is 254cms. However, the southern region receives relatively higher rainfall than the northern region. Despite such high rainfall, prolonged dry spells and occasional drought conditions are noticed.

Crops are grown mostly rainfed depending upon the monsoon rainfall. Annual rainfall of the State is about 2500mm with 124 numbers of rainy days, but is concentrated between June to September. Except in the month of October and November when rainfall of <200mm and >70mm, respectively is received, there is practically no rainfall (>30mm) in the subsequent months (December – January). Although the pre-monsoon (February – January) rainfall is more than 700mm, the distribution of rainfall in February and March is scarce (<110mm). This prevent raising of pre-kharif crops. Therefore, adequate irrigation facilities during post- monsoon as well as pre-monsoon seasons are essential to raise more than one crop in a year.

37 Soil : The physiographic of Mizoram can broadly be divided into hills, valleys and flat lands. Hills consist of ridges and steep to very steep side slopes. The soils of different physiographic units are homogenous in nature so far as the genetical aspect of the soil formation is concerned. They are mainly derived from sandstones, shales and siltstones.

The narrow valleys usually have the soils order of Entisols and Inceptisols while the hill slopes and ridges covered with vegetations have the soil order of ultisols indicating that physiography and soils have close relationship. The type of soils mostly found at suborder level is Ochrepts and Udults.

In the hill terrain the soils are light coloured, highly leached, poor in bases, rich in iron and have low pH value (highly acidic). They are well drained, deep to very deep, moderately rich in organic carbon, low in available phosphate content and medium in available of providing substantial oxygen supply for plant growth and have capacity to retain moisture and maintain its supply throughout the growing season of most of the crops. The soils on the top of barren ridges however, are mostly shallow or underlaid by weathered rock and have a thin solum depth.

The valleys flat lands commonly have heavy texture, poorly permeable or poorly drained soils with high ground water table(with one meter depth). They are alluvial and colluvial, most fertile and productive soils.

The narrow valleys have light and coarse texture, well drained, well aerated and young soils. The dissected low hills/hillocks however, have soils similar to the soils found in ridges and side slopes of hills.

38 Agro Climatic Zones

1 Humid Temperate Sub Alpine Zone 2 Humid Sub-Tropical Hill Zone 3 Humid Mild-Tropical Zone

Table12 Types of Soils

Texture Loam to Clay loam Acidity 4.5 to 6.5 pH (highly acidic to moderately acidic) Availability of Nitrogen (N) - plant nutrient in HighPhosphorus (P)- the soil Medium

Temperature

Winter(average) Summer (average) Max. 230C 320C Min. 100C 220C

The region still has more than 64% of the total geographical area under forest cover and continues to be a forest surplus region. Environmental degradation is quite active mainly due to traditional system of food production. Control efforts were not succeeded to desired scale. The climatic conditions and topography in different North East states varied from plain to high altitude thereby providing congenial altitudinal variations for the production of forest, cereal crops, vegetables, tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits. The economy of the region mainly depends on forest wealth, horticultural crops, agriculture and animal wealth.

39 The scientific management of land and water resources in hilly areas through appropriate vegetative measures becomes important for achieving long term conservation and production needs. Due to over- exploitation and improper management in hills, the forests are gradually disappearing and grasslands are converted into wastelands causing acute fodder and fuel scarcity and danger of soil and water erosion. Agri- horti system in the region shall require special emphasis on the cultivation of indigenous tress, which have multiple economic and traditional importance in various applied fields such as nector flora for bee keeping, sericulture, fibre and cottage industry, traditional medicines, wood carving, carpentry and several other aspects. Various species of trees like Aesandra, Butyracea, Oleosa, Pyrus pashia, Rhododendron arboreum, etc., have plenty of nector for the bee keeping.

Land use systems: Land use systems focused on the cropping system and agro-forestry. Suitable location specific crop production technologies have been developed for tillage, seeding, weed control, water and fertilizer application and crop management for enhanced productivity. Land use systems have to be developed for desert areas involving suitable trees, grasses and legumes. Land degradation is the biggest challenge affecting healthy environment and reducing the basic live support systems. Agro- forestry is being viewed as a restoration agent, rehabilitation process, bio remediation, and mechanism to high input agriculture on fragile lands.

Agri-Horti System:

In the region, the commonly preferred horticulture based agro-forestry systems are agri-silvihorticulture and silvi-horticulture. Agrihorti system envisages growing of trees and woody perennial on terrace risers, terrace edges, field bunds in the field as intercrops, as alley cropping in the shape of the hedge row type of plantation, etc. The tree species grown in association with hilly crops in this region are: Grevillea robusta, Albizia

40 lebbek, Malia azadarach, Alianthus excelsa, Moringa pterygosperma, Morus alba, Bauhinia purpurea, Grewia optiva, Populus xeriramericana, eucalyptus globules, etc. Agriculture crops like peas, potato, cauliflower, mustard, etc., during winter season and maize, tomato, pepper, beans, etc., are grown in first few years during summer with following tree species in north eastern region. It is reported that the total above ground biomass in agrohorti silvicultural or agri horticultural system was around 48 t/ha and it was about two fold higher than agrisilviculturtal systems. In fodder tress, significant percentage of annual production upto 48% was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees, a major portion, upto 63% was partitioned in fruits.

Fruit trees and crops are grown together in various ways. Depending upon the pattern and configuration, these companion crops are known as intercrops, under planting, hedge row planting or alley cropping. In intercropping, agricultural crops are normally grown between rows of fruit trees planted at a spacing of 5 to 7 meters apart. The agricultural crops provide seasonal revenue, while fruit trees are managed for 30-35 years giving regular returns of fruit and in some cases fuel wood from pruned wood and fodder. Several kinds of crops are also under planted with the canopy of fruit trees providing shade. However, shade is not always desirable for agricultural crops such as maize, sorghum, groundnut, etc. Following are the crops, generally under planted in the orchards.

41 are also under planted with the canopy of fruit trees providing shade. However, shade is not always desirable for agricultural crops such as maize, sorghum, groundnut, etc. Following are the crops, generally under planted in the orchards.

Shifting cultivation: It is known as jhuming and regarded as the step in transition from food gathering or hunting to food production. This traditional practice is still predominant in this region. As a result of population explosion, increase in demand for food and fuel arised. As a result, the jhum cycle of 10-15 years is reduced to 3 years. Indiscriminate felling of trees on the hill slopes brought an undesirable eco-imbalance. Further, the hill tops are the main source of water; deforestation of this hill top led to the elimination of water source. This in fact, ended in the losses of top soil. Coupled with this, deforestation drastically reduced the retentive capacity of the soil. Erosion of soil in the catchment area resulted in silting of the reservoirs and streams leading to unprecedented floods. Hence, this situation needs to be tackled on top priority to keep the ecological imbalance checked as well as to meet the fodder, food, fuel requirements, etc.

Unscientific land use on hill slopes:

Horticultural crops grown on the hill slopes without proper soil and water conservation resulted in soil erosion. The soil erosion varied with the extent of disturbances caused to the soil surface. Colocasia, tapioca, sweet potato, turmeric and ginger are the crops, which resulted in movement of soil to the foot hills during the process of harvesting. Vegetable crops grown on the slope without proper soil and water conservation measures also resulted in this type of soil loss.

42 Over exploitation of forest:

Exploitation of forest indiscriminately increases the soil erosion on hills and flood in down stream areas, thus forests wealth decreases. Fuel shortage becomes acute. This again means further encroachment of forest land resulting in more denudation, environmental degradation and loss of biological components of soil and vegetation. Thus a vicious circle may crop up. Even excessive grazing by cattle may also damage forest. Heavy deforestation for augmenting fuel/fire need and harsh climate of 1150 cm of annual rainfall coming down in 4-5 months during monsoon.

Land degradation:

The extent of land degradation that follows use of forest areas for agriculture is largely determined by the level of management. Apart from soil loss that accompanies land clearing and early stages of plantations, there is also severe nutrient loss. The practice of jhuming cultivation in North East region has (increased) the problem of land degradation. The involvement of such a large area in shifting cultivation has caused large scale deforestation, soil erosion, loss of productivity, ecological imbalance and land degradation. Rapid population pressure has resulted in misuse of land resource and rational options for high value plantation crops have severely affected the tropical forests.

Strategies for Agri-horticulture Development in the district

Agri-horticulture: In this system the 2/3rd of the area (upper side) is covered under horticultural crops for which half moon terraces and contour bunds are prepared on the hill slope and 1/3rd of the area towards down side is used for the cultivation of cereals, oil crops, etc., on the bench terraces. In this land use pattern, the following crops may be grown after the land preparation.

 Fruit trees in half-moon terraces (Triangular system of planting) on contour

43  On the contour bunds the pineapple in two rows should be planted at closer distance, which helps in soil erosion from contour area.

 The interspaces in the contour are utilized for the cultivation of the vegetables. The legume vegetables like bean, cowpea, guar, pea and good over crop like sweet potato should be cultivated.

 Ginger and turmeric can be grown in the interspace area in the contours.

In medium deep soil areas (LCC II to IV) receiving annual rainfall of more than 750mm, agri-horticultural systems consisting of a fruit tree intercropped with annual arable crop is recommended. Land treatment for collection of runoff and water harvesting techniques to provide supplemental irrigation during the summer months are critical to the success of this practice (Katyal et al., 1994). Apart from prudent use of stored soil moisture, the water needs of fruit trees have to be effectively modulated by pruning. Custard apple and also pomegranate and aonla are other fruit crops suitable for this system.

Agri-horti-silvi -pastoral (model land use): In this system the middle 1/3rd area of the hills can be taken for the cultivation of horticultural crops and upper 1/3rd area and lower 1/3rd area are being cultivated for establishment of economic forest plant plantation with fodder and cereals, millets etc. respectively. The middle portion is converted under contours and the fruit plants could be planted in half moon terraces on the contours. The contour bund is utilized for pineapple planting. The two or three separate blocks of each fruit crop may be made so that cultural operations may become easier. The vegetables, root crops, rhizomatous crops, etc., are cultivated in the interspaces of the contour. The lower one or two contours may be used for pure vegetable cultivation.

44 Mixed horticultural land use: If the farmer is interested to grow only different horticultural crops in the land available with him the whole jhum land may be divided in the following pattern for developing mixed horticultural land use.

a) 2/3rd area from top towards lower hillside is converted into contour and 3-4 fruit blocks can be developed, i.e., banana block, orange block, lemon block, papaya block. The lower 3/4th contour is utilized for the cultivation of rhizomatous crops. After that 3-4 terraces may be completely utilized for the pure vegetable cultivation.

b) The contour bunds are utilized for the planting of pineapple.

Horticultural land use (with fruit crops only): The land use under pure horticultural orchard system also has high potentiality in the region. In case more area (jhum land) is available at a place in the selected site and the owners are too interested for growing of fruit trees collectively as co- operative farming type in order to bring their large area under horticulture then pure orchard can be done and land use pattern may be developed accordingly, keeping in view about the soil and water conservation aspects. This system of cultivating the land will be highly profitable in the long run and area will be developed as fruit growing belt.

The water and soil management practices are to be followed in a systematic manner so that the soil loss can be checked to a considerable stage. The following practices (management) are to be adopted while considering this land use.

1) The fruit plants like orange, banana, etc., are to be planted either half moon terraces or in contour bunds.

2) If the slope is below than 25.30o the intercropping is to be practiced for getting the subsidiary income to the farmers and the four rows planting of pineapple after 10 rows of fruit trees across the slope will be advisable in order to check the soil erosion.

45 3) The legume vegetable should be considered for the cultivation as intercrop so that soil fertility may be enhanced.

4) If planting is done only in half moon terraces the chopping of weeds in interspace areas is advisable and the filler crops should be taken.

Selection of crops and varieties: Suitability of crops depends upon the altitude, soil and climatic conditions. Say, as an example, Manipur state can roughly be divided into three land zones, viz.

i) High hills: 900-2000 m above MSL (apple, peach, pear, plum, apricot, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, beans, etc.)

ii) Mid hills: Below 500 m (citrus, banana, pineapple, papaya, guava, ginger, turmeric, chilli, brinjal, tomato, bean, sweet potato, tapioca, colocasia, etc.)

iii) Foot hills: Bordering areas of hills (jack fruit, areca nut, black pepper etc.)

Vast areas of the hills are suitable for cultivation of tropical, sub- tropical and temperate fruits.

Tropical Cashew nut, banana, papaya Sub-tropical Pineapple, citrus, guava, banana, gooseberry, etc. fruits Temperate Apple, Peach, pear and plum Spices Chilli, turmeric, ginger, garlic Vegetables Tomato, chillies, brinjal, potato, radish, pea, colocasia, okra, pumpkin, bottle gourd, cucumber, carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, knol khol, French bean, winged bean, dolichos bean. Tuber crops Tapioca, sweet potato Tree Tree bean, tree tomato and drum stick vegetables Suitable Stylosanthes guyanansis, Stylosanthes hamata and grasses for Thinnapier, NB-21. risers

46 Crop planning and production technology: The lower one-third area should be terraced and utilised for growing vegetable/spices or tuber crops. While planning crops, it should be necessary to keep in mind the requirement of farmers. Two crops round the year can be grown even under rainfed conditions. High yielding varieties of crops should be introduced.

Usually the terrace risers have to be protected by growing some fodder grasses, so that apart from protecting the risers from erosion, it provides a subsidiary source of income to the farmers. Upper, the mid-one third area should be utilised for fruit crops and the remaining upper one-third under the reserve forest (fodder or fuel trees). The plants should be planted in half moon terraces.

47 CHAPTER - 3

Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) Analysis of the district and identification of critical gaps

3.1 Introduction

Champai District has numerous areas of advantages and strengths which enable it to propel itself on to higher level of trajectory of economic development if these strengths are fully exploited.

In this sector, the agro-climate condition of the district favours the development of all kind of the horticulture crops. This conclusion is drawn in accordance with the findings of Agro-Climate regional planning (ACRP) exercise undertaken by the Planning Commission since 1998. The ACRP take in to account resources endowments, strategy for balance regional development, comparative advantages, and choice of priority activities for the region, infrastructure needs and investment in its approach. The findings of ACRP regarding the District point out the strategies for agricultural development are through soil and water conservation and settle farming. In addition, there has been a paradigm shift in the state government‟s agriculture policy from the practice of mono crops cultivation of land use through shifting cultivation to diversification of crops by introducing location specific crops through settled farming. A follow up policy called Land Use Policy is chalked out and implemented with limited success. However, the drawback of this new policy is its adoption of the strategy of area targeting for the implementation zone, which left out majority of the district of Mizoram including Champai district. In recent years, the state government is making great stride towards bringing land under horticulture crops through a new policy – Mizoram Intodelhna Project. Even this policy suffered from certain limits like its outreach, due to the latter inaccessibility, remoteness, lack of good road infrastructure etc. Another strength lies in the availability of flat land for wet rice cultivation.

48 Another strength of the District is the possibility of transforming farming practice along the line of organic farming by using only manures since consumption of fertilizers has always been negligible. Organic farming is a production system that avoid of largely excludes the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators. Instead, it relies upon crop rotation with leguminous crops, addition of crop residues, green manures, bio- fertilizers and bio pesticides. The objective encouraging organic farming in the district are to developed a sustainable agriculture system which maintain soil fertility and ensure adequate food production. Besides it is well recognize that organic products are preferred to conventional agriculture product due to the absence of harmful chemical residues in it.

For Development of infrastructure, the district strength lies in the river where there is immense scope for the development of hydro electric power project is taken up by Central water commission. If this project is materialized, and then it will greatly boost the productivity of the District which is currently at a very low level due to inadequate power supply to producing units.

Another strength of District lies in the availability of fresh water sources like stream and rivers which are perennial in nature for the expansion of rural water supply in interior part of the region. This is crucial for the development of backward tribes who constantly need social cohesion and cooperation in protesting and the safeguarding their interest. Most of the village studies conducted by sociologist establish the correlation between the community assets and social cohesion and cooperation. The availability of community assets like community halls provide people a place for frequent interaction at a short notice. This in turn built close intimacy, cooperation and cohesions among the people. However, it should be added that, the present condition of all the community assets are in very pathetic state.

49 Despite all the areas of strength mention above, the District suffer from various weaknesses. The following are some of the areas of weaknesses:

In this sector, the District faced constraints in the form of:

a) High run off water, increasing depletion of ground water due to excessive survey. Exploitation, depletion of fertility of soil due to „Jhum‟ cultivation, expansion of wasteland and inundation due to frequent change of course by the rivers.

b) Lack of quality seed and planting material.

c) Inadequate post harvest infrastructure and unorganized market.

d) Lack of systematic records of land and surveys especially cadastral survey.

e) High cost of inputs, little scope for farm mechanization, suitability of only minor irrigation and exorbitant cost of transport.

f) Destructive practice of jhuming cultivation.

g) Lack of accurate data on stock of inventory and limited research and development activities by concern departments.

h) Lack of rain water harvesting structure to supplement meager water supply during lean season for consumption and agricultural purpose.

i) Lack of awareness on the part of the farmers regarding seeds, soil condition, weather etc.

j) Lack of proper land use planning.

The communication networks especially the roads are in bad shape. The district continues to deprive of good road connectivity although it has great potential in coffee plantation. Most of the region where WRC has been successfully practice on a limited scale still face the

50 problem of good road connectivity which hamper their economic prosperity to a great extends. Most of the villages are inaccessible especially in rainy season due to frequent landslide and improper management. There has always been a dire necessity to improve the road network to help the people of remote areas of the District.

3.2 SWOT Analysis of Agriculture of Champhai District : Strength: a. Availability of abundant land resources with organic enriched, fertile soil. b. Less use of chemical and fertilizer in the entire district. c. Farmers attraction and awareness toward cultivation of cash crops (tea, turmeric) d. Potential area for production of various cereals crops and pulses due to suitable agro-ecological conditions . e. Availability of abundant low land in foot hills (valley) suitable for paddy (Wet Land Rice Cultivation (WRC). f. Slopes of the terrains are suitable for growing cash crops, jhum paddy along with fruit crops. g. Farmers having basic ( traditional) knowledge of crop cultivation. h. Availability of enough man power (labour), their nature of hard working and desireness for learning.

Weakness: a. Soil erosion by run off and acidity in the soil in all the region of the district. b. Jhuming or shifting cultivation practice on hill slopes. c. Poor soil fertility management, unawareness about green manuring, composting etc.

51 d. Imbalance use of fertilizers specially blind use of urea. e. Reluctance of farmers towards modern varieties and their package of practices, faith in traditional seeds and way of farming. f. Cultivation with very low input and unawareness/negligence for use of available natural resources. g. Rampant use of diseased seedlings as a planting material. h. Heavy and long spell of rainfall caused land slide and soil erosion and due to this problem, communication and transport system paralyzed in the district. i. Lack of awareness regarding soil testing. j. Lack of knowledge on integrated management like –IPM, IPNM, IWM. k. Reluctant to adopt HYVs of paddy because traditional rice variety in much tastier than HYVs. (i.e. Preferences is mostly by taste of the variety) l. Seed treatment is not in practice due lack of awareness. m. Farmers having non commercial mindset, they are only dependant on traditional cultivation practices for crop production resulting in low productivity. n. Unavailable suitable varieties for the location and their package of practices . o. Lack of knowledge and awareness on the use of farm implements. p. Non-availability of Farmers Interest Group (FIG) and Self Help Groups( SHGs). q. Insufficient government credit institution and its linkages with farming community. r. Un availability of agriculture based enterprises. s. Lack of proper channel of market and traditional way of selling the produce.

52 Opportunities: a. Scope for promotion of organic farming and its trade at national & global level. b. Promotion of Horticultural crops especially Passion fruit, Orange, Grapes & Pineapple in various pockets of the district. c. Good scope for promoting organic tea. d. Favourable condition for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in the entire district. e. Improvement in productivity by introduction of different location specific varieties and their packages of practices. f. Production and distribution of various disease free, certified seeds and planting materials. g. Opportunity to promote micro-irrigation technology during dry spell (Nov-Feb) h. Scope of land reforms and reclamation through proper soil nutrient management. i. Higher production potential for WRC and winter season vegetable specially cole crops. j. Higher market potential due to nearness of international border and open trade. k. Good scope of establishing agriculture based industries and generation of employment. l. Application of Post Harvest technology and value addition in the products.

Threats: a. Heavy and long spell of rainfall which causes soil loss, land slide and severe infestation of insect pests and diseases. b. Frosty weather during winter which causes crop loss and attack of pests and diseases.

53 c. Flowering in bamboo which caused sudden population growth of rodents causing famine in the areas. d. Attack of wild buffaloes on crops during winter season. e. Farmers dependency on government schemes on agriculture, horticulture and allied sectors. f. Higher rate of population growth 39 % approx. ( decadal) which cause small size of land holding. g. Jhum cultivation still prevails in this areas which causes deforestation and heavy soil loss through erosion. h. Urbanization of villages and migration of farm labours into the urban areas. i. No fixation of price in agriculture produces and availability of proper markets.

54 Table 12 SWOT Analysis Matrix

Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Growing of bird eye chilies as Jhuming condition is labour Good and reasonable prices for bird Market of chillie depend on outside mixed cropping in hill slope demanding and low in productivity to eye chillies and ordinary chillies state businessmen and not sustained jhuming in extensive area will give generate good income good economic enzyme as the price of Bird eye chilly is very high 2 If all the potential valleys under Less area covered with good Establishment of public private Poor management of soil acid water irrigated paddy cultivation is irrigation sources. Lack of awareness partnership (PPP) in field pea lack of techniques to use mulching in covered by double cropping with to utilize ground water by farmers as introduced state dept. of Social Rabi crops field pea, the buy back policy will well as govt. Welfare since 2005 give good earning 3 Maize and soyabean are purchased Lack of adequate seed supply Fixing of reasonable price by state Lack of awareness in organizing with reasonable price by state (improved seeds) and lack of govt. to purchase maize and soyabean community market through department for Animal feed. awareness to grow market oriented for feed plant under Vety Deptt. GIG/Commodity based interest crops by farmers groups 4 Hybridization of local domestic Slow progress in up gradation breeds Hybridization of local breeds of Lack of proper management for animal is the on going programme of animals animals as on going scheme of state general growth of health care of of state Very Dept. Dept. domestic animals 5 There is a very good scope of Lack of processing facilities for Horti. Awareness of farmers for permanent Lack of suitable alternative to cultivating grapes, passion fruits, Cross and lack of techniques in post farming through Horti. Orchards of jhuming easily adoptable by farmers ginger, avocado, kiwi, banana, harvest technology grapes, passion fruit, bananas, of Resources Poor mango etc. in view of agro climatic jatropha etc. and as contract farming condition and vat land resource in some fruit/crops mentioned aboved 6 Gaining popularity in silkworm Lack of awareness campaign from Vast area for cultivation of mulberry Undesirable jungle burnings rearing among farming families concern Depart. Or private companies and gaining popularity among farmers both in sericulture and fisheries in respect of Sericulture development as a whole. 7 Adoption of paddy cum pisciculture Gaining nutritive value of fishes Heavy soil fertility loss due to in WRC areas and in ponds among the community for market jhuming in hillslopes and continuous opportunity pruning water in irrigated paddy field

55 Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Vast potential for rainfed paddy Low productivity from Agril. Fast vegetative growth or new Continuous jhum shifting and other crop under jhuming Crops resulting tendency of growth after jhuming enabling cultivation causing farmers to change into other formation of fertile top soil deforestation soil erosion farming system etc. 2 Persisted to hill slope jhuming as Free grazing of animal causing Less density of production Continuous shifting traditional method by majority of serious problems to crop cultivation and increase farmer production due to damage by farming families may domestic animals exhausted the land holding size etc. also the jhum cycle shall gradually become unproductive 3 Possibilities of mix cropping Lack of effort to improve Optimum rainfall, temperature, The animal farming (paddy and other corp.) to get animal farming and cropping humidity and good fertile soill for system is very poor and variety of production from the system by the farmer agril. Crops unproductive. The same field animal waste is not properly utilized for farming. 4 Easy method of getting yield Low income from paddy, Good vegetative cover providing s animals. shelter to rain drops splash erosion and rill erosion 5 Free grazing and rearing of Presence of well established animals biodiversity in the forest

Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Vast potential area for rainfed Top mills and higher elevated Vast area for expansion of Horti. Deforestation and high paddy cultivation and maize hillslopes more inductive to soil Orchard under grapes, passion range of erosion due to cultivation erosion fruits, avocado, kiwi and jatropha shifting cultivation practices 2 Majority of the farming Scarcity of perennial water Higher altitudes and less insect pest Lack of sustainable community depends on jhuming source for irrigation is orchards disease appearances markets for Horti. (fruit) production 3 Most of the farmers depends on Implementation of source CSS Lack of awareness by hill slope jhuming which was projects like NWDPRA, WDPSCA farmers for community form undesirable and low in and IWDP, Tech, Mission etc. in marketing productivity some areas. 4 Expansion of Horti. Or chard Lack of awareness in self Well established bio diversity Farmers dependency on under grapes, passion fruits and sufficiency or organic manures Govt. for market ginger as commercial carping in orientation higher cultivation 5 Awareness of farmers in Depends on govt. for Manor farming communities Lack of awareness sin permanent farming through fruit improvement of their farming depends on this farming system upgrading of Demistic crop cultivation in hill slopes as system animals mentioned above. Rearing of improve cows and Inconveniency for upgrading of local cows double cropping under shifting cultivation

57 Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Use of Agril. Waste as Persistency in Good forest cover High rainfall causing oil fodder gives strength in shifting cultivation and vegetative cover acidity and soil erosion animal rearing specially leading to low to protect soil from in improved cows productivity and soil erosion erosion 2 Expansion of fish ponds No. HYV paddy Optimum weather Loss of fertile topsoil cum water harvesting varieties being conditions for hill due to cultivation at dam crops irrigation in established for hill slope paddy, potato, steep slopes top hills areas under shifting cabbages, radish etc cultivation 3 Awareness in using Difficulties in Lack of water sources Lack of water sources for animal waster and Transportation of for peiculture during pisiculture during dry agriculture waste as farm productivity to dry season season compost materials and market/village /town fish meal 4 Vast area suitable for Less chances of Poor transportation vegetables such as expansion in fish leading to back wardness potatoes, radish, carrots, ponds due to scarcity in modern techniques of cabbage etc. in higher of good water source Agriculture etc. alleviated hill slopes, and steep slopes. including maize

58 Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Irrigated paddy (WRC) in Lack of good Vast forest coverage Undesirable jungle river valley and flat lands communication road giving good protection burning having good scope and ways of soil against rain drop more potential splash erosion 2 Bottom hills and lowland Practice of shifting Practice of shifting Un methodical use of having potential for double cultivation mono- cultivation mono- chemical fertilizers cropping cropping giving low cropping giving low yield. yield. 3 Heavy and fertile soils good Low productivity due Variety of medical Threats in use of for cultivation of ginger and ot management in in plant species chemical’/poisons etc. in papaya, guava, banana etc. WRC paddy (availability) rivers 4 Vast forest cover for better Lack of awareness in Some areas are covered Lose of biodiversity ecological balance and double cropping by NWDPRA, through mono cropping biodiversity WDPSCA, IWDP etc. in orchards, jhums and for natural resources WRC paddy field management 5 Free grazing for cattle Lack of improved Vast area for extension Heavy soil loss in animal varieties in of Horticulture and shifting cultivation cows, pigs and animal rearing practices poultry birds 6 Less animal diseases Lack of good variety Great forest and river Deforestation due to resources such as in cultivation jungle river resources fishes, burning snails, crabs, prawn 7 Less insect/pest and Free anima grazing diseases problems

59 Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Vast area for cultivation of Poor drainage Credit availabilities Lack of interest youths in maize and soyabean facilities in irrigated farm works paddy 2 Vast area for shifting Poor management of Hardworking laborers Gradual losses of soil cultivation for jhum ginger soil, moisture and in tradition fertility due to soil and other crops other natural resource erosion in hill slopes 3 High rainfall, humid Low productivity of Implementation of Lack of proper condition, temperate, well local paddy varieties IWDP, NWDPRA, management in Horti. drained suitable for WDPSCA and Tech, Crops and Agril. Crops horticulture orchards-passion mission in : IPM, INM and fruits, grapes and floriculture moisture 4 Majority of population Imbalance uses of Good potential area for Lack of knowledge and engaged under Agriculture chemical fertilizers Horti. Crops of grapes., skill in pruning/training Horti. For occupation passion fruits, papaya, banana, floriculture, Jatropha 5 Well communicated road Lack of effort for Contract farming under Undesirable jungle ways double cropping initial staff for burning causing death to floriculture, passion orchard crops useful fruit, jatropha bacterial 6 No communication problems Lack of effort in Less problem in insect Lack of legal awareness in language and printed organizing FIGs for pest and diseases. to control animal and media better market protect the crops and opportunities natural resources 7 Well establish local paddy Lack awareness in Lack of awareness to varieties fishery and fish meals create market production. opportunities and formation of FIGs 8 Well establish paddy cum pisiculture in WRC farm ponds

60 Sl Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats No 1 Adoption of jhuming Shifting cultivation is Getting yield of Fast way of deforestation by majority of farming labour demand done different commodities and soil erosion, high- community in respect in remote area, prone from unit consumption rainfall leading to acidic soil rainfed paddy, maize, to erosion and low formation under jhuming sugarcane and other productivity vegetable a mixed crops 2 Hybridization and Low progress in On going extension Lack of proper care and better feed hybridization programmes of state management for animals, management progrmme and Govt. lack of awareness to use programme gives availabilities of animal waste, spread of more income and concentrated foods undesirable diseases adopted by innovative for farmers and progressive farmers 3 Fat spreading of Lack of proper Vast area available for Lack of processing unit and grapes, passion fruits, management in Horti. Orchards and pot harvest management, ginger, papaya and Training, printing, suitable agro climatic lack of market infrastructure improve bananas and INM, IPM and conditions facilities and unsustainable vast area for its irrigation etc markets in the area. expansion

61 3.3 SWOT ANLYSIS OF HORTICULTURE OF CHAMPHAI DISTRICT Strength : a. Suitable agro climatic and agro ecological condition for growing various fruit crops. b. Farmers having traditional wisdom on cultivation of fruit crops. c. Potential area available for cultivation and production of Passion fruit, Grapes, Orange, Pineapple, Turmeric, Ginger etc. d. Slopes of terrains are favourable for fruit and vegetable production. e. Less use of chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides in horticultural crops. f. Availability of abundant low land in foot hill for winter vegetable products. g. Farmers having traditional knowledge of identification of various medicinal plants.

Weaknesses : a. Poor storage facilities of fruits and vegetables. b. Poor transport and communication service in the district due to the ecological condition. c. Lack of knowledge and infrastructure on post harvest technology. d. No proper marketing system.

62 e. Non availability of processing units for fruit crops. f. Use of poor quality of seedlings/planting materials lead to citrus declining. g. improper establishment of orchards. h. Poor soil management, insect pest management and disease management. i. Cultivation with zero input.

Opportunities : a. High density population planting in various fruit crops and mixed and inter cropping. b. Awareness on various post harvest techniques lead to help in getting good price. c. Production and supply of disease free planting material and seedlings of various fruits and vegetables. d. Establishment of processing industry specially for Grapes and Passion fruit. e. Promotion of farmers for establishment of new orchards as well as rejuvenation of old orchards in the district. f. Attracting buyer by taking organic certificate of fruit crops.

63 h. Generating employment through cultivation of high rate low volume crops. Threats : a. Declining of citrus and other orchards due to higher infestation of insect pest and diseases, lack of nutrient management etc. b. Due to remoteness of area and perishable in nature of produce more chances of damage. c. Disturbances of natural balance due to privilage of jhum practice. d. No fixation of price of horticulture produces by government. e. Heavy rain and landslide is also experiences as threat for horticultural crop cultivation.

64 3.4 SWOT ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY OF CHAMPHAI DISTRICT : Strength : a. Favorable and varied climatic condition which leads to rearing of a variety of animal species suiting their adaptability b. District having enough area coverage with grasses, bushes and forest trees. c. Farmers having traditional knowledge and practice of rearing live- stocks. d. Non vegetarian food habit of tribal (indigenous) population is good strength for live-stock development in the district. e. Wide animal and plant –biodiversity of the district leads for germplasm and feed resource exploration. f. Unparallel and positive attitude of people is an excellent strength for development of this sector. Weakness : a. Remoteness and transportation bottlenecks are hindering the desired growth of this sector. b. Due to heavy rainfall and high humidity animals are vulnerable to various disease and parasites. c. Tendency of farmers to raise live-stock on zero or very negligible inputs. d. Lack of organized marketing channel. e. Lack of processing and value addition facilities. f. Due to absence of abattoirs, slaughter house byproducts are wasted. g. Inadequate vaccine facilities and their storage caused to failure in desired health of live stock. h. Lack of sound breeding and production policy. i. Lacking live stock raiser‟s organization and co-operatives . j. No proper linkage of farmers with credit institutions.

65 k. Lacking of superior germ plasm because germ plasm production centre are very few in number and poorly managed due to financial crunches.

Opportunity : a. Development of improved varieties of pig and poultry through systematic breeding in wild and indigenous breeds. b. Meat revolution through industrialization of pork production. c. Due to popularization of duck egg and meat there is wide scope of promotion for duckary along with poultry in the district. d. Promotion of unconventional lives stock like dog and pigeon because they are also used as meat by the sizeable section. e. Opportunity existing for the promotion of slaughter house, by product processing, value addition and marketing. f. To develop feed formula for pig and poultry by incorporating indigenous and resources including medicinal herbs, shrubs & tree leafs. g. To organize farmer by their different groups and developing cooperate sector on live stock farmers.

Threats: a. Increasing trend of land degradation due to the unhealthy practice leads to forest loss is the big threat to this sector. b. Due to the adjacent location of district with Myanmar spread of diseases is the threat. c. Non availability of byproducts utilization facility leads the threat to public health in pig populated pockets. e. Higher growth trend in prices of feed ingredients and other input in also experienced as a threat. f. Natural calamities and due to high humidity and rainfall infestation/attack of various pests and diseases.

66 3.5 SWOT ANALYSIS OF FISHERY SECTOR OF CHAMPAI DISTRICT

Strength 1. Vast area of land is available for the establishment of ponds. 2. Perennial source of water is readily available. 3. Climatic condition is suitable for development of fishery. 4. High demand for fish. 5. Majority of the farmers are willing to take up fish farming. Weakness 1. Scarcity of exotic fingerlings. 2. Lack of technical guidance. 3. Absence of Ice Plant. 4. Poor financial condition of farmers to take up fish farming. 5. Poor transport and communication. 6. Acidity of water body.

Opportunities 1. Under India‟s Look East Policy, recently, there has been a proposal of waterway from Hruitezawl to Akyap (Myanmar) Sea Port for the facilitation of international trade. 2. Extension services to popularize fish farming. 3. Establishment of cold storage facility (Ice Plant). 4. Facilitation of marketing facility. 5. Popularization of value added fish product. 6. Establishment of hatcheries. Threats 1. Scarcity and high cost of fish feed. 2. Siltation of fish ponds due to the practice of shifting cultivation. 3. Competition with other districts and foreign countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar. 4. Natural calamities such as flood, landslide/ landslip, etc.

3.6 SWOT ANALYSIS for Sericulture

STRENGTH : 1. Climatic condition ideal for Mulberry and Castor plants. 2. PH of Soil optimum. 3. Agrarian life style of Jhum cultivation ease the mind set of the people to switch-on Sericulture readily. 4. Mizoram Govt. flagship programme (i.e. Sericulture sector/activities). 5. Short gestation period (i.e. 1 year)

WEAKNESS : 1. Non-traditional. 2. Communication poor. 3. Infrastructure (viz. Grainage house, Godown, etc.) inadequate. 4. Illiteracy on livelihood. 5. Minority area.

OPPORTUNITIES : 1. Hilly terrain unsuitable for wet rice cultivation, good for Mulberry and Castor. 2. An excellent sector for replacement of Jhum cultivation. 3. Minority areas. 4. Introduction of Sericulture easy due to BPL areas. 5. Mixed & Subsistence Agri. economy.

THREATS : 1. Consumer ignorance. 2. Fair weather road. 3. Lack of technological know-how.

3.7 Challenges for the state as whole region and specific to the District

Water-related sectors Overall, in the water-related sectors, it seems that links into community- based institutional arrangements are limited or do not exist, be it for watershed management, early warning systems, or adaptation to the recurrent floods. This goes for both state and central government initiatives. These institutional arrangements also influence the management instruments that have been chosen and the way they are being implemented. There is significant knowledge about water resources in the region, but the knowledge is still incomplete and it is partially inaccessible.

With a lack of access to data and information by the wider public, decision making takes place within agencies but without much outreach, and accordingly accountability to the public is very limited. Global experience has shown that such a situation leads to low performance and to little consideration of impacts on the ground, as indicated by the degree to which investments effectively reach beneficiaries. Stakeholders (water users, marooned flood victims, citizens without access to basic electricity in rural areas, young people without jobs) then feel abandoned and look for other sources of livelihood, for example by leaving the region or even by participating in violence.

The challenge then is to reverse this trend and instead build a more accountable institutional framework. This implies strong political will to counteract the tendency of a society to follow the path it has already taken due to the political or financial cost of changing Similarly, improvements in inland water transport, so important.

Forest sector Regard to forests, the resource management instruments, including monitoring devices, cataloging (for example of biodiversity), and definition of forest use rights, are strongly conditioned by the centralized approach defined by existing formal laws and regulations. Plans do exist, but incentives (for both government agencies and stakeholders) to apply them seem to be lacking, as very few are being implemented. The organizational management form for forest management requires review in order to create functioning structures to enable forest agencies at different levels to work jointly with communities to find ways of building sustainable livelihoods.

Sector Regional-level activities Local-level activities Water resources Create an appropriate institutional framework for river basin management, including an interstate river basin organization with a clear mission and mandate Undertake comprehensive strategic participatory river basin management and planning covering several states (Brahmaputra and Barak basins) including trade-off analysis of different development and management options (e.g. floods, hydro, wetlands, environmental flows, etc.) Implement and maintain effective water monitoring systems Develop and support regionwide and basin- level research on water resources Create new or align existing state agencies for water resource management that can effectively interact with the interstate river basin organization Develop groundwater resources Manage wetlands, restore and preserve beels Manage watersheds

Flood and erosion management Develop and implement an operational plan to enable strategic investments in annual maintenance of flood management structures Carry out structural interventions to enhance erosion management

70 Develop an appropriate flood and erosion monitoring system with information available to all stakeholders Develop a functional flood warning and community alert system Develop a functional plan to start addressing drainage issues Review and adjust existing agencies‟ internal incentive structures (including budget allocations and accountability structures) to enhance delivery of services Enhance communities‟ capacities to “live intelligently with floods” through strengthening coping mechanisms, supporting and learning from innovations, improving basic health services Develop local capacity to link into and respond to a broader flood warning system Analyze local needs for watershed management to control local erosion and landslides in tributaries – “landscape management” – and work with communities to develop local watershed management actions Hydropower Assess potential benefits and tradeoffs between hydropower and flood management benefits/costs and continue dialog on different options Develop scenarios to harness hydropower at the basin level (sequencing, integration with for example considerations for flood management benefits, inclusion of local stakeholders) Develop small/mini/micro/pico hydel projects in a more targeted manner Ensure benefits (for example electrification of villages, job creation) and minimize costs (for example displacement, erosion of cultural values) at local level from large hydel by developing and implementing functioning benefit- sharing mechanisms to improve people‟s livelihoods

Sector Regional-level activities Local-level activities Inland water transport Analyze and develop opportunities for linkages between India and its neighbors in order to break Northeastern Region isolation and enhance options for trade Invest in multimodal transport infrastructure strategically, reinforcing the existing NW-2 to support regional connectivity with neighbors and peninsular India Develop local-level infrastructure for community water transport on

71 secondary rivers, improving access to markets and to social infrastructure (for example health, education) Forest and biodiversity management Build up a regional systematic knowledge base on biodiversity and forest resources Develop institutional arrangements that take into account the specific social and cultural background of the Northeastern Region Assess options for regional ecotourism and create an enabling institutional framework Carbon trading: Reclassify northeastern forests to enable carbon trading Support communities in recovering and building on their traditional structures for forest management Develop appropriate knowledge sharing and extension service mechanisms for rural communities to develop sustainable economic activities (for example diversified agriculture, ecotourism) Work with local communities to find out their interest in preserving forests through carbon finance.

72 CHAPTER IV STATUS OF AGRICULTURE AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

4.1 Agricultural Farming Systems The agricultural practices in the region are broadly of two distinct types, viz., (i)settled farming practised in the plains, valleys, foothills and terraced slopes and (ii) shifting cultivation practised on the hill slopes. In the hills, agricultural operations are carried out at a maximum elevation of 5000 m with „slash and burn‟ method.

4.2 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation It is a primitive mode of agriculture evolved as a reflex action under the stress of the peculiar geophysical and ecological situations prevailing in the hills of the NE region. The system reflects a sort of community farming without heritable rights over the land. The practice starts with selection of forested land, clearing and burning of the forest before the onset of monsoon, planting of various crops in an intimate mixture by dibbling and harvesting. The land is abandoned after cultivation for a period of 2-3 years and cultivation is shifted to another site. The method of allotment of land varies from tribe to tribe. In most cases it is decided upon by the village councils or by village elders, and size of the plots depends on the number of working hands in respective farm families. Consequent upon population pressure, the jhum cycle has, however, shrunk to 3-6 years or even less against, earlier practice of a cycle of 10-15 years resulting in soil degradation and ecological imbalance. Indiscriminate destruction of forests in the jhum land, coupled with high rainfall, has resulted in heavy soil erosion and consequent silting of rivers causing floods in the lower reaches. 73 4.3 Settled Cultivation Settled cultivation is practised in plains and valleys. Adequate precipitation ensures availability of water for the crops grown in kharif. However, rabi crop faces water deficit, which is met by irrigation. With increasing awareness of the disadvantages of shifting cultivation, the farmers have started adopting settled cultivation. This is likely to result in reduction of area under shifting cultivation.

4.4 Cropping Pattern The cropping pattern in the region, characterised by predominance of rice as the lead crop. Food crops account for more than 80 per cent of the gross cropped area, which is suggestive of prevalence of subsistence agriculture and lack of crop diversification. About 70 per cent of the gross cropped area is accounted for by cereals alone. A remarkable feature of shifting cultivation is that a wide variety of crops is grown in the jhum fields. Jhum paddy is the dominant crop and is mixed with maize, millets, beans, tapioca, sweet potato, ginger, cotton, tobacco, chillies, sesamum and vegetables. The production units are more or less self-contained, each family growing crops according to its needs. Major food crops of the region are cereals and pulses which are cultivated in 78.03 per cent of the cropped area. 4.5 Crop Intensity The region‟s agriculture is characterised by low crop intensity (117 per cent). Physical constraints like weak and underdeveloped irrigation network, extremely cold weather in the higher elevations limit the crop season to summer months only. Low density of population in the hills and sociological constraints like values and attitudes, which are

74 not wholly conducive to market oriented agriculture, have resulted in near stagnation in agricultural production. 4.6 Irrigation The normal way of irrigation in the hills is by diverting small streams. In other areas, the irrigation is provided from natural sources only during rainy months. The hydro-geomorphology of the hilly region is such that groundwater resource cannot be easily utilised for irrigation purpose. In such areas techniques for harvesting rainwater appears to be essential. 4.7 Fertiliser Fertiliser consumption works out to be as low as 23 kg/ha as against the national average of 95.6 kg/ha. The low level of fertiliser consumptions is attributable to heavy loss through run off of rainwater during the kharif season and due to slow and limited spread of fertiliser-based technology in the region.

4.8 Seed Seed is the most important component of agricultural production system. Information available from different sources indicates that there are large gaps in the supply of this vital input. The time lag in the supply of seeds frustrates the production programmes of the region. The spread of HYV has been poor as evidenced from the fact that only 56 per cent of the rice area has been brought under HYVs. Of the total quantity of improved seeds required by the farmers, roughly 40 per cent is met from within the region leaving a gap of 60 per cent in its present requirement. This gap is very likely to widen over time, as the percentage of adoption is sure to increase

75 in near future. 4.9 Agro-based Industries The status of agro-based industries in the region is not very satisfactory because of lack of development in this area. However, it has potential for growth of traditional agro based industries like rice mills, oils mills, paper pulp unit based on bamboo, vanaspati plant etc. Despite considerable potential for development of fruit processing industries in the region, there has not been much progress in this area.

4.10 Foodgrains and Oilseeds The region faces a deficit of food grains, which is met by imports from other parts of the country. It drains the capital out of the region. This can, however, be curbed by making the region self-sufficient in foodgrains. Non-availability of adequate quantity of quality seeds of improved varieties and lack of use of inputs like fertiliser, weed control and disease and pests protection are major constraints in pulses and oilseeds production.

4.11 Farm Power Availability of farm power is a pre-requisite for timely field operations that are essential for optimum productivity in agriculture. The farm power availability is estimated at 0.67 kW/ha Studies have revealed that under rainfed farming, seed-bed preparation and sowing, harvesting and threshing, inter-culture, and weeding, and transport are the most energy intensive operations. Means will have to be found to bridge the gap between availability and requirement of power for farming operations. It experiences hot and humid weather, which poses serious problems for post harvest handling. In humid weather, it becomes difficult to dry the agricultural produce to safe moisture levels and this results in

76 huge post-harvest losses.

4.12 Resource-base, Potential, Problems and Strategies for the Future a. Soil and Water Resources _ Soil and water resources need to be properly inventorised, characterised and evaluated for appropriate uses. _ Implementation of appropriate soil conservation practices should be mandatory for any cultivation programme in the hills, where soil and water losses are beyond the permissible limits. _ Watershed approach of soil and water conservation and development of land-based production programmes in participatory mode need to be propagated. _ The surface run off should be captured and used by following appropriate irrigation methods. b. Plant Resources _ Diversity mapping should be done along with inventorisation at micro-level for effective management, conservation and use of crop species and their relatives. _ Agroecological niches should be clearly identified and records should be maintained on prevalent crops and cropping system, the ethnic group and economic background of indigenous communities. The information collected should form the basis for designing „on-farm‟ conservation. _ Regional networking should be planned/developed to enable safeguarding regional interests for genetic diversity. _ Specially designed genetic reserves, gene sanctuaries and/or genetic garden should

77 be earmarked for wild species of food value and other economic importance. Strategies, approaches and technologies including biotechnology should be developed/standardised for gradually bringing these wild economic species under cultivation. Germplasm screening for processing and diversified use should be encouraged.

4.13 Traditional System, Their Problems, Potentials and Strategies for Improvement a. Shifting Cultivation Following course is recommended: _ Detailed survey to identify specific problems of various agroclimatic situations and ethnic groups. _ Selection of crops and varieties to suit different farming systems based on the needs of farmers. Identified crops should have assured market and should fulfil specific needs such as fodder, etc. _ Development of different types of farming systems suited to irrigated and rainfed situation coupled with efficient management of soil and water. _ Proper use of the biomass and recycling of wastes in the various farming systems. _ Studies on development of suitable irrigation system for hillslopes with scientific water management. _ Participatory research and extension involving farmers to bring about community empowerment by considering a number of socioeconomic issues in order to achieve success. b. Agroforestry and Horticulture _ A greater intervention through agroforestry and horticulture is necessary to remove

78 the unbalanced and unsustainable short cycle of jhuming and limited opportunity to expand arable lands and their mechanisation on the slopes. _ There is need to encourage product diversification in a unit of land through agroforestry to increase land‟s capacity to produce and bring the land to its full potential by linking to assured marketing channels by identifying demands and outlets or outputs. _ Collaboration on rubber-based farming system will help identification of the most suitable and economically viable farming system models by taking care of adapting low input agricultural practices, which can be followed by a smallholder. Rubber cultivation will help in soil conservation, enrich organic matters, improve soil properties and microclimate, besides being eco-friendly. _ Vast expansion of area under rubber is possible where land is denuded and is not suitable for cultivation of other crops. From the ecological restoration, socioeconomical development and rehabilitation of shifting cultivators‟ point of view, rubber can play a crucial role to alleviate the problems. _ Research on mushroom cultivation and processing of the produce need to be encouraged. c. Agricultural Research and Education _ To raise productivity of existing crops, intensive research efforts are required to (i) breed/identify suitable varieties of existing crops, (ii) employ newer technologies to speed up crop improvement, (iii) evolve suitable agro-techniques (iv) develop an

79 integrated pest and nutrient management system and (v) develop appropriate soil and water management techniques. Similarly, for improving productivity of animals besides breed upgradation, research efforts should be directed towards animal nutrition and health care. Since, agriculture is rarely practised in isolation, development of appropriate mixed farming models, based on landholding size, will be helpful in improving the productivity in the livestock as well as agriculture sector. _ Grassland improvement scheme must be introduced and cost of meat and milk production should be reduced for the enterprise to become economical. _ To bring cash in the hands of the farmers and to raise their economic status three pronged approach is required which includes: (a) identification of suitable production technology, (b) development of technologies suitable for adoption at farm level to reduce the post-harvest losses and to increase the shelf life of produce to enable transport of perishable commodities to distant consuming centres and (c) marketing support. _ There is an urgent need to document the traditional knowledge, collect different plant materials and ascertain their medicinal properties. Useful plants can be popularised for large-scale cultivation, which will help in providing employment and improving income of large number of tribal and other rural families. _ Short or medium range programme on horticulture-based cropping system; water management including micro-irrigation and fertigation, greenhouse cultivation of vegetables and flowers have already received research attention. Further refinement of the technologies and their transfer will bring perceptible change/improvement in production of different crop commodities. _ Commercialisation of micropropagation protocols for banana, orchid, cardamom, and ginger. Refinement of TPS and microtuber production technology in potato.

80 Improvement in STG techniques and cross-protection in citrus for virus elimination and control; hybrid seed production of temperate vegetables in high altitude areas. _ In order to reduce post-harvest losses at production centres low cost eco-friendly on-farm storage structures can play a crucial role. Significant advancement has been made in this direction and some small and medium sized cool chambers on the principles of evaporative cooling have been devised. Further refinement of the technology will go a long way. Also, standardisation of packing line operations and proper packaging of different commodities are of urgent need. _ Pesticide residue management and newer product development will add values to the produce. _ In crop improvement programmes, new genes need to be introduced for increasing total biomass, which should then be followed by more efficient partitioning. This will require crossing the cultivated races with wild types, many of which are not sexually crossable. This can, however, be accomplished through embryo rescue/protoplast fusion and other biotechnological approaches. Post-harvest engineering and technology can help farmers earn more and increase employment through value addition to their produce and by-products. _ Improvement of tea, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees through application of biotechnology should receive immediate attention. _ Judicious use of biotechnology tool in crop and livestock improvement programme/research is important as the conventional breeding methodology sometimes provides quicker results at less cost in many cases. _ Human resource to serve immediate requirement of academic and developmental

81 activities in the region is an urgent need. It is also necessary to produce middle level technicians/professionals to assist developmental activities. _ In the context of growing public concern for environment, globalisation, household food security and eco-regional imbalances, new directions are required in planning and transfer of technology by designing more effective linkage between scientists and farmers for technology information to meet future challenges of growing demand of food.

Table 13 Projection of population and their food requirement of champhai district till 2025 Parameters Current Projected requirement of food materials 2010 2015 2020 2025 Human 102,739 1,10,752 1,32,348 1,58,155 1,88,995 (Population) Cereals (MT) 13,124.90 14,148.56 16,907.45 20,204.30 24,144.1 1 Pulses (MT) 2,624.98 2,829.71 3,381.49 4,040.86 4,828.82 Vegetables (MT) 10,499.92 11,318.85 13,525.96 16,163.44 1,9315.2 82 8 Fruits (MT) 2,249.98 2,425.46 2,890.42 3,463.59 4,138.99 Milk (MT) 10,499.92 11,318.85 13,525.96 16,163.44 1,9315.2 8 Meat (MT) 2,249.98 2,425.46 2,898.42 3,463.58 4,138.98 Egg (lakhs) 184.93 199.35 238.22 284.67 340.19 Fats & oils 1,312.49 1,414.85 1,690.74 2,020.43 2,414.41 Sugar 1,124.99 1,212.73 1,449.21 1,731.79 2,069.49

4.14 Issues and strategies for development: To achieve the desired projected target of production of food grains, fruits, vegetables, milk and meat etc. The following strategy will be followed to mitigate the said requirements. Production breakthroughs: i) Production of cereals, pulses, vegetable etc may be increased by popularizing high yielding varieties and increasing the cropping intensity particularly in valley land. ii) Introducing high yielding milch cattle breeds and up gradation of local breeds of milch cattles. iii) Up gradation of local pig and other to meet the demand of meat in the district. iv) Introduction of poultry quality birds for egg and meat production.

83 4.15 Infrastructure development for technology/ Research support: Establishment of green houses, poly houses, tissue culture lab, bio-control lab, meteorological observatory, disease forecasting centre and other analytical laboratories.

Communication strategy: Mizoram having higher growth rates state in the region and very optimistic in development issues and strategies which extended to make the entire district accessible and easy to reach.

Infrastructural development for marketing: Construction of cold storage, and processing industries for grape and passion fruit, rice mills, certification of organic products and linkage with global market to get the optimum price and value addition.

Extension and training support:- Strengthening and empowering of KVKs with Line departments. ATMA, NHM with sufficient human resource to transfer the appropriate technology to the farmers field and trained them accordingly.

Strategies for the development of Agriculture sector: Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds:- Mizoram state having higher decadal growth rate in population among all states of country. The farmers of the district practicing agriculture in their traditional way of farming. Due to indigenous farming system the district is in deficit for food grains (cereals), Pulses and Oilseeds and depends on import of the fooding materials.

To meet this challenge of fulfilling the requirement of fooding material to this growing population the following strategies are broadly sought in the vision document 2020.

 Expansion of cultivable area under cereals upto 20% from the base year, 5 % under pulses and approximately 200 % under oilseed to make the district self reliant in food production.

 Increasing productivity of all cereals, pulses and oilseed by using high yielding varieties and providing balance doses of fertilizers.

 Increasing cropping intensity by double cropping and intensive farming practices.

4.16 Basic steps needed to make the district self reliant in agricultural production.  Identification and promotion of location specific short duration high yielding varieties of different crops.

85  Land reclamation and improvement in fertility by balance fertilizer application, adoption of green manures and compost (vermi compost etc.)  Cropping intensity improvement by growing more crops in a year rather than mono cropping.  Making new watersheds and reservoir for irrigation and promoting micro and macro irrigation technology to meet the challenge of water scarcity.  Application of the principles of IPM, INM and IWM etc.  Searching the new horizon of market by getting organic certificate and quality products.  Strengthening the extension system and making it more reliable to farmers.  Making a sound agriculture research and extension policy at state level.

4.17 PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS Table 14 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed-Paddy in the District (Transplanted)

86 Gap Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Specific Reasons in Proposed Strategy to Overcome gap No Package practice Practice for Gap Adopt Strategy 1 Sowing Transplant Transplant - - -

Time May - June May - June - - -

Method Local method SRI Lack of awareness nil Demonstration/exposure visit of transplanting

2 Varieties Local IR 64/Pant Non availability Farmers Awareness campaigns/ demonstration. 12/Krishna Personal hamsa choice 3 Seed Rate 50 – 60 kgs 45 -50 kgs Lack of awareness Nil Training and demonstrations. (per ha.)

4 Seed Sun and Use of Unavailability of Availability Training/demonstration/timely supply of inputs. Treatment Smoke Chemicals inputs/ lack of of inputs in drying awareness time 5 Organic Nil 5 tons/ha Lack of awareness/ Availability Training/demonstration/availability of inputs Manure unavailability of of inputs (tons / ha) inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 60:40:40 Lack of awareness/ Availability Training/demonstration/ timely supply of inputs unavailability of of inputs inputs 7 Micro Nil Use of essential -do- - -do- Nutrient micro nutrients.

8 Pest Use of Use of IPM Lack of awareness Use of Introduction of IPM Management cultural pesticides methods 9 Disease -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Management.

87 10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- Lack of awareness Nil Awareness training/ exposure visits, etc Management method harvest technology 11 Weed Hand Use of scientific Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training and availability of inputs/ Management weeding technology inputs exposure visit

Table 15 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown)

Specific Farmers Sl. Existing Recommended Gap in Items of Package Reasons for Proposed Strategy to Overcome gap No practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Dibbling Dibbling - - - -

Time April April - - -

Method Dibbling Dibbling - - - 2 Varieties Local Local - - - -

88 3 Seed Rate (per 25 - 30 kgs 25 – 30 kgs - - - - ha.)

4 Seed Treatment Sun/smoke Use of chemicals F Nonavailability Access of Training/demonstration/timely drying of inputs/ lack inputs in time supply of inputs. of awareness 5 Organic Manure Nil Nil F - - - (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 30:20:20 F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/ timely awareness/ inputs supply of inputs unavailability of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Nil F - - -

8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM P Lack of Use of Introduction of IPM methods awareness pesticides 9 Disease -do- Use of IPM P -do- -do- -do- Management.

10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness training/ exposure Management method harvest technology awareness visits, etc

11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training and availability Management technology inputs of inputs/ exposure visit

Table 16 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)

Specific Sl. Recommended Strategy to Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Farmers Proposed Strategy No Practice Overcome gap Gap 89 1 Sowing Broadcasting Broadcasting - - - -

Time November – November – December December Method Broadcasting Broadcasting 2 Varieties Varuna/ M-27/ Varuna/ M-27/ TM- - - - - TM-2 2 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 20 - 25 kgs 10 – 15 kgs - - - -

4 Seed Treatment Sun/smoke drying Use of chemicals F Availability of Training/demonstration/timely Unavailability of inputs in time supply of inputs. inputs/ lack of awareness 5 Organic Manure Nil 2 - 3 F -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 60:40:40 F Availability of Training/demonstration/ Lack of inputs timely supply of inputs awareness/ unavailability of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of micro F -do- -do- -do- nutrient complex 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of Use of pesticides Introduction of methods awareness IPM 9 Disease -do- Use of IPM F -do- -do- -do- Management.

10 Post Harvest Traditional method Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness Management harvest technology awareness training/ exposure visits, etc 11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of inputs Awareness Management technology training and availability of inputs/ exposure visit

Table 17 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse)

Specific Farmers Sl. Existing Recommended Gap in Items of Package Reasons for Proposed Strategy to Overcome gap No practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demonstration awareness- Time November – November – December December - - - Method Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness 2 Varieties Arkel Arkel N - - -

3 Seed Rate (per 30 -35 kgs 30 – 35 kgs N - - - ha.)

4 Seed Treatment Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals F Unavailability Availability of Training/demonstration/timely drying of inputs/ lack inputs in time supply of inputs. of awareness 5 Organic Manure Nil 4 - 5 tons/ha F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/availability (tons / ha) awareness/ inputs of inputs unavailability of inputs 91 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 20:46:0 F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/ timely awareness/ inputs supply of inputs unavailability of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- micro nutrients. 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduction of IPM methods awareness pesticides 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.

10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness training/ exposure Management method harvest technology awareness visits, etc

11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of iputs Awareness training and availability Management technology of inputs/ exposure visit

Table 18 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse

Specific Farmers Sl. Existing Recommended Gap in Items of Package Reasons for Proposed Strategy to Overcome gap No practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demonstration awareness- Time April – May April – May - - - Method Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of awareness 2 Varieties Local Improve varieties F Lack of - Demonstration awareness 92 3 Seed Rate (per 75 kgs 75 kgs - - - - ha.)

4 Seed Treatment Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals F Unavailability Availability of Training/demonstration/timely drying of inputs/ lack inputs in time supply of inputs. of awareness 5 Organic Manure Nil 2 - 4 tons/ha F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/availability (tons / ha) awareness/ inputs of inputs unavailability of inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 20:60:40 F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/ timely awareness/ inputs supply of inputs unavailability of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- micro nutrients. 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduction of IPM methods awareness pesticides 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.

10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness training/ exposure Management method harvest technology awareness visits, etc

11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training and availability Management technology inputs of inputs/ exposure visit

Table 19 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Maize

93 Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in Reasons for Proposed Strategy to Overcome gap No Package practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demonstration / awareness awareness campaign Time March - April March - April - - -

Method Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demonstration/awareness awareness 2 Varieties Vijay Vijat - - - - composite/ composite/navjoy/local navjot/ local 3 Seed Rate (per 20 kgs 15 – 20 kgs P - - - ha.)

4 Seed Treatment Sun and Smoke Use of Chemicals F Unavailability Availability of Training/demonstration/timely drying of inputs/ lack inputs in time supply of inputs. of awareness 5 Organic Manure Nil 2 tons/ha F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/availability (tons / ha) awareness/ inputs of inputs unavailability of inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 80:40:40 F Lack of Availability of Training/demonstration/ timely awareness/ inputs supply of inputs unavailability of inputs 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Use of essential micro F -do- - -do- nutrients. 8 Pest Management Use of cultural Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduction of IPM methods awareness pesticides 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.

10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post-harvest F Lack of Nil Awareness training/ exposure Management method technology awareness visits, etc 94

11 Weed Hand weeding Use of scientific F Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness training and availability Management technology inputs of inputs/ exposure visit

Table 20 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions CROP: RICE

Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming Suggested intervention system 1. Long duration and low Rainfall, WRC and 1) Introduction of medium duration and high yielding rice yield of traditional upland rice paddy variety and check with available local variety varieties (Jhum paddy)

95 2. Improper seed selection 1. Viable seeds, pure seeds & various method of selection and awareness regar- for seed purposes may be adopted. ding seed treatment, soil treatment etc. 2. Selected seeds should be treated using various like Dithane M-45, Captaf, foltaf, Bavistin @ 2mg/litre of water by wet treatment & also by dry seed treatment .

3. Seed treatment with Bio pesticides such as Pseudomonas spp, Trichoderma spp etc.

4. Seed and soil treatment with Bio-fertilizer such as Azotobacter/ Azospirrillum & P.S.M.

3. Unawareness regarding 1) For acid soils, liming is a widely accepted amelioration and reclamation of soils practices

2) For saline soils, application of Gypsum is widely accepted.

3) Mulching of soils, frequent irrigation drainage, improving irrigation efficiency and green manuring for soil reclamation 4 Lack of fertilizer 1) Creating awareness for adoption of balance dose of management and its fertilizers. application 2) Promotions of farmers to adopt Bio-fertilizers like BGA & Azolla in WRC. 3) Application of Neem cake and introduction of Wood Vinegar/bamboo vinegar, E.M. vermi compost or vermi 96 technology and chemical compositions 5. Infestation of various 1) Introduction of resistant insect pest and diseases and disease free varieties compatible to the region.

2) Application of fungicides and insecticides such as Bavistin to control blast and carbofuran etc to control root knot nematode and stem borers

3)Application of Bio pesticides such as Pseudomonas spp and Trichoderma spp to control blast, leaf blight, brown spot etc.

4) Introduction of Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beaveria bassiana to control stem borer,plant hoppers,leaf hoppers, rice bug and hispa etc.

6. Weeds 1) Introduction of S.R.I.method use of cano weeder for weeding purposes

7. Traditional way of 1) Introduction and promotion for use of paddy thresher, harvesting and post winnower etc. harvest 2) Promotion of improved and modern technology 3) Introduction of Duli structure for storage

Table 21 CROP : MAIZE

Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming system Proposed interventions

1. Low yield varieties Rainfed (Upland/Jhum) 1) Introduction and promotion of high yielding, short- medium duration varieties through participatory research and extensions.

2. Traditional method of 1) Demonstrations on the importance of sowing on line and sowing practices ridges with the recommended spacing requirement 2) Introduction and promotion of clean cultivation practices 3) Promotions of compatible crops for inter cropping

98 3. Lack of awareness seed 1) Introduction on application of seeds with Agrosan GN or dressing/treatment Ceresan dry @ 9gm/kg seed (or other Fungicides) 2) Seeds and soil fertilizers such as Azotobacter/ Azospirrillum & P.S.M.

4. Lack of technical know how on fertilizers 1)Awareness cum Demon-strations for adoption of balance application and dose of fertilizers and time of its applications management 2) Promotions/Demonstrations to adopt Bio fertilizers and green manuring crops 3) Introduction and promotions of green manure compost with the available local resources

5 Infestations of various 1) Awareness/Demonstration cum training regarding insect pests & Disease application of insecticides/pesticides/fungicides & identification of insect pest and diseases 2) Introduction and promotions of Bio pesticides & Entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids such as Trichogram- matids, Basillus Thuringiensis (BT) etc. to control stem borers

6. Lack of knowledge and 1) Demonstration and promotion of Maize Sheller etc. awareness on basic farm implements

Table 22 CROP: POTATO

Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming system Proposed intervention

1 Lack of availability of Rainfed (Upland & 1) Promotion of the crop by using T.P.S. technology quality seeds/tubers Irrigated) 2) Checking the appropriateness of various varieties in the district. 3) Promotion of suitable through F.L.D. 4) Creating awareness for seed treatment through chemical and bio agents

2 Lack of technical knowhow 1) Demonstration of planting on ridges & furrows with the recommended on planting technique and spacing time 2) Time of planting may be change from Nov-Dec to Sept -Oct & April- May to Feb- March ( For upland condition) 3) Demonstration of cultural practices and earthing up on suitable time

3. Water management 1) Introduction and promotion of micro & macro irrigation technique for maximum water use efficiency.

4. Processing and value 1) Processing of various value added products may be demonstrated i.e. addition making chips, French fry etc.

100 5. Storage 1) Creating awareness and promotions of cold storage facility in the district.

Based on the available resources, constraints, potential capacities the following activities are suggested for the rest of years of the 11th plan and required physical and financial statement also given here.

101

Table 23 Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products

Food Base Data(2006-07) Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products

Year 2010 Year 2015 Year 2020 Year 2025 Area Prodn Prodtivity Area Prodn Prodtivity Area Prodn Prodtivity Area Prodn Prodtivity Area Prodn Prodtivity (Ha) (MT) (MT/Ha) (Ha) (MT) (MT/Ha) (Ha) (MT) (MT/Ha) (Ha) (MT) (MT/Ha) (Ha) (MT) (MT/Ha)

B. Pulses 1510 1054 0.69 1510 2265.0 1.5 1585.5 3963.75 2.5 1585.5 4756.5 3.0 1585.5 5549.25 3.5

Surplus(+)/ Defecit(-) (-) (-) (+) (+) (+) 1570.98 564.71 582.26 715.64 720.43

Vision Strategies : 1) Introduction of HYV’s of 1) Increase by 5 % from base year 1) Increasing productivity 2.31 1) Increasing productivity by 2.28 Pulses suitable for the district. under Pulse production. MT/Ha by adoption of HYV’s. MT from base year by introducing high yielding pulse crops. 2) Introduction of providing 2) FLD of HYV’s under Pulse 2) FLD of HYV’s under Pulse inputs for productivity production technology. production technology. 2) Introducing short duration high enhancement. yielding pulses crops like, moong, 3) Introduction of other suitable 3) Introduction of other suitable lentil, urd etc. 3) IPM technology to prevent Pulse crops. pulse crops. infestation of insect pest and diseases 4) Cultivation of short duration 4) Cultivation of short duration HYV’s. HYV’s.

102

Food Base Data(2006-07) Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products

C. Oil Seed 260 75 28 390 585 1.5 520 1040 2.0 650 1625 2.5 10.40 2600 2.5

Surplus(+)/ Defecit(-) (-) (-) (+) (-) (+) 1237.49 829.85 650.26 395.43 185.59

Vision Strategies : 1) 50 % increased under oil seeds 1) Increasing 100 % area of base 1) 150 % increase of area from 1)200 % area increasing from by double cropping & FLDs 122 increasing productivity. base year under double cropping. base year. MT/Ha. 2) Introducing new oil seed 2) Increasing productivity 2.22 2) Increase productivity. 2) Productivity increasing by crops which are not in practice MT/Ha from base year. using hybrid yielding varieties. here like sunflower and 3) Processing units in the strategic sessasum. 3) Increase cropping intensity. year. 3) Introducing HYVs by FLDs on oilseeds. 3) Establishment of oil 4) Introducing short duration high 4) Promotion of small scale processing industry. small scale yielding variety. industries .

5) Introduction of healthy storage 5) Market linkage. practices to prevent post harvest loss.

6) Market linkage

103 Table 24 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture (Champhai District)

Sl. Proposed Activities Unit cost in Rs No Strategy 2010-11 2011-12 Production incentive for - - - - - HYV paddy seeds Distribution of certified 1500/q 100 / 67,500 15 1,01,2 seeds of paddy 45 0 / 50 Enhancing 68 seed Distribution of certified 4,500/q 50 / 38 1,71,000 50 1,71,0 1 replacement pulse seeds / 00 rate 38 Production incentives for - - - - - certified pulse seeds Distribution of certified 3,000/q 50 / 8 24,000 50 24,000 oilseeds / 8 Mixed cropping 5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,0 demonstration with Maize 00 Mixed cropping - demonstration with Maize Intercropping demonstration 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 of Arhar based crops Intercropping demonstration 5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,0 Transfer of of Maize based 00 technology 2 crop through crop Demonstration of oilseeds 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,0 demonstration 00 Demonstration on pulse 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,0 00 SRI method of paddy 7,500/h 100 7,50,000 15 11,25, demonstration 0 000 Hybrid rice demonstration 3,000/h 100 3,00,000 15 4,50,0 0 00

104 Farmers Field School (rice, 17,000 12 2,04,000 12 2,04,0 sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) 00 Varietals demonstration on 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 pulses Varietals demonstration on 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 Oil seeds Varietals demonstration on 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 Maize Promotion SRI Village - - - - - INM demonstration in rice 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0 00 INM demonstration on 17,000/h 5 85,000 5 85,000 Integrated sugarcane Nutrient INM demonstration on 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0 3 Management Oilseed 00 (FFS) Supply of micronutrients 1,000/h 100 1,00,000 10 1,00,0 0 00 Liming of acid soils 1,000/h 1,000 10,00,000 1,0 10,00, 00 000 IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,0 Integrated 00 Pest IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0 4 management( Oilseeeds 00 FFS) IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,0 Pulse 00 IPM demonstrations on 17.000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0 Kharif Pulse 00 IPM demonstrations on 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0 Khafir Oilseeeds 00

IPM demonstrations on 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0 Sugarcane 00 IPM demonstrations on 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,0 Maize 00

105 Supply of biopesticides for 1,000/h 400 4,00,000 40 4,00,0 rice,pulse and Oilseeds 0 00 Establishment of Vermi- 1,50,000 5 7,50,000 5 7,50,0 hatchery at Block Level 00 Promotion of Demonstration on compost 5,000 50 2,50,000 50 2,50,0 5 Organic pit 00 Farming Establishment of Vermi- 15,000 20 3,00,000 20 3,00,0 compost units 00 Subsidized sale of power 56,250 40 22,50,000 40 22,50, tillers 000 Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000 10 2,50,000 10 2,50,0 00 Subsidised sale of power 24,000 3 72,000 3 72,000 thresher @ 50% Subsidised sale of post hole 25,000 5 1,25,000 5 1,25,0 digger @ 50% 00 Subsidised sale of bullock 5,000 10 50,000 10 50,000 drawn/manual operated implements @ 50% Subsidised sale of diesel 10,000 20 2,00,000 20 2,00,0 Farm 6 pump sets @ 50% 00 Mechanisation Subsidised sale of sprayers 1,600 50 80,000 50 80,000 @ 50% Harrow @ 50% 20,000 10 2,00,000 - - Power thresher @ 50 % 24,000 5 1,20,000 - - Reaper @ 50% 80,000 3 2,40,000 - - Cono Weeder @ 50% 3,000 200 6,00,000 20 6,00,0 0 00 Zero till seed cum Fert.Drill 25,000 5 1,25,000 - - @ 50% Potato Planter @ 50% 30,000 5 1,50,000 - - Raised Bed Planter @ 50% 25,000 50 12,50,000 - - Assistance for boring of 24,000 50 12,00,000 50 12,00,

106 Tube Wells 000 Establishment of bio control - - - - - laboratory Assistance for setting up cold 3,00,00,000 - - 1 3,00,0 storage at Sub-Division HQ 0,000 Construction of Farmers 1,00,00,000 1 1,00,00,00 - - Infrastructure 7 hostel and chowkider quarter 0 Development at Departmental land at District HQ Construction of storage 30,00,000 - - 1 30,00, godown at District HQ and 000 Sub-Division HQ Training of farmers groups 10,000 / 50 farmers/3 30 3,00,000 30 3,00,0 on crop production days 00 technology Training of VEWs and other 20,000 / 30/3 days 3 60,000 3 60,000 extension functionaries on Technology 8 crop production technology Transfer at District level Exposure visit of farmers 30,000/20 farmers 10 3,00,000 10 3,00,0 within the state 00 Exposure visit of farmers 50,000/10 farmers 10 5,00,000 10 5,00,0 outside the state 00 Support to Procurement of farm inputs - - - - - State Seed Machinery and equipment - - - - - 9 farm (Seed Development of Farm - - - - - Production Infrastructure Farm) Block Level Farmers meet 2,00,000 4 8,00,000 4 8,00,0 Innovative 00 10 Programme District Level Exhibition 4,00,000 1 4,00,000 1 4,00,0 Show 00 11. On Farm Dev. Land Levelling, Shaping, 56,000 150 20

107 Works Bunding, Drainage etc. 0

108

Table 25 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Agri) (As on 2010) (Champhai District)

Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Post Vacant Post No. Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 DAO 1 1 - 2 SDAO 1 1 - 3 ADO/AEO 10 5 5 4 AFA/AAI 1 5 Farm Managers - - - 6 Demonstrator/GS 3 7 HA 1 8 UDA 2 9 LDA 1 10 Others (Peon/Chowkidar etc) 5 Total 20

Table 26. No. of Institutions and Veterinary Personnel During 2007-08: Hospitals 1 Dispensaries 7 Rural Animal Health Centre 13 Artificial Insemination 2 Centres Doctores/Surgeons 11 VFA/SUFA/JM/JEO/PI/LS 28 etc.

109

CHAPTER – V ALLIED SECTOR’S STATUS AND PROPOSED PLAN

5. 1 HORTICULTURE

Mizoram with its geographical area of 21,081km. is predominantly a hilly state with varying altitudes, enjoys a splendid blend of climatic onditions of tropical, sub- tropical and temperate zones. This coupled with high mean annual precipitation of 2,500 mm, high relative humidity upto 90% has made the state conducive for the growth and production of crops under rain fed conditions. The soils are loamy to clay with high organic carbon content. With all these advantages the state has enormous scope for cultivation of a wide range of horticultural crops. Scope of growing Horticulture crop: The land which cannot be used for cultivation of cereal crops can be profitably utilised for development of horticulture crops for generating economy to the growers and the state as a whole. Besides, it will offer avenues in creating employment opportunities to rural unemployed population. Endowed with diverse climate, offers ideal agroclimatic conditions for cultivation of a wide variety of tropical and temperate fruits in its hills and valleys. The dominant horticultural crops include pineapple, citrus, banana and areca nut.

5.1.1 POTENTIAL HORTICULTURAL CROPS The State of Mizoram with its ideal agro-climatic conditions is suitable for cultivation of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and flowering plants. It goes without saying that, there exist tremendous scope aimed potentialities for growing of all these crops. In fact, few crops have already attained commercial importance in the State. Despite poor management, these are yielding some economic benefit to the growers. The fruit crops like mandarin orange, hatkora, banana, passionfruit, grape,some vegetable crops like beans, potato, cole crops, squash etc. spices like ginger, bird‟s eye chillies, turmeric etc. are highly popular and have good economic bearing. The present area under various horticulture crops namely fruits, vegetables,spices and condiments Including plantation crops has been reported to be 45,015 ha. This is only 7.13% of the estimated potential area of 6.31 lakh ha. available for the development of

110 horticulture. This show that the growth of horticulture crops in the State during the earlier plan period has been quite slow despite enormous scope. The present Scheme for development of Horticulture in Mizoram envisages multifacet dimensions with the basic strategies for the exploitation of the condusive agroclimatic conditions by growing horticulture crops suitable under different conditions, expansion of area under various crops with appropriate growth rate for utilisation of maximum land resource, appropriate use of suitable production technologies, gainful utilisation of man power augmentation of productivity level, generation of higher income to growers and augmentation of marketable surplus to cater the need of the State and outside market etc.The scheme also aims at providing good quality planting materials to the farmers, popularizations of organic farming, Agri/ Horti. tools and implements, and strengthening of infrastructure.

AREA EXPANSION : To encourage the farmers by way of ensuing family and adequate supply of inputs and other technical assistance. Emphasis has to be given on cultivation of fruits like mandarin orange, passionfruit, Banana, Pineapple, Papaya and Kiwi. The strategy to be adopted for development of horticulture under the expansion programme would be confined to compact area with communication facilities. This will ensure better supervision and extension services, easy transportation of inputs to production areas as well as marketing of the produce. In such areas, high value crops with longer shelf life will be grown to extend economic gain to the growers. Adoption of “Integrated Approach” in various crops has to be taken up for advanced and important solution for boosting up the productivity of different crops. Due to dry spell period during February-May in the district, well developed irrigation system is required. Installation of drip irrigation system in orchards would ensure optimum availability of water to crops throughout the year. Drip irrigation should also be supplemented with water tanks such as community water tank available near the orchard. For vegetable and floriculture crops, sprinkler irrigation is the best option for supplementing rain water especially during dry spell.

FRUITS

111 Fruit crops such as oranges, banana, pineapple, passionfruit, etc. which have been growing satisfactorily in the State despite poor management practices have been given topmost priority. The land which cannot be used for cultivation of cereal crops can be profitably utilized for fruits thereby generating income to the growers and the state as a whole. The State with its ideal agro-climatic conditions is highly suitable for cultivation of all kinds of fruits ranging from tropical to temperate fruits. As such, it goes without saying thatthere exist tremendous scope and potentialities for growing of all these crops. Infact few crops already have attained commercial importance in the State despite poor management and these are yielding some economic benefit to the growers. The fruit crops like mandarin orange, banana, passionfruit, pineaplle etc. are highly popular and have good economic bearing. Details of Division wise break-up is given at Annexure - The Department proposed to integrated various components under Technology Mission like Community Water Tank, Tube wells, Drip Irrigation, Training of Farmers etc. so that the farmers gets the maximum benefits to increase the production of crop as a whole.

Mandarin Orange : An area of 500 Ha. has been covered under Technology Mission, The coverage has to be enlarged. Since satisfactory results are seen and also, the farmers are taking keen interest in taking up the scheme. Banana : Since banana is performing very well in the state, better quality varieties like „Grand Naine‟ and „Tall cavendish‟ is being introduced for commercial cultivation. Since „Grand Naine‟ is an export variety, it is being introduced for export purpose.

Passionfruit : This particular fruit has short gestation period but gives good economic bearing. Therefore, many farmers prefer this crop. Papaya : The agro-climatic condition of the state is suitable for production of Papaya. An export oriented variety of papaya i.e. „Hawaiian Solo‟ is being introduced for commercial production.

112

VEGETABLES : The State is far from being self-sufficient in vegetable production even for local consumption especially during rabi season. Major thrust on off-season vegetables has been given to reap better economic benefit besides catering the needs of the State. Growing of Horticulture crops other than vegetables is long gestation programme where no return is gained in the initial year. Further, in the earlier years of plantation lots of interspaces are left out as such without any use by the plants. These interspaces can be gainfully utilized through cultivation of vegetable crops to generate additional income to the growers to sustain the cost of management practices of the long gestation fruit crops besides getting some additional income. This will also ensure optimum utilization of land realizing maximum productivity per unit area.

Chow-Chow : Since Chow - Chow shows good potential and has high productivity under Mizoram conditions, it can be encouraged

Cabbage (off - season) : Since the state is far from being self sufficient in vegetables especially during rainy season, cultivation of off-season crops is a good option. The crop has given good economic return to the farmers. The state is far from being self sufficient in vegetables expecially during rainy season, , Tomato :- Tomato cultivated under green house aids in production of better quality off-sea son crops. The green house grown tomato gives better and more yield. Capsicum : Cultivation of capsicum under Green House enables production of off-season crop. Off season crops yields better economic return.

SPICES : Emphasis has to be given for spices crops of high cost low volume like bird‟s eye chillies, black pepper, etc. which will extend economic gain to the growers. This is due to inadequate road network in many of the potential areas. Besides, major thrust

113 have to give on , turmeric, as this crops has already given proved performance under the existing level of management.It is proposed to cover new areas of 300 Ha. under this expansion programme. Besides, like incentive organic farming, on farm handling etc. to give farmers, the maximum benefits to increase the production.

Turmeric :- This is one of the most widely used spice of the state. It grows very well even without proper management. Therefore, the area under this crop is to be extended in order to meet the local demand as well as for export.

Bird’s eye chilli : Mostly, this crop is marketed in dried form. Hence, it is non-bulky and has long keeping quality making it easy to transport. The state has high productivity and since transportation problem does not arise for this crop. The spices crops will be grown in various parts of the State depending upon their suitability.

FLOWERS The mild climate of the hills in the district has the unique advantage of growing almost all types of flowers round the year. Flowers like rose, anthurium, B.O.P etc. can be grown successfully round the year. Regarding marketing of cut flowers, there may not be much hurdles in its disposal as the state is well connected by air with Kolkata etc. However, improved packaging and quality of flowers will be an important factor. It may be mentioned here that to compete with export market, the plants shall have to be raised under controlled condition so as to maintain the desired quality of the products. Bringing more area under cultivation of flowers like anthurium, Bird of Paradise(BOP), Rose etc. by way of distributing quality/planting materials to the growers is advisable. Besides integrating various components like community water tank, tube-wells, shade nets, greenhouse, training etc. so that the farmers gets the maximum benefit to increase the production.

Anthurium :

114 World class varieties of this flower was introduced in the state with a view to export it. It has shown excellent performance when grown under shadehouse. It is proposed to cover so as to increase surplus production for sale outside the state. Since it is a moisture loving crop, provision of sprinkler/drip irrigation system would enhance production and quality of flowers. Old plantation requires maintenance in order to maintain he quality and productivity.

Bird of paradise : Due to its long shelf life, this flower is encouraging for export. The crop has shown good performance and therefore, expansion of area will yield good results This flower in combination with Anthurium flower will have advantage in packing, considering weight and volume.

Rose : There is always a demand for rose in the market. However, for year- round production, cultivation under greenhouse is recommended.

5.1.2 Strategies for Development of Horticulture Sector:

The district Champhai has sufficient in fruit production specially higher producer of passion fruit, grapes and citrus among the fruits. In case of vegetables, approximately 80 % of production and 60 % area comes under a single crop i.e. Ginger and the district are dependent on import of other vegetables from external sources. The present vision document emphasis on certain approaches/strategies to fulfill the gap of other vegetables and fruits as well as opening the new horizons of market for export, are as follows :-

 Expansion of area 20 % form base year under fruit cultivation.

 Expansion of area 15 % for other vegetables except ginger.

 Production of off season vegetables.

 Increase in productivity.

115 Basic steps to make the district self sufficient and increase in export potential.

 Production of disease free quality planting materials for different horticultural crops.

 Identification and promotion of location specific high yielding varieties.

 Rejuvenation of old orchard and high density planting.

 Scientific orchard management and laying out.

 Application of balance fertilizer doses.

 Introduction of micro irrigation (drip irrigation) for fruit crops.

 Application of the principles of IPM, IPNM.

 Introduction and promotion of hybrids specially for vegetables.

 Production of off season vegetables through green houses and poly houses.

 Linkage with global market for organic certified products e.g. ginger, bird eye chili and passion fruit etc.

 Post harvest management, processing and value addition of horticultural products

 Introducing New technology like tissue culture and propagation.

 Strengthening sound research and extension policy and planning for district.

5.1. 3 PRODUCTION GAP ANALYSIS

Table 27. Crop Wise Researche / Extension / Adoption Gap Analysis A. Vegetables : Tomato Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Proposed No Practice gap Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Aug_September Early var : June-July Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and Time Middle var: difficulty in distribution to the Sept.Oct. convincing farmers.

116 Method Primary Nursery farmers Late var : Oct. – Nov. 2 Varieties Depends on Horti. Pusa Samrudhi Aska More use of local High cost of -do- -do- Deptt./local market Saurav, Pusa Uphar market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 1000gm/Ha. Local-400- Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration 500gm/ha. Hybrid- practices awareness 200-300g/ha. 4 Seed Treatment Poor/Nil Agrosan GN-3gm/1kg -do- -do- -do- -do- seed Bavistan-2gm.1kgseed 5 Organic Manure Poor Management FYM-20T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Irregular NPK:60:80:120 kg -do- -do- Subsidised -do- 1Ha. 7 Micro Nutrient Poor/Nil - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management Need Base Malathion 50EC@2ml/l Improper -do- -do- -do- Rogor 30EC@2ml/l practices 9 Disease Need Base Dithane M-45@3gm/l -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. Indofil M-45@3gm/l

10 Post Harvest Bomboo basket Proper packing/ Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management plastic crates container 11 Weed Management Traditional Butachlor @3kg/ha. High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- Alachles @3kg/ha. practice awareness

Crop : Bhindi /OKRA Table 28.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from OKRA Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Proposed No Practice gap Gap Strategy 1 Sowing April – May Feb – Mar – Spring Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of summer crop management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and Time In-situ difficulty in distribution to the April – June – N.I convincing farmers. Method farmers 2 Varieties Local Aska Abay More use of local High cost of -do- -do- Aska Ananuka market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 9-11 kg/ha. 18-22kg/ha. – spring Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration summer practices awareness 8-10kg/ha. – kharif

117 4 Seed Treatment Nil Bavistan 0.2% -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure FYM FYM 25 T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Occationally NPK:95:10:60 -do- -do- Subsidised -do- kg/ha. 7 Micro Nutrient Nil Ca-80kg/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- Mg-35kg./ha. 8 Pest Management Need base Malathion @2ml/lit Improper -do- -do- -do- of water practices 9 Disease -do- Bavistin @2gm/kg. -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. of ssed Captan/Thiram @3gm/kg of sed 10 Post Harvest Nil Cooling, packing in Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management gunny bags and do not keep in air tight container 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Fluchloralin High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- @1.5kg. a.i/ha. practice awareness

Table 29.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli

Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Proposed No Practice gap Gap Strategy 1 Sowing March – April March – May Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and Time Nursery raising, In- difficulty in distribution to the Mixed cropping situ convincing farmers. Method with jhum paddy farmers 2 Varieties Local variety, some California wonder, More use of local High cost of -do- -do- hybrid variety Pusa Deepti market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 1 Kg./ha. 1 Kg/ha. Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration

118 practices awareness 4 Seed Treatment Nil Captan/Thiram -do- -do- -do- -do- @2g/kg of seed 5 Organic Manure FYM FYM-20T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer - NPK@100:50:50 -do- -do- Subsidised -do- kg/ha. 7 Micro Nutrient - - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management - Chlopyriphos 10kg/ Improper -do- -do- -do- 1ha, Meta Systox practices 25EC@2ml/l 9 Disease Need Base Carbendrzim -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. @1g/kg os seed Thiram/Captan @0.25% 10 Post Harvest Nil Packed in perjosated Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management Traditional Practice plastic bag & store in bamboo basket. Shade dry for 3 days and Sun dry. 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Alachlor @2kg/ha. High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- In 800 l of water practice awareness

Crop : GINGER Table 30.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous

Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Proposed No Practice gap Gap Strategy 1 Sowing April – May April – May Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and Time In – situ difficulty in distribution to the convincing farmers. Method farmers

119 2 Varieties Thingpui, Nadia, Thingpui More use of local High cost of -do- -do- Thanglaidum market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 5 qtl./acre 12-15 q/ha. Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration practices awareness 4 Seed Treatment Nil Dithane [email protected]% -do- -do- -do- -do- for 30 minutes 5 Organic Manure FYM FYM 25-30T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Occasionally NPK : -do- -do- Subsidised -do- 75:50:50kg/ha. 7 Micro Nutrient - - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management Need Base Endrin 0.5% Improper -do- -do- -do- practices 9 Disease Poor/Nil Dithane M-45 -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. @0.03%

10 Post Harvest Nil One day sun drying Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management for dry ginger, packing in air proof container. 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Alachlor @1.5 High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- kg/ha. practice awareness

Table 31.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Banana

120 Method Pit planting farmers 2 Varieties Cavendish Grand Naine, More use of local High cost of -do- -do- Cavendish market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 400 suckers /ha. 600 suckers/ha. for Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration hilly areas practices awareness 4 Seed Treatment Not practice Bavistan @0.2% -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure FYM FYM @120kg/plant -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Need base N:P:K -do- -do- Subsidised -do- @218:311:500g/plant 7 Micro Nutrient - - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management Cleaning base of the Malathion, Rogor Improper -do- -do- -do- plant practices 9 Disease Poor / Nil Bavistan @2% -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. Removal of bunchy tops 10 Post Harvest Harvesting & Grading, drying, Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management packaging in gunny packing in bamboo bags baskets. 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Clean cultivation, use High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- of weedicides. practice awareness

Table 32. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple

Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Proposed No Practice gap Gap Strategy 1 Sowing April – October April – October Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and

121 Time Line planting across difficulty in distribution to the Line Planting the slope. convincing farmers. Method farmers 2 Varieties Queen, Kew Queen, Kew, More use of local High cost of -do- -do- Mauritius. market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 15,000 suckers/ha. 44,000 suckers/ha. Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration practices awareness 4 Seed Treatment - Dibling of seed in -do- -do- -do- -do- ceresan solution 4g/l 5 Organic Manure Not practice FYM @10T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer -do- Urea @40g/10l of -do- -do- Subsidised -do- water 7 Micro Nutrient -do- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management Poor / Nil - Improper -do- -do- -do- practices 9 Disease -do- - -do- -do- -do- -do- Management.

10 Post Harvest Not practice Shade drying store in Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management plastic crates.

11 Weed Management Hand weeding Butachlor High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- practice awareness

Table 33.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passionfruit

Specific Farmers Sl. Recommended Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt Reasons for Proposed No Practice gap Gap Strategy

122 1 Sowing Jan/Feb – sowing -do- Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and Time May – Transplanting difficulty in distribution to the convincing farmers. Method In-situ -do- farmers 2 Varieties Purple variety Purple var. yellow, More use of local High cost of -do- -do- var, Hybrid market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 1500 seedlings/ha. -do- Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration practices awareness 4 Seed Treatment Nil - -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure FYM FYM 20T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Need base N:P:K 300: -do- -do- Subsidised -do- 150:150gm/plant 7 Micro Nutrient - - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management Need base Malathion 1m/l Improper -do- -do- -do- Nuvan, Dicofol practices 9 Disease Poor/Nil Confidor @0.5 ml/.l -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. of water

10 Post Harvest Shade drying and Store in plastic Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management pack in bamboo crates, bamboo baskets basket. 11 Weed Management Hand weeding Alachlor @2g/ha. High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- practice awareness

Table 34.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato

Sl. Recommended Specific Farmers Strategy to Overcome Items of Package Existing practice Gap in Adopt No Practice Reasons for Proposed gap

123 Gap Strategy 1 Sowing Winter Potato – -do- Improper Lack of Quality seeds/ Timely procurement of Oct- (Plain area) management awareness and inputs seeds/inputs and Time Nov. Summer difficulty in distribution to the Potato – Jan – Feb. Ridge and furrow, convincing farmers. Method (Hill area) Terracing farmers 2 Varieties Kufri var. Kufri Jyoti, Kufri More use of local High cost of -do- -do- Mejha, Kufri Ashoka market units hybrid seeds 3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 18qtl/Ha. 22.5 – 259/Ha. Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration (Small size 25g) practices awareness 4 Seed Treatment Nil Soaking of seeds in -do- -do- -do- -do- Dithance M-45 @45g/l of water for 30 mins. 5 Organic Manure 5qtl/acre FYM FYM -25-30 T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do- (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer - N:P:K @ 120:80:80 -do- -do- Subsidised -do- kg/ha. 7 Micro Nutrient - - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management On need base Malathion 5% Rogor Improper -do- -do- -do- or 30EC practices 9 Disease -do- Dithance M-45@ -do- -do- -do- -do- Management. 0.25% Rodomil 2ml

10 Post Harvest Store in thatch Curing and store in Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do- Management house diffused sunlight.

11 Weed Management Hand weeding Metribuzin 1kg/ha High traditional Cost factor, -do- -do- practice awareness

Table 35. Matrix Of Horticulture :

124

Sl.No Crops Problems Proposed intervention

1 Citrus 1.Declining of 1) Production of virus free, certified planting species orchards material through nuclear lines and use of grafted/budded plants 2) Rejuvenation of old orchards by using training micro & macro nutrient management etc. 3) Superior healthy mother plants developed through shoot lip grafting 2) Infestation of 1) Using parasites, parasitoids, predators, and various insect pests Entomo-pathogenic fungi. 2) Using botanicals/plant extracts as repellants 3) Using insect traps, reflection mulches 4) Keeping sanitation and crop hygiene by collateral hosts and cross protection measure. 3) Infestation of 1) Proper drainage system foliar and post 2) Use of disease free root stock harvest disease (die 3) Using bio-pesticide of Trichoderma species to back, damping off, control citrus due back seedling rot etc.) 4) Use of bio control agents aspire and Bio save for post harvest treatment of citrus fruits. 4)Orchard planning 1) Apply optimum planting distance to obtain and management ( most efficient and profitable use of land planting techniques) 2) By using several planting designs e.g. square, rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal, hedgerow and contour planting 3) Providing extension services to design new orchards 5) Lacking extension Using participatory extension methods of services transfer of technology (TOT) through OFTs, FLDs Farmers Field Schools (FFS), and training

125 2 Passion 1) Lack of awareness 1) Creating awareness and popularizing to fruit of varieties having cultivate purple, yellow and kaveri hybrid variety good yield potential 2) Propagation 1) Production and distribution of healthy techniques seedlings 2)Popularizing the propagation techniques of both sexual propagation and vegetative propagation 3) Nonstandard crop 1) Conducting participatory research and package demonstration to show the standard package of practices including training, nutrition management and production & post harvest 4) Infestation of 1) Collection and burning of dried fruits, twigs insect pest & etc. diseases 2) Application as Bait of Molasses fruit Juice + Neem extract. 3) For (10:10:1) grass hopper control demonstrate the clean cultivation 4) Application of lime at planting 5) Use of yellow variety root stock 3. Banana 1) Unavailability of Production of healthy disease free suckers of good suckers and Giant Cavendish, and dwarf variety Cavendish. 2) Improper planting Demonstration and training on planting techniques on half moon terraces etc. Variety wise planting distance will be demonstrated 3) Lack of technical 1) Application of FYM 15 kg and vermi compost know-how on 5 kg/plant. fertilizer application 2) Application of 200 g N in three split doses, and management 100 g P and 300 g k into two split doses 3) Removal of unwanted suckers at the time of

126 shooting of mother plant it can also be checked by pouring kerosene 1 ml sucker on the portion of pseudostem 4) Lack of knowledge Banana Aphid- and awareness and 1) Rouging and burning of diseases plants . insect pest and 2) Spray of rogor 0.05 % ( 1 ml/plant)

disease management Banana skipper/leaf roller- 1)Natural parasites kill the larvae . 2) Leaf roll squeezing by hand to crush the larvae. Banana beetle : 1) Removal of weed from basin 2) Removal of unwanted suckers.

Disease management – 1) Cultivation of less susceptible varieties . 2) Rouging of infected plants . 3) For control of sigatoka disease - regular removal and burning of infected leaves. 5) Lacking extension Participatory research & demonstration activities conducted to show the appropriateness of technology 4 Ginger 1) Non availability of Popularizing high yielding varieties e.g.Nadia, suitable varieties Jorhat and Maran in the region through demonstration over local check. 2) Lack of knowledge 1) Modifying the planting time from February to on planting time and April- May system 2) Row planting techniques on ridges shall popularized 3) Lack of technical 1) Application of Neem cake 2 ton/ha to avoid know-how on rhizome rot with INM. fertilizer application 2) Application of Biofor-pf + dry cow dung or vermi compost after 80-90 days after planting.

127 4) Lack of knowledge 1) For control of stem borer spray of 2 ml and awareness on Quinolphos per litre water pest management 2) Application of metasystox 1.0-1.5 ml per litre of water and spraying

5) Occurrence of Seed treatment of rhizomes application of diseases Biofor-pf (Best treatment) for both seed and soil treatment with different doses to prevent the rhizome rot disease which is mostly common in the district. 6) Lacking extension Participatory research and extension of all the services mentioned technologies on farmer‟s field by KVK.

128

5.2 ANIMAL HUSPANDRY STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

Livestock in this region comprises cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig. Poultry is yet to develop on commercial lines. Many tribal populations have no habit of rearing cattle for milk production. Therefore, animals are reared largely for meat. Feed and fodder both in quantity and quality are major constraints for any improvement in livestock and poultry production. Strategies for Development of Animal Husbandry Sector:

To meet the demand of growing population for animal husbandry to fulfill the requirement of meat, egg and milk and milk products, a sound policy on animal husbandry and dairy is the need of hour. The present vision document emphasizes to produce meat and milk as recommendation of ICMR to fulfill the requirements of growing population, as follows:-  Replacement of selected indigenous unproductive non descript cattles breeds in various fragments on various locations.  Increasing productivity: Enhancing productivity by upgrading local breeds through artificial insemination and providing subsidy on concentrated feeds and quality fodder. Basic steps for ensuring self sufficiency of all livestock products.  Identification of superior breeds suitable for the region and thereby improving the existing indigenous stocks.  Making self sufficient in feed and fodder production by identifying locally available fodder grasses and feeding materials.  Processing of milk and other value added products of milk.

129  Formation of dairy co-operative in the district.  Linkages with market.  Making dairy research and extension policy.  Frozen semen storage house and establishing mobile van for Veterinary services.

_ Characterization of indigenous livestock and poultry resources and their conservation need to be emphasized as there are many valuable genes for adaptability and disease resistance available in these animals. _ The swamp buffaloes of the region and goats need to be improved either through selection or crossbreeding. Pigs of the region are required to be improved by using exotic breeds. Similarly, poultry, including ducks and other animals like rabbit, mithun and yak need to be exploited to boost farm income. _ Research on standardizing improved technologies of artificial insemination, intrauterine insemination, embryo transfer for improved reproduction of livestock is also the need of the hour. _ For animal health improvement, research on disease control/health care, vaccine production, diagnostics, disease surveillance and monitoring are extremely important.

_ Feed and fodder resource enhancement should receive urgent attention. _ Research is called for: (i) on cultivation of indigenous grasses, fodder trees for feed and fodder (ii) nutritional requirements of various categories of animals, including cross-breds and (iii) conservation of fodder for the lean period. These steps are needed for improvement in animal nutrition. _ Management system research and animal product processing and marketing research are other areas, which need attention.

130 Table 36.PRODUCTION , REQUIREMENT, AND ESTIMATED DEMAND FOR MILK AND ITS VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FOR CHAMPHAI DISTRICT

2006-07 2010 2015 2020 2025 Milk Requirement Requirement Requirement – Requirement – production- – 11318.85 – 13525.96 16163.44 19315.28 1622.00 per capita Production availability trend – 3.17

– 43.25 gm % year Milk – Milk – 2365.68 2122.38 MT Milk – No. of Milk – (-) 13797.75 2608.98 cattles : 1865.3 MT (-) 11403.58 Local – (-) 16706.29 6663 (-) 9452.7 Crossbreed – 346

strategy to improve Dairy sector :- Through sound Dairy policy a) 2% a) 15% a) 20 % a) 25 % replacement replacement replacement of replacement of selected of selected selected of selected indigenous local indigenous cows indigenous cow breed indigenous with high breeds with with high breed of cow yielding cows. high yielding yielding with high cows. breeds. yielding b) breeds. Establishment of b) b) feed industry. Establishing Upgradation b) small scale of local Expansion c) Creating industries of breeds of fodder awareness for animal feeds through A.I. land and quality feed and based on local subsidy of fodder resources. c) concentrated production Identification feed. c) of local d) Village milk Establishment available c) Forming booth of dairy feed and of SHGs and established/milk industry for fodder co-operative collection centre processing introduction society. at village level. and various of round the value added fodder d) products. production Installation technology. of d) Market d) processing linkages. Regulation of plants milk selling.

131 Expected 2051.83 MT 5305.95 5914.2 7174.69 Milk Yield (-) 9267.02 (-) 8220.01 (-) 10249.24 (-) 12140.58 MT

Expected 54.71 gm 109.83 gm 102.45 gm 104.06 gm availability

Table 37.Technological Matrix of Animal Husbandry

Constraints Proposed Technological Interventions.

Cattle Pig Poultry

Non descript 1. 1. Upgradation Introduction of improved dual indigenous Identification of of existing purpose birds like Vanaraja, nature of Breeds good breeds. Gramapriya, etc. and Strains of productive 2. Introduction animals and animal of new breeds for lack of amongst local breeding & meat knowledge breed. purpose. about good adaptable nature of animals.

132 Lack of 1. 1. Introduction 1. Proper scientific low cost scientific Introduction of scientific low housing system for backyard Knowledge of of scientific cost housing poultry rearing. rearing animals low cost system made by 2. Awareness for addition of as the animals hosing system locally available feed supplements in present are reared made by materials. existing feeding system. under semi locally 2. Awareness for intensive system available addition of feed without proper materials. supplements in housing system 2. present existing and are left to Identification feeding system. graze on its and own. awareness of good nutritive feed & fodder existing naturally. Low productivity 1. Intensive 1. Rearing of 1.Upgradation of desi birds by of indigenous Rearing of pigs in proper introducing improved dual breed of animals milch cows in housing system. purpose birds like Vanaraja, due to its wild proper 2. Upgradation Gramapriya, etc inheritance. housing of indigenous system. local pigs by 2. crossing with Introduction superior of productive Hampshire and crossbred Yorkshire animals through natural adaptive to and A.I. the region. 3. Upgradation 3. by selective Upgradation breeding. of indigenous breeds through crossing with superior breeds and A.I Poor 1. Preperation 1. Making 1. Using locally available feed performance and storage of nutritive feed for ingredients for making quality due to non Silage and pig with locally poultry feed. availability of hay during off available 2. Replacement and addition of quality feed and season. resources. concentrates in feeds. fodder leading 2. 2. Creating to stunted, weak Introduction awareness and low growth of techniques regarding quality rate of animals.. of year round feeding. fodder

133 production 3. Replacement of 30% of feed by concentrate. High Mortality 1. 1. Proper 1. Vaccination at proper time. of infants as Maintaining farrowing pen. 2. Proper brooding well as at Hygienic 2. different level of condition. Supplementation growth 2. Proper of Iron at first feeding of week of birth. calf. 3. Construction 3. Deworming of creep area and and follow Vaccination. hygienic standards.

High incidence Vaccination Vaccination Vaccine Route Age of contagious Schedule for Schedule for MD Sub 1 day diseases and FMD- Swine Fever at Cutaneous high parasitic a)3-4 Months 2 Months RD Occulo - 4-7 load and lack of and repeat Lasota nasal days awareness of after one IBD Occulo - 12-14 Vaccination and month. nasal days its schedule. b)At 6-9 R2B Sub 30days Months. Cutaneous for R2B Sub 18 Brucellosis: Cutaneous weeks 4-6 Months R2B Sub 40-50 Cutaneous weeks

Table 38.Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow

Sl. Items of package Existing practice Recommended Gap Specific Reasons for Farmers Strategy to Overcome No practice Gap Proposed gap Strategy 1 Breed Cross Cross yes Poor management nil Training/education breed/indegenous 2 Feed management

Green Fodder (Kg / day) 20 kg/day 20-25 yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education Dry Fodder (Kg / day) 3 kg 5 kg yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education

134 Concentrate (gms / day) Non specific 2 kg plus 500gm yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education.Govt. for every lit of support in term of feed milk subsidy Vitamins (ml / day) 3 5 yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education 3 Inter Calving Period 390 days Calf a year yes Lack of knowledge nil Training/education (months) 4 Health Care No of Vaccination Nil 1/year yes Lack of nil Financial support vaccine HSBQ once 2/ year yes FMD 5 General Management Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha Pucca Yes Lack of fund nil Financial support Kutcha) Drinking Water (lit / 20-25 lits 40-45lit yes Lack of storage tank Storage tank Govt. support for rain day) water harvesting 6 Average Milk Yield 5-6 10-15 yes Feed insufficiency Nil Financial support in term (lit./day) due to high cost of feed subsidy and transport subsidy.

Table 39.Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / income from Goat Sl. Items of package Existing practice Recommended Gap Reasons for Farmers Strategy to Overcome the No practice Gap Proposed gap Strategy 1 Breed Black Black - - - Bengal/desi Bengal/desi 2 Feed management

Green Fodder (Kg / day) Grazing/Ad lib Grazing/Ad lib Nil - Specific grazing Providing of specific well land barbed wire fenced grazing land. Dry Fodder (Kg / day) On availability As required nil - nil Traning regarding celluloid treatment to farmers Concentrate (gms / day) Nil 500 gm yes Non availability nil Govt. aid in term of feed of conc. Feed subsidy. for goat Minerals (gm/day) Nil/ Common salt 5gm/day yes Lack of nil medicine supply Govt. aid in term of Sudsidy. Vitamins (ml / day) Nil 2ml/day yes Lack of supply nil 3 Inter Calving Period 6-7 Months 6 months yes Bad mana nil Management training (months) gement 4 Health Care No of Vaccination

135 HSBQ Nil Once a year Lack of vaccine nil Govt. aid in procuring enough vaccines

5 Gen.Mangement Nil Twice a year Washing (times / day) Cleaning (times / day) nil Twice a week yes Negligence nil Training Housing ( Pucca / 1/day 2/day Yes Negligence nil Training Kutcha) Drinking Water (lit / day) kutcha pucca Yes Lack of fund nil Govt. aid 6 Average Milk yield 250 500 Yes Insufficient feed nil Govt. aid in term of feed and (lit/day) and minerals transport subsidy Table 40.Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig

Sl. Items of package Existing practice Recommended Gap Specific Reasons Farmers Strategy to Overcome No practice for Gap Proposed gap Strategy 1 Breed Cross breed Cross breed nil - - - 2 Feed management

Green Fodder (Kg / day) 0n availability Ad-lib nil - - Concentrate (gms / day) (i) 0-56 days (piglet) Non-specific .5 kg/day yes Lack of conc. Nil Govt aid in term of feed feed and transport subsidy. (ii) 56-180 days (Grower) Non-specific 1 kg/day yes Lack of conc. nil feed (iii) Fatten Non-specific Adlib yes Lack of conc. nil Govt aid in term of feed feed and transport subsidy (iv) Breeding Non-specific Adlib yes Lack of conc. nil Govt aid in term of feed feed and transport subsidy 3 Inter Ferring period 185-190 days 180 days yes Lack of specific nil (months) Manangement. 4 Health Care (No of Vaccination) (i) FMD Nil Twice/year Yes Due to scarcity of Procurement of vaccine vaccine (ii) Swine fever Nil Yearly Yes -do- -do- (iii) Piglet Anaemia Nil 4-6 days/Iron inj. Yes -do- -do- 5 General Management Washing (times / day) No specific time No specific time Yes Lack of water -do- recommended storage Cleaning (times / day) -do- -do- Yes -do- -do- Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha) Kutcha Pucca Yes Lack of fund and Intensive system of non intensive rearing system of rearing Drinking Water (lit / day) Twice daily Ad lib Rain water harvesting system

136 Table 41.Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry

Sl. Items of package Existing practice Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Proposed Strategy to No practice Reasons Strategy Overcome gap for Gap 1 Breed Desi / Exotic Exotic Breed Nil Nil Nil Nil 2 Feed management Grazing and stall Stall feed Yes Financial Government Financial feed Problem Assistance Assistance needed Commulative concentrate (gms/bird) (i) 0-7 Days Not specific 30 gms/day Yes -do- Financial Scientific and Assistance needed financial support (ii) 20-28 Days -do- 60 gms/day Yes -do- -do- -do- (iii) 35-42 Days -do- 100 gms/day Yes -do- -do- -do- Vitamins (ml/day) For all Nil 100 ml / 100 birds Yes -do- -do- -do- ages

4 Health Care (No of Vaccination) HVT MD Nil Vaccine needed Yes Due to lack Vaccination -do- of vaccine RD F1 Nil -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- 5 General Management Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha) Kutcha Pucca Yes Due to Scientific housing financial & financial support problem Drinking Water (lit / day/ 100 Birds) (i) 0-7 Days Not specific Ad lib -do- Due to Water reservoir Rainwater harvest scarcity system needed (ii) 20-28 Days -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- (iii) 35-42 Days -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

Table 42.Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary.

137 of milk per day 2 F0R DAIRY PLANT AT CHAMPHAI (b) Purchase of 75 Kva 1 no 1 10 Generator, 150/kg 12.33mt 18.50 (c) Purchase of Polyfilm, (d) Preparation of Efffluent treatment Plant. 1 10 (e) Feed Subsidy to Dairy Farmers Rs 3 /kg 12 36 12 36 Piggery development 3 Distribution of 5 piglets Rs 3000/piglet 30 4.5 30 4.5 (4female +1 male) of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme Rs 350/bird 50 7 40 5.6 Distribution of 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick rearing 1 40 unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office 4 Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance Other Livestock Development (i)Incentives 10000/beneficiary 20 2 25 2.5 toPony/Breeders/Farmers 30000/beneficiary 50 1.5 50 1.5 (ii)Incentives toMithun Breeders

ii) Incentive to the farmers under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 5000/beneficiary 10 0.5 10 0.5 doest and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) New Construction of District - - 1 600 feed mixing plant at Champhai 5 ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 5000/-beneficiary in 100 5 100 5 terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers 10 3 10 3 training programme @ Rs,

138 30000/-each. Assistant to Animal Husbandry 100000/ Primary 10 10 5 5 Co-operation/Local bodies ( 20 Farming Societies Primary Soocieties)

Table 43.NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Vety)(As on 2010)

Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Post Vacant Post No. Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 DVO 1 1 nil 2 VO 8 5 3 3 VFA 15 15 3 4 Farm Managers 1 1 nil 5 Demonstrator 3 3 Nil 6 HA 1 nil 1 7 UDA 1 1 nil 8 LDA 2 2 nil 9 Others (Musterroll Labours) 41 41 nil 10 Total 72 68 7

139 .3 FISHREY DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES IN CHAMPAI DISTRICT

Fish resources of the region reside in the tributaries of the Brahmaputra and Barak, the rivulets and streams and reservoirs, lakes, ponds and paddy fields. Opportunities for both warm and cold water fisheries are available in the region. These resources can be broadly classified into two categories namely riverine comprising rivers and streams and inland comprising reservoirs, lakes, tanks and ponds. The extent of exploitation of aquatic resources of the region remains quite low. One of the reasons for this is the sizeable length of the rivers and streams lying nearly fallow. Lack of regulatory measures for conservation of fish stock and industrial pollution are an added constraint in fisheries development.

Fisheries comprise fish from mostly fish ponds, and traditional integrated rice-cum-fish culture in paddy fields. Rivers and their tributaries are harnessed for production of fish to supplement the annual production. Consumption of fish in the State is much higher than the State‟s own production. Presently, 2,640 ha of water area has been brought under pond fish culture and another 400 ha under paddy-cum-fish culture. About 7,000 families are engaged in fish farming while another 2,000 are involved in riverine (capture) fishery. The State produced only 3,758 MT from culture sector in 2006-07 and 2413 MT in 2007-08 and another 300 MT from other sources against the total requirement of 10,395 MT for a projected population of 9.45 lakhs calculated at 11 kg per capita per year consumption, while the import of fish into the State in the same year was 7,830 MT. Mizoram has 24,000 hectares of potential area available for fish farming. Due to poor economic condition of the rural people and financial constraints of the State government, it has not been possible to exploit the potential. So far only

140 2,640 hectares of water area has been brought under pond fish culture. There are another 400 hectares under paddy-cumfish culture integrated farming with wet rice cultivation. Besides the area, 6,000 hectares of water area are also available in the riverine sector in the form of rivers and streams. Production from culture sector alone is estimated at 3,500 MT by 2005-06. The total production from all these resources are estimated to be 3,800 MT against the requirement of 10,395 MT based on the projected population at the end of 2004-05 of 9,45,000 calculated with per capita requirement of 11 kg. Thereby at the end of 2004-05 the State is in a position to meet only 3.97 kg per capita leaving a shortfall of 7.03 kg per capita from the State own production.

Mizoram is a hilly state and it is known for rich in floral and faunal diversity. Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry is the mainstay of economy in the region. The fishery resources of the district are varied ranging from rivers-1700km, reservoirs- 32ha, ponds/ mini barrages-1795 ha and potential paddy fields is about 1440ha. Out of the total 274 fish species found in North East, only 89 fish species is so far documented in Mizoram. Due to high rainfall there is tremendous potential for fish production in the state to fulfill the fish meat requirement from the available resources but the present fish production is only 2764.65 MT. (2007-08). Per capita availability of fish in the state is 3.07 kg/year and the state is 72.05 % deficit in fish production (2008- 09). For this reason fishes is being imported from outside. The important challenge for aquaculture for the state in the 21st century is to ensure sustainability and profitability. Sustainability has to be achieved by adopting environmentally non-degradable, technical appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable best farming practices. In the recent times the concept of fisheries has changed to a multidisciplinary approach which incorporates the soil and water conservation measures especially for the hills. Due to this concept the scope of increasing fish production and

141 fisheries resources in terms of watershed ponds, silt retention ponds, wasteland ponds etc. have increased. Retention of water in agricultural waste land, damming of valley as soil conservation and water conservation measures in these high rainfall areas, together with the existing lake/beels, give us a fairly breadth perspective to look into the prospects of aquaculturally developing the state. paddy area. At present there are 80ha of paddy cum fish culture area and there are more than 90 ha potential paddy area where fish can be cultured. The present fish production level of the district is very low (753 MT, 2006- 07) and the average price of locally available Indian Major Carps is Rs.80- 120 per kg depending on seasonal abundance, locality and size. Hence, the fisheries sector should be developed utilizing the natural land, water and fish resources for augmenting food production of the state and to reach a stage of self-dependency in meeting the fish requirement of the population.

Focus for strengthening _ Areas requiring emphasis are: standardisation of technologies suitable to varied agrarian practices and investment potentials of the region. This requires establishment of an elaborate research network across the state. This is also true of the species-based systems, with a high biodiversity of fish species present in this part of the country. _ Development of suitable and specific aquaculture packages for acidic soil condition, upland waters and lowland waters. _ Research programmes aiming at intensification and diversification of freshwater aquaculture in tune with the geomorphological feature of the region viz., upland aquaculture and lowland aquaculture. _ Training to farmers and entrepreneurs at different levels along with better

142 coordination between extension functionaries. _ Extension activities in terms of demonstrations, publications, farmers‟ meet, village adoption, production of audio and video materials for promoting scientific aquaculture. _ Extensive bio-monitoring of all rivers in time and space to assess threat perspectives in relation to biodiversity conservation. _ Regular monitoring of reproductive biology of economically important fish species so as to suggest remedial measures for depleting population. _ Conservation and rational exploitation of beel resources which are the back-bone of fish and fisheries in the region. _ Introduction of fish husbandry in beel ecosystem. It would be prudent to exploit the nutrient enriched marginal areas of the beels profitability with new technologies like pen culture/cage culture, barrackpore. The pen-culture technology developed by CICFRI for „fin‟ fish can open new vistas in the fishery activities of the region as it is less capital and labour intensive and has the added advantage of producing reasonably high fish/prawn biomass without disturbing the main fishery of the lake proper.

5.3.1 Fish Species of the district

The Fisheries Department of the district is in a growing status. The most commonly cultivated fish species of the district are Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and

143 Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). The other cultivated fish species of the district are Calbasu (Labeo calbasu), Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), Gonius (Labeo gonius), Bata (Labeo bata), Java Puthi (Puntius javanicus), Mola (Amblypharyngadon mola), Magur (Clarius batrachus) etc.

Besides, IMC and exotic carps, the other most commonly available fish species in the mini barrages, rivers, streams, beels/waste lands etc. are Mahseer (Tor sp.), Tengra (Mystus bleekeri, M. vittatus), Pabda (Ompok pabda) Gangetic mystus (Mystus cavasius), Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha), Singhi (Heteropneustes fosilis), Bami (Mastacembellus armatus)sp., Cheng (Channa orientalis), Goroi (Ch. punctatus), Shol (Ch. striatus), Kuchia (Monopterus cuchia), Chepta chanda (Chanda nama), Taka chanda (Pseudambassis ranga), Phul chanda (Psudambassis baculis), Dora baicha (Polyacanthus lalius), Rosybarb (Puntius conchonius), Sarputi (Puntius sarana), Titputi (Puntius sophore), Two spot barb (P. ticto), Kanla (Notopterus notopterus), Dorikona (Danio dangila), Dorkene (Danio devario) etc.

5.3.2 Fish Production The state has to go a long way to increase the fish productivity in respect of demand of fish. During the year 2007-08 the overall fish production in the state was 2764.65MT and the average fish productivity was 10.5 qtls/ha. In the year 2007-08 the

144

Fig. 4. District-wise comparison of fish production (qtls) in the year 2007-08

Schemes of Fisheries Department

At present 7 schemes is running under the District Fishery Development Office, Champai to upgrade the fisheries sector in the district. A brief description of the schemes undertaken in the district is given below:

Fish Farmers Development Agency (CSS)

Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) in Mizoram is operating at district level throughout the state. It is providing a package of technical, financial and extension support to the fish farmers. Under the scheme assistance in the form of subsidy is given to fish farmers for a number of developmental activities, such as, construction of new ponds, reclamation/renovation of ponds and tanks, inputs for first year fish culture (fish seed, feed, manures, fertilizers etc.), running water fish culture, integrated fish farming, fish seed hatcheries, fish feed units, training etc. The Centre and the states share expenditure on the developmental activities on the basis of 75:25. The main objectives of the FFDA Programme are

1. To utilize the potential inland resources for fish production.

145 2. To meet the demand of protein rich diet by augmenting production of table fish.

3. To generate employment opportunities for rural educated unemployed youths.

4. To generate income to improve the livelihood and transform the socioeconomic condition of the fisher folk.

National Fisheries Development Board Programme (CSS)

The NFDB programme covers the whole district. It is a new concept in the development of fisheries. The scheme started during the current fiscal year (2008-09). The main objective of this programme is to augment fish production in the state through fish farming by expansion/ renovation of water areas, training etc. The components of assistance under this programme are elucidated below:

i. Intensive aquaculture in existing ponds and tanks

ii. Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks

iii. Inputs

iv. Establishment of hatcheries for production of fish seeds

v. Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings

vi. Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings

vii. Domestic marketing

viii. Training and demonstration

Information Extension and Training (CSS)

The main objective of the programme is to disseminate modern method of fish farming technology to the farmers. It is being implemented in the entire district. The scheme is implemented as per pattern of assistance of Govt. of India for various components for which expenditure is shared on 80:20 basis by the center and state.

146 Development of Riverine Fisheries (CSS)

This programme is implemented in the entire state for increasing the fish production from the riverine resources of the district. The rivers of the district are mainly fast flowing and seasonal in nature. Under this programme it is tried to evolve newer types of craft and gears to exploit the riverine resources and at the same time to see the efficiency of the existing craft and gears. The expenditure in the scheme will be shared on 75:25 basis by the center and state.

Development of Cold Water Fisheries (CSS)

The middle and high altitude region of the district are suitable for cold water fisheries. The most important cold water fish species available in the district are Common Carp and Mahseer. Besides this it is tried to document the availability of other important cold water fishes and prospect of their cultivation in the area. Under this programme it is tried to augment the fish production by increasing the production of cold water fishes in the district. The expenditure for the programme is shared on 75:25 basis by the center and state.

Marketing

Fish is a perishable commodity and its market price depends on its physical condition. So, proper marketing facility is of utmost importance for the farmers to get better remunerative price of their production. Initially the scheme is implemented under the state plan outlay and the central assistance will be also availed for infrastructure development from time to time. The main objective of this programme is to improve the fishery marketing network in the state by providing marketing infrastructure facilities to the fish farmers.

147

Table 44.Constraints and Intervention Needed Sl. Constrains Strategies Action plan No. 1. Technology Extension and 1. Fishery extension dissemination and awareness service should be revamped awareness about fish programme and strengthened culture 2. Training programmes for farmers 3. Kishan Mela 4. Fishermen‟s organization 2. Irrational fishing Ban on use of toxic 1. Awareness/ motivation (bleaching powder, substance which camps against use of toxic poison, blasting etc.) needs policy decision substance in fishing destruction of breeders and implementation 2. Restriction of irrational and juvenile fish fishing during breeding and spawning season 3. Inadequate Survey, 1. Survey and documentation documentation and documentation and of fish resources of district conservation of fish conservation 2. Conservation of rare and genetic resources programme economic fish resources of the district 4. High siltation of rivers Land use planning 1. Awareness and motivation due to catchment area programme for local fishermen 2. Restriction on forest destruction in catchment area which demands policy decision 5. Financial constraints Fund support 1. Infrastructure creation at both government and awareness programme

148 and private sector 2. Subsidy schemes for the progressive farmers 3. Financial linkage support for providing credits for fisheries development 4. Encouraging fish farming on commercial line (fish cum pig, fish cum paddy etc.) 6. Lack of preparedness Fish farmers 1. Motivation camps for for farmer‟s participatory farmers participation in fish approach 2. Kirishi-mela/ fish culture culture activities show 3. Recognition to be given to progressive fish farmers

PRODUCTION GAP ANALYSIS

Table 45.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Fishery sector

Farmers’ Sl. Specific reasons for Strategy to overcome Item of package Recommended Practice Gap proposed No Gap Gap strategy 1. Culture Components a) Indian Major carp Semi intensive composite culture with exotic carp - - - -

b) Exotic carp Semi intensive composite culture with Indian Major carp

c) Prawn Polyculture with carp take off stage along with trial 2. Pond preparation a) Organic manure (kg/ha) 10,000kg/ha/yr (RCD) Inadequate availability 80% gap Supply at As proposed by farmers of the inputs and subsidised rate through District level b) Inorganic manure (kg/ha) Urea-300kg/ha/yr SSP- purchasing power of at least for one Departmental Sales 240kg/ha/yr the farmer crop (initial emporium crop) c) Lime (kg/ha) 500kg/ha/yr

149 d) Water depth 2.5 metres

3. Weed control a) Manual Manual - - - - b) Mechanical - - - - - c) Chemical - - - - -

-2-

4. Stocking size/No a) Prawn 15000-20000/ha Inadequate availability in 5000 to - Establishment of prawn PL 12-18 the region 8000/ha hatchery in the state

b) Fry 12000-15000/ha Inadequate infrastructure 30% Supply of fish Creation of more c) Fingerlings 8000-10000/ha for seed production and seeds at infrastructure for seed economic inability of subsidised rate production. farmers 5. Feeding schedule a) Rice bran 1:1 ratio 4500kg annually Inadequate purchasing 80% Supply of feed As under column 2 b) Oil cake capacity on the part of the at subsidised c) Pelleted feed 2500kg annually farmers rate 6. Sample netting a) Monthly Recommended monthly Inadequate gears available Only 20% As under As under column 2. b) Quarterly with the farmers of the column 5. c) Half yearly farmers adopted quarterly sample netting

7. Harvesting method Through netting As stated under col.6,90% 90% As under As under column 2. of the farmers undertake column 5. harvesting by draining water

8. Culture method Semi intensive composite The gap are already 1-7 As preceding As preceding columns farming, integrated discussed under various columns farming, polyculture of item of package from 1-7. carp and prawn

150

Table 46.The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the District are presented. Physical and Financial targets for the current plan

Unit cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total Sl. Interventions in (Rs.in Fin No Phys Finan Phys Financi Phys- lakh) anc -ical cial -ical al ical ial 1. Hatchery with production capacity of 7-8 16.00 NIL NIL NIL NIL million lakhs fry/annually

2. FFDA/NFDB 4.00 new pond of 20 20 lakhs per 20.00 20.00 1ha.WSA ha ha ha

3. Renovation of existing pond 25 25 0.75/ha 4.70 4.70 1ha.WSA ha ha

4. Development of integrated Fish 25 25 Farming 0.80/ha 5.00 5.00 ha ha 1ha.WA

5. Training of Fish 0.015 240 240 Farmers for per 3.60 3.60 nos nos FFDA Scheme farmer

151

Table 47.NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Fishery) (As on 2010) AIZAWL, SERCHHIIP, CHAMPHAI)

Sl. Sanctioned Post Person in Post Vacant Post Post by Designation No (No.) (No.) (No.) 1. District Fisheries Dev.Officer 1 1 NIL 2. Fishery Extension Officer 3 3 NIL 3. Asst.Fishery Officer 8 8 NIL 4. Fishery Demonstrator 12 12 NIL 5. Head Assistant 1 1 NIL 6. UDA 2 1 1 7. LDA 2 1 1 8. Others 11 11 NIL TOTAL:- 40 38 2

152

5.5 SERICULTURE STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

Importance of sericulture in development

The art of silk production is called sericulture that comprises cultivation of mulberry, silkworm rearing and post cocoon activities leading to production of silk yarn. Sericulture provides gainful employment, economic development and improvement in the quality of life to the people in rural area and therefore it plays an important role in anti poverty programme and prevents migration of rural people to urban area in search of employment. Hence several developing nations like China, India, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Iran, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Turkey, Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Uzbekistan and some of the African and Latin American countries have taken up sericulture to provide employment to the people in rural area.

Multipurpose use of sericulture

Apart from silk, there are several other bye-products from sericulture. The mulberry fruits are rich in minerals and vitamins and from the roots, barks and mulberry leaves several ayurvedic and herbal medicines are prepared. Some of the woody mulberry trees provide timber which are resistant to termites and the timber is used for making sports items, toys etc. The mulberry branches after silkworm feeding are generally dried and used as fuel particularly in the villages. The foliage of mulberry is used as a fodder for cattle. The mulberry trees are also planted in the embarkment area for protection of the soil to prevent soil erosion, and mulberry trees are planted as avenue trees. The silkworm pupae are rich in oil content and pupal oil is used in cosmetic industry and the remaining pupal cake is a rich source of protein suitable for poultry and fisheries. In some tribal population, the

153 people eat eri pupa as a source of protein and nourishment. The silkworm litter is used for bio-gas production and used as a fuel for cooking in the rural area. Thus sericulture not only provides silk for fashionable clothings, it also provides several very useful bye products to the human society. Therefore, sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the living standards of people in the rural area in developing countries.

Future demand for silk

The present global silk production is fluctuating around 70, 000 to 90, 000 M.T. and the demand for silk is annually increasing by 5%. With the increase in population and also with the increased demand for fashionable clothing items due to fast changing fashion designs in developed countries, the demand for silk is bound to increase even more. For increasing the silk production we require highly productive mulberry varieties and silkworm races and also silkworm races tolerant to adverse climatic conditions and diseases which can come mainly from the sericultural germplasm resources and also from the wild relatives of Bombyx available in the natural habitats.

Present status of silkworm germplasm at global level

Though accurate data are not available on the silkworm germplasm in different countries of the world, an approximate information indicate that there are 4310 silkworm germplasm accessions available in different countries. There is every likelihood that some of these silkworm accessions are duplicated; for instance the silkworm germplasm from China, Japan, France, Russia and India might be represented in the germplasm collection of other countries since these are the principal source of sericultural germplasm and also several countries might have exchanged some silkworm germplasm for silkworm breeding and hence a proper documentation on the availability of silkworm germplasm in different countries is very much required.

A very recent compilation of silkworm genetic stocks indicate that there are around 3000 genotypes of Bombyx mori at the global level, which includes

154 mutants, parthenoclones, polyploids and geographical races (Nagaraju et. al 2001). In fact much of the genetic diversity of Bombyx mori is derived from the inbred lines of land races and elite stocks evolved by the silkworm breeders and also from hybridisation of different geographical races; mainly the Japanese, Chinese, European and tropical races, which are distinct for several economic characters. The geographical races also possess several heritable characters for a variety of morphological, biochemical and quantitative characters. Among the four geographical races, the bivoltine and univoltine races of temperate origin and multivoltine races of tropical origin differ widely and exhibit contrasting characters. The bivoltine and univoltine races produce high quantity of good quality silk, whereas the multivoltine races are hardy, tolerant to pathogen load and thereby resistant to diseases compared to the bivoltines but produce low amount of poor quality silk. Thus, these geographical races are very valuable genetic stocks for further improvement of silkworm races and evolution of superior breeds of B. mori.

Apart from a rich biodiversity of geographical races, there are also a large number of mutants. The silkworm genetic stocks include more than 500 mutants for a variety of characters viz., serosal colours; larval and adult integument colours; skin markings and body shapes; cocoon colours and shapes; physiological traits such as diapause, number of larval moults and timing of larval maturity; food habits and biochemical features such as digestive amylase, blood and egg esterases, larval integument esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases; haemolymph proteins; silk production and fibroin secretion; homeoproteins and body plan determination etc. and the various mutants, gene locus and phenotype were documented recently .

Apart from the geographical races and mutants there is a large genetic stock of B.mori evolved by the breeders mostly utilising the geographical races and mutants of larval, pupal and cocoon colour variants of sex limited races, particularly in Peoples Republic of China, Japan, India and erstwhile United Soviet Socialist Russia (USSR) and some of these breeds are commercially exploited in these countries for silkworm rearing to produce raw silk and the

155 remaining breeds are maintained in the silkworm germplasm of these countries as breeders genetic stocks and they are utilised as the genetic material in the silkworm breeding programmes for evolution of more superior and elite races.

Thus, the geographical races, mutants and the elite breeders stock constitute the major portion of the present day silkworm germplasm at the global level apart from the parthenoclones, triploid, polyploids and wild relatives of Bombyx and Bombycidae

Importance of Conservation of Silk Worm Genetic Resources

During the recent years, biodiversity conservation programmes have drawn the attention of many countries including developing nations, because of the genetic erosion due to indiscriminate use of bio resources and damage to the environment, destruction of forest, human interference in eco-system, upsetting the equilibrium of the biosphere.

Improvement in silkworm race heavily depended on the geographical races of B. mori and the wild relatives of Bombyx were not explored, unlike in agriculture. Whereas in agricultural, horticultural and sericultural crop improvement programme the wild species of several crop plants have contributed very valuable genes for resistance to diseases and pests and tolerance to adverse agroclimatic conditions and similar exploitation of genes from wild relatives of B.mori have not been reported.

Biodiversity is the result of evolution that is a continuous phenomenon induced by natural selection pressure and the population of organisms evolve through adaptation to the biotic and abiotic stress. Ever since B.mori was domesticated, the species does not survive in the wild state in natural

156 condition and also does not survive without human care and hence natural selection induced genetic diversity in B.mori is rather very limited to voltinism. Hence, it is very essential to conserve and utilise the wild relatives of Bombyx mori to broaden its genetic diversity, apart from the geographical races, mutants, sex-limited races, evolved breeds and breeders genetic stocks. The wild relatives of Bombyx are very vulnerable and the vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales are not known. The design of biodiversity network in sericulture involving the complementarity of wild relatives and domesticated B. mori is also not well established. Therefore, conservation of wild as well as domesticated seribiodiversity resources is very essential for sustainable development of sericulture (Fig-3) since loss of genetic resources of domesticated and wild relatives of Bombyx species along with their unique genes may disadvantage future generation.

SERICULTURE IN MIZORAM

Mizoram occupies an important position on account of its unique flora and fauna. The climate here is congenial for the healthy growth and development of sericulture industry, which covers mulberry, oak tassar, eri and muga culture, the last three being commonly known as non-mulberry culture. Eri culture is one of the most predominant sericulture in the region. The muga culture is unique and confined particularly to the Brahmaputra Valley and is not found in any other part of the world. Silk culture or sericulture is the rearing of insect that produces silk yarn. It is an extremely delicate work that requires patience throughout the entire cycle of rearing silk moths from egg to cocoons. Silk, is acclaimed as the queen of all the textiles, having all the desired qualities of textile, viz., fibre-strength, elasticity, softness, coolness and affinity to dyes. Muga silk is golden yellow in colour, which makes its very attractive. The world demand for natural silk textiles is soaring. Traditional silk producing countries like Japan, Korea, Brazil and Russia have drastically cut production due to socio-economic reasons. India, taking advantage of the situation, has launched a massive developmental Scheme on sericulture. The export of silk has been registering a steady growth of 30% annually. The world silk demand according to a survey conducted by the International Silk Association (ISA) is steadily increasing due

157 to the enhanced awareness about natural fibres and preference for silk fibres. Silk fibres are mostly woven on handlooms, which are quite popular in the domestic as well as export markets.

Availability & Varieties of Sericulture: Sericulture is not an organized commercial activity as is the case of mulberry. It is prevalent mainly amongst the tribals in hill districts. The lower Brahmaputra Valley is the traditional home of eri spinners and weavers, producing bulk of eri yarn and fabric. The eri cocoons are utilized locally. In MizoramMuga culture is a new introduction.

Table 48.Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in Champhai District are Presented (in lakhs)

Sl Name of Activity Unit 2010 - 11 2011 - 12 TOTAL

158 . cost N (in Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin o lakh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Castor Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.40 100 40.00 100 40.00 3 Assistance for 800 - - 1 8.00 strengthening of Eri Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of Cocoon 4.00 1 4.00 - - godown 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 6 Assistance for irrigation 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 and other water conservation 7 Crop Protection and 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 disinfectant materials 8 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 9 Administrative cost 34.16 - 4.88 - 4.88 Sub Total 13.7 - 91.90 - 95.90 9 Mulberry Sector 1 Mulberry Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 3 Assistance for 10.00 - - 1 10.00 strengthening of Mulberry Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of Cocoon 5.00 - - 1 5.00 godown

159 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 6 Assistance for irrigation 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 and other water conservation 7 Crop Protection and 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 1200 84 disinfectant materials 8 Construction of Chawki 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7 24.5 Rearing Centre 9 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 14 22.8 1 Administrative cost 20.29 - 3.00 - 3.00 0 Sub Total 92.4 150.35 6026 990.30

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5.6 SOIL AND WATER STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES 5.6 Surface runoff and resulting soil erosion are the principal means by which fertilizers, sediment, and pesticide residues reach surface waters. Infiltration of ponded runoff through permeable soils can move nitrogen and pesticide residues into ground water. Controlling water flow through and out of your vineyard will greatly reduce transport of contaminants off site, and will preserve your vineyard‟s productivity. Three proven methods of reducing runoff and erosion are to divert excess water around your vineyard, slow runoff out of your vineyard, and provide ground covers that break the force of raindrops before they reach the soil. Soil erosion involves movement of soil particles from one area to another. In arid areas, disturbed soil is often moved by wind. In our region, however, water movement is the prime force behind soil erosion. Soil engineers recognize two types of soil erosion. Gully erosion involves the mass movement of soil from an area of concentrated flow, often following heavy rainfall. Gullies expand rapidly and are highly visible. Sheet and rill erosion, as the name implies, involves more subtle loss of soil across an entire area. It is more constant, but harder to spot, since it involves movement of an imperceptibly small layer of soil. Runoff and soil erosion impacts surface water quality directly through deposition of sediments in waterways, streams, lakes and estuaries. It is also the principal means by which fertilizers and pesticides (particularly herbicides)applied to a vineyard move offsite, as they are often attached to soil particles. Soil erosion also limits the productivity of vineyards. In almost any older vineyard in New York, one can find eroded knolls where subsoil layers

161 are exposed, and swales or depressions with deep deposits of sediment. Much of this erosion can be traced to clean tillage and frequent disking practiced in Finger Lakes and Lake Erie hillside vineyards from the mid-1800s through the early 80s, and more recently on Long Island. This soil movement complicates vineyard management and leads to more variability in vine size and performance. On Long Island, runoff accumulates in low areas of vineyards, where it can slowly infiltrate into groundwater. For these reasons, soil conservation practices that control water movement both into and out of vineyards, and limit the force of rainfall hitting the soil are the best means for maintaining sustainable production and avoiding offsite movement of pesticides and fertilizers. Understanding Erosion. Topography, soil characteristics, rainfall, and ground cover determine the annual rate of soil erosion. Soil conservation professionals use a tool called the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to estimate annual rates of soil erosion on a particular site. This equation predicts an annual rate of soil loss (A) based on several factors that influence erosion. These factors are: • Rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall in a given climate influences the amount of runoff and leaching. • Soil type. Soils differ in their „erosivity‟ or „erodability‟based on composition, soil particle sizes, and reaction to freeze/thaw cycles. • Slope Length. The longer a slope is, the more area it drains and the more water it carries. • Slope steepness. Water runs faster and with more force down steeper slopes than down shallow slopes. • Crop Factor. The type and sequence of crops grown affects erosion. For example, continuous corn would be more prone to soil loss than corn planted in rotation

162 with alfalfa and small grains. Perennial crops like grapes with less frequent tillage and soil disturbance would have a lower crop factor than annually seeded crops.

• Management Factor. This factor is used to account for different management practices. For example, „notill‟ corn, where crop residues are left on the surface would reduce erosion compared with corn grown with clean tillage. Similarly, a vineyard with row middles disked four times annually would be more prone to erosion than one with permanent cover or straw mulch in row middles. Soil conservation professionals use this as a planningtool to determine how different management practices or structures would affect the annual soil loss. For example, installing diversions or terraces would reduce erosion by reducing the effective slope length. The general goal is to reduce the annual estimated soil erosion (A) to less than the annual replacement or soil formation rate, generally between 3 to 5 tons per acre per year. If that sounds like a lot, consider that an acre foot of soil weighs about 2 million pounds, and that 5 T/acre/year would amount to a layer about 0.03 inches thick. Soil Conservation Practices Soil conservation practices prevent erosion and maintain clean water in three ways. First, diversion of water around vineyards keeps water clean, because it doesn‟t wash over disturbed soil in the first place. Filtering of water through soil (drainage systems) and ground covers removes soil particles and other material suspended in water that passes through vineyards. Finally, ground covers provide a protective barrier that breaks the force of raindrops that could otherwise dislodge soil particles. Key soil conservation practices used in vineyards are: • Diversion Ditches. Diversion ditches are soil structures constructed at intervals across the slope. They collect water from slopes and divert it into natural drainage ways. They are seeded and gently graded, and slow the water down to reduce its erosive force. They can reduce the amount of water

163 running through a vineyard by up to 80%. • Water and Sediment Control Basins. Raising a berm across a gully with a subsurface outlet pipe that discharges at the base of the slope will collect runoff, and stop erosion by slowing down water and collecting the sediment. • Buffer Strips. All vineyards require headlands and grassed areas around their perimeters to allow machinery to turn around. These grassed areas also protect natural drainageways by filtering surface water that leaves vineyards before it gets to streams, drainageways and depressions. Generally, about 40 feet of headland around vineyards is adequate for a buffer strip. • Drainage Tile. Subsurface drainage tile, commonly used in area vineyards, also helps protect water quality in two ways. Drainage tile reduces surface runoff that would otherwise occur when soils become saturated with water. It also allows water to be filtered through the soil, which removes many contaminants that would be present in surface runoff. • Vineyard Layout. Planting vineyards so that the rows run across the slope rather than up and down the slope can reduce erosion by up to 50 percent. This practice is common, because most slopes surrounding the Finger Lakes face east or west. Planting across the slope allows vineyard rows to be oriented north and south, which allows for maximum sunlight interception as well as soil conservation.

Table 49. Soil Treatment under Champhai District Soil & Water Conservation

Sl. Type of Soil/ Area in Area Area in Ha. Strategy Financial Requirement Amount (in Lakhs) No Nature of Soil Ha Affected Treatment Required

2010-11 2011-12

1 Acidic Soil 318583 318583 69000 Liming 490.00 490.00 2 Waste Land/ Plantation/trenching,et Degraded Land 8000 8000 4000 c. 57.00 57.00 3 Land slide prone area 2000 2000 1000 Plantation/Engineerin 36.00 36.00

164 g measures. Total 583.00 583.00

Tables 50. Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

Sl. Types of Activities Area in Unit Cost No of Units Financial No Ha Requirement Amount (in Lakhs) 1 Terrace farming (25-35% Slope) 56943 125000.00 42700 53375.00 2 Contour Bunding (less than 20%slope 12513 50000.00 1250 625.50 3 Channellizing 12513 50000.00 7500 3750.00 4 Social Forestry (15% ) 46500 5000.00 4650 23.25 5 Check wall Construction 1000 1.50 250 375.00 6 Cash Crop Plantation a).Rubber: b) Broom 2000 1.10 2000 2200.00 c) Coffee 500 1.00 500 500.00

165 Table 51. Water Conservation

Sl.N Type of Activity Nos of Units Unit Cost Financial Requirement o (in lakh) Amount (in Lakhs) 1 Farm Ponds (1unit for 5ha.) 2500 150000.00 3750.00 2 Check Dam (10%) 6900 25000.00 1725.00 3 Feeder Channnel 12500 15000.00 1875.00 4 Canal 2500 150000.00 3750.00 5 Water Storage (1unit for 2ha.) 28000 50000.00 14000.00

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Table 52. NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (As on October 2010) Sl.No Post by Designation Sanctioned Post Person in Post Vacant Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 District Sericulture Officer - - Under process 2 Sericulture Promotion 1 1 2 Officer 3 Sericulture Extension Officer 4 1 3 4 Farm manager 4 3 1 5 Sericulture Demonstrator 10 6 4 6 Sericulture Rearer 10 3 7 7 LDC/UDC 2 1 1 8 IV Grade/Labour 7 7 NIL

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CHAPTER – 6. DISTRICT PLAN a. Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture (Champhai District)

Sl. Proposed Activities Unit cost in Rs No Strategy 2010-11 2011-12 Production incentive for HYV - - - - - paddy seeds Distribution of certified seeds of 1500/q 100 / 45 67,500 150 / 68 1,01,250 paddy Enhancing seed 1 Distribution of certified pulse 4,500/q 50 / 38 1,71,000 50 / 38 1,71,000 replacement rate seeds Production incentives for certified - - - - - pulse seeds Distribution of certyified oilseeds 3,000/q 50 / 8 24,000 50 / 8 24,000 Mixed cropping demonstration 5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,000 with Maize Mixed cropping demonstration - with Maize Intercropping demonstration of 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 Arhar based crops Intercropping demonstration of 5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,000 Transfer of Maize based technology 2 crop through crop Demonstration of oilseeds 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,000 demonstration Demonstration on pulse 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,000 SRI method of paddy 7,500/h 100 7,50,000 150 11,25,000 demonstration Hybrid rice demonstration 3,000/h 100 3,00,000 150 4,50,000 Farmers Field School (rice, 17,000 12 2,04,000 12 2,04,000 sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) Varietals demonstration on pulses 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

168 Varietals demonstration on Oil 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 seeds Varietals demonstration on Maize 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 Promotion SRI Village - - - - - INM demonstration in rice 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 Integrated INM demonstration on sugarcane 17,000/h 5 85,000 5 85,000 Nutrient 3 INM demonstration on Oilseed 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 Management Supply of micronutrients 1,000/h 100 1,00,000 100 1,00,000 (FFS) Liming of acid soils 1,000/h 1,000 10,00,000 1,000 10,00,000 IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000 Integrated Pest IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 4 management(FFS Oilseeeds ) IPM demonstrations on Rabi Pulse 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000 IPM demonstrations on Kharif 17.000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 Pulse IPM demonstrations on Khafir 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 Oilseeeds

IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 IPM demonstrations on Maize 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000 Supply of biopesticides for 1,000/h 400 4,00,000 400 4,00,000 rice,pulse and Oilseeds Establishment of Vermi-hatchery 1,50,000 5 7,50,000 5 7,50,000 at Block Level Promotion of 5 Demonstration on compost pit 5,000 50 2,50,000 50 2,50,000 Organic Farming Establishment of Vermi-compost 15,000 20 3,00,000 20 3,00,000 units Subsidized sale of power tillers 56,250 40 22,50,000 40 22,50,000 Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000 10 2,50,000 10 2,50,000 Subsidised sale of power thresher 24,000 3 72,000 3 72,000 Farm 6 @ 50% Mechanisation Subsidised sale of post hole digger 25,000 5 1,25,000 5 1,25,000 @ 50% Subsidised sale of bullock 5,000 10 50,000 10 50,000

169 drawn/manual operated implements @ 50% Subsidised sale of diesel pump 10,000 20 2,00,000 20 2,00,000 sets @ 50% Subsidised sale of sprayers @ 1,600 50 80,000 50 80,000 50% Harrow @ 50% 20,000 10 2,00,000 - - Power thresher @ 50 % 24,000 5 1,20,000 - - Reaper @ 50% 80,000 3 2,40,000 - - Cono Weeder @ 50% 3,000 200 6,00,000 200 6,00,000 Zero till seed cum Fert.Drill @ 25,000 5 1,25,000 - - 50% Potato Planter @ 50% 30,000 5 1,50,000 - - Raised Bed Planter @ 50% 25,000 50 12,50,000 - - Assistance for boring of Tube 24,000 50 12,00,000 50 12,00,000 Wells Establishment of bio control - - - - - laboratory Assistance for setting up cold 3,00,00,000 - - 1 3,00,00,000 storage at Sub-Division HQ Infrastructure 7 Construction of Farmers hostel 1,00,00,000 1 1,00,00,000 - - Development and chowkider quarter at Departmental land at District HQ Construction of storage godown at 30,00,000 - - 1 30,00,000 District HQ and Sub-Division HQ Training of farmers groups on 10,000 / 50 farmers/3 days 30 3,00,000 30 3,00,000 crop production technology Training of VEWs and other 20,000 / 30/3 days 3 60,000 3 60,000 Technology extension functionaries on crop 8 Transfer production technology at District level Exposure visit of farmers within 30,000/20 farmers 10 3,00,000 10 3,00,000 the state

170 Exposure visit of farmers outside 50,000/10 farmers 10 5,00,000 10 5,00,000 the state Procurement of farm inputs - - - - - Support to State Machinery and equipment - - - - - 9 Seed farm (Seed Development of Farm - - - - - Production Farm) Infrastructure Innovative Block Level Farmers meet 2,00,000 4 8,00,000 4 8,00,000 10 Programme District Level Exhibition Show 4,00,000 1 4,00,000 1 4,00,000

Unit cost 2015 - 2016 2016 - 2017 Sl. Proposed Activities in No. strategy Rs. In lakh 2010-11 2011-12 Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. Promotion of Model Nursery in Public 1 25.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 25.00 1 25.00 Nursery Sector Model Nursery in Private 10.00 2 20.00 2 20.00 20.00 2 20.00 Sector Small Nursery in Private 3.00 4 12.00 4 12.00 12.00 4 12.00 Sector (No.) Esyablishment of 2 Banana (Ha.) Sucker New Garden 1st Year Maintenance of 0.075 100 7.50 100 7.50 7.50 100 7.50 Banana Rose (Small & Marginal 3 Floriculture 0.525 10 5.25 10 5.25 5.25 10 5.25 farmer (Ha.)) Incentives of Floriculture 0.20 20 4.00 20 4.00 4.00 20 4.00 Garden (No) 4 Seed Infrastructure Vegetable seed production 5.00 2 10.00 2 10.00 10.00 2 10.00 Integrated Nutrient Management/ 5 A. Fruits Integrated Pest Management IPM on Banana cultivation 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 1.00

INM on Pineapple 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00

INM on Yongchak 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Passion Fruits 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

IPM on Lime / Lemon 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00

B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French Bean 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

171 INM on Bhindi 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 1.00

INM on Brinjal 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

IPM on Cucurbit 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Ginger / Turmeric 0.01 400 4.00 400 4.00 4.00 400 4.00

INM on Chillies 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00 C. Vegetables Rabi

IPM on Pea 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

IPM on Cabbage 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Cauliflower 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Potato 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Radish 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Knolkhol 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Tomato 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 1.00 6 Protected Cultivation Green House (SF & MF). Sq.m 0.00125 10000 12.50 10000 12.50 12.50 10000 12.50 Green House (Other farmer)/ Sq.m 0.00325 5000 16.30 5000 16.30 16.30 5000 16.30 Shade net / Sq.m 0.00014 100000 14.00 100000 14.00 14.00 100000 14.00 Mulching/ Sq.m 0.00014 50000 7.00 50000 7.00 7.00 50000 7.00

7 Promotion and Construction of compost pit 0.025 500 12.50 500 12.50 12.50 500 12.50 Popularisation of Organic farming Establishment of Vermi- Composts units-Big (No) 0.60 10 6.00 10 6.00 6.00 10 6.00 Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-small (no) 0.30 20 6.00 20 6.00 6.00 20 6.00 Demonstration of Organic Farming 0.20 20 4.00 20 4.00 4.00 20 4.00 8 Popularization on of Demonstation on use of Rich organic Fertilizers Reuter “AA” 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.00 10 2.00

Rich Field Fertilizer (13:40:13) 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.00 10 2.00 Rich Field Fertilizer (19:19:19) 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.00 10 2.00

Rich Field Fertilizer (13:0:0) 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.00 10 2.00 9 Watershed Water shade Development 25.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 25.00 1 25.00 10 Human Resource Development Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at 0.015 50 0.80 50 0.80 0.80 50 0.80 District Level.@1500/No.

172 Exposure visit outside the State on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health Management @2500/No. 0.025 50 1.25 50 1.25 1.25 50 1.25

Exposure visit inside the state @1500/no. 0.015 50 0.80 50 0.80 0.80 50 0.80 Training of Entrepreneurs @ 0.025 50 1.25 50 1.25 1.25 50 1.25 2500/no. Exposure Visits of Farmers inside the State @1500/no. 0.015 100 1.60 100 1.60 1.60 100 1.60 11 Creation of Water Construction of community Resources Tanks @10Ha./unit 17.25 5 86.30 5 86.30 86.30 5 86.30 12 Farm Mechanization Subsidized sale of power tillers 0.75 10 7.50 10 7.50 7.50 10 7.50 Subsidized sale of pump sets @ 50% 0.09 20 1.80 20 1.80 1.80 20 1.80 Subsidized sale of sprayers @ 50 % 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00 13 Post harvest Assistance for setting up cold Infrastructure storages at Block Level 175.00 1 175.00 Development Construction of storage of godown at Block Headquaters 20.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 20.00 1 20.00

14 Establishment of Functional Infrastructure for Marketing Collection & grading (no) 50.00 1 50.00 Infrastructure 15 Technology transfer Training of farmer groups on crop production technology 0.025 100 2.50 100 2.50 2.50 100 2.50 @2500/no Training of farmers on the use of Organic Fertilizers @1500/no 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50

Training of farmers on INM @150/no 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50 Training of Farmers on IPM @1500/no 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50 Training of Farmers on Post Harvest Technology on important horticultural crops @ 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50 1500/no

Exposure visit of farmers within the state @2500/no. 0.025 100 2.50 100 2.50 2.50 100 2.50 Exposure visit of farmers outside the state @5000/no. 0.050 50 2.50 50 2.50 2.50 50 2.50 Conducting field trials in new crop varieties / new practices 0.050 50 2.50 50 2.50 2.50 50 2.50

16 Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage 1.50 2 3.00 2 3.00

17 Programme Structure 1.50 1 1.00 1 1.00 1.00 1 1.00

District Level Show/Unit 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50 1.50 1 1.50

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b Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary.

Sl. Interventions Unit cost Rs. No 2010-11 2011-12 1 Animal Health Phy Fin Rs Phy Fin in Rs in Lakh Lakh i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kids Rs50000 training 4 2 lac 4 2 lac ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. Rs20Lakh/Dispensary 3 60 4 120 Cattle and Buffalo Dev. (a)Milk cow induction Rs 40000/cow 60 24 20 8 cow/heifer expected give 10 lit. of milk per day 2 F0R DAIRY PLANT AT CHAMPHAI (b) Purchase of 75 Kva 1 no 1 10 Generator, 150/kg 12.33mt 18.50 (c) Purchase of Polyfilm, (d) Preparation of Efffluent treatment Plant. 1 10 (e) Feed Subsidy to Dairy Farmers Rs 3 /kg 12 36 12 36 Piggery development 3 Distribution of 5 piglets Rs 3000/piglet 30 4.5 30 4.5 (4female +1 male) of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme Rs 350/bird 50 7 40 5.6 Distribution of 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick rearing 1 40 unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office 4 Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance Other Livestock Development (i)Incentives 10000/beneficiary 20 2 25 2.5 toPony/Breeders/Farmers 30000/beneficiary 50 1.5 50 1.5 (ii)Incentives toMithun Breeders

ii) Incentive to the farmers

174 under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 5000/beneficiary 10 0.5 10 0.5 doest and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) New Construction of District - - 1 600 feed mixing plant at Champhai 5 ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 5000/-beneficiary in 100 5 100 5 terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers 10 3 10 3 training programme @ Rs, 30000/-each. Assistant to Animal Husbandry 100000/ Primary 10 10 5 5 Co-operation/Local bodies ( 20 Farming Societies Primary Soocieties)

c. The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the District are presented. Physical and Financial targets for the current plan

Unit cost Sl. 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total Interventions in (Rs.in No Phys Finan Phys Fina Phys Financi lakh) -ical cial -ical ncial -ical al 1. Hatchery with production capacity of 7-8 16.00 NIL NIL NIL NIL million lakhs fry/annually

2. FFDA/NFDB 4.00 20 20 20.0 new pond of lakhs per 20.00 ha ha 0 1ha.WSA ha

175

3. Renovation of existing pond 25 25 0.75/ha 4.70 4.70 1ha.WSA ha ha

4. Development of integrated Fish 25 25 Farming 0.80/ha 5.00 5.00 ha ha 1ha.WA

5. Training of Fish 0.015 240 240 Farmers for per 3.60 3.60 nos nos FFDA Scheme farmer

d. Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in Champhai District are Presented (in lakhs)

Sl Unit 2010 - 11 2011 - 12 TOTAL . cost Name of Activity N (in Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin o lakh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Castor Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.40 100 40.00 100 40.00 3 Assistance for 800 - - 1 8.00 strengthening of Eri Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of Cocoon 4.00 1 4.00 - - godown 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 6 Assistance for irrigation 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 and other water conservation 7 Crop Protection and 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 disinfectant materials 8 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9

176 9 Administrative cost 34.16 - 4.88 - 4.88 Sub Total 13.7 - 91.90 - 95.90 9 Mulberry Sector 1 Mulberry Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 3 Assistance for 10.00 - - 1 10.00 strengthening of Mulberry Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of Cocoon 5.00 - - 1 5.00 godown 5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 6 Assistance for irrigation 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 and other water conservation 7 Crop Protection and 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 1200 84 disinfectant materials 8 Construction of Chawki 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7 24.5 Rearing Centre 9 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 14 22.8 1 Administrative cost 20.29 - 3.00 - 3.00 0 Sub Total 92.4 150.35 6026 990.30

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e. Soil Treatment under Champhai District Soil & Water Conservation

Sl. Type of Soil/ Area in Area Area in Ha. Strategy Financial Requirement Amount (in Lakhs) No Nature of Soil Ha Affected Treatment Required

2010-11 2011-12

1 Acidic Soil 318583 318583 69000 Liming 490.00 490.00 2 Waste Land/ Plantation/trenching,et Degraded Land 8000 8000 4000 c. 57.00 57.00 3 Land slide prone area Plantation/Engineerin 2000 2000 1000 g measures. 36.00 36.00 Total 583.00 583.00

f. Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

178 5 Check wall Construction 1000 1.50 250 375.00 6 Cash Crop Plantation a).Rubber: b) Broom 2000 1.10 2000 2200.00 c) Coffee 500 1.00 500 500.00 g. Water Conservation

179

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