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58 CSG Annual Conference CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE58 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29: 2015-16 CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh - The Great Gatehouse ABOVE: Fig. 1. Denbigh Castle has a unique and impressive gatehouse with three octagonal towers clustered around a central octagonal entrance hall. The arrangement of such a hall with a multiplicity of complex passages and services linking each tower, and the castle court radiating from it almost at right-angles recalls that of the King’s Gate at Caernarfon (see the Sorrell painting, fig. 5). In the outermost arch at the head of the entrance sits a panel decorated with ball-flowers surrounding a niche with a seated figure, within a trefoiled arch. It is extremely impressive work, and such a level of decoration is unusual in any castle. (The figure is probably Edward II (Butler)). Originally there was a ditch and turning bridge in front of the gate, followed by a series of obstacles (see Butler 26-28). The central octagonal space formed by the three towers was vaulted with a room above. Previous page: Denbigh from the south. © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE59 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29: 2015-16 CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh Fig. 2. The 1919 Office of Works survey included the above ground plan with a very early example of colour-coding to indicate differing periods of work. (See, for comparison, St. John Hope’s Windsor, 1913). © The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. Reproduced with thanks. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE60 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29: 2015-16 CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh Fig. 3. Plan of Denbigh Castle. © Cadw, Welsh Government, Crown Copyright. North to the left. Denbigh Castle & Town Walls Like Chirk, Denbigh was a lordship castle. Although the town below the castle was dam- Denbigh was built on or near the site of a aged during the early 1400s, during the residence of the Welsh princes, known as a Glyndŵr revolt, the castle appears to have held llys, during the second Welsh war, after King out. lt again saw military service in the civil Edward I granted the district to one of his wars of the 1640s, when it was held by the leading commanders, Henry de Lacy, earl of royalists. Besieged for several months in 1646, Lincoln. In October 1282 the earl and his king it fell to the parliamentarian army in late Octo- met to discuss the construction of the new ber. Unlike many castles, it was not dismantled castle. The initial phase, from the end of 1282, (slighted) following its capture, as the castle saw the construction of a large walled circuit was used to imprison royalists. However, with some D-shaped or half-round towers and much of the curtain wall and two towers were gatehouses that formed both the outer wall of deliberately destroyed following the restora- the castle and the town defences. That section tion of the monarchy in 1660. of the castle that largely sits within the medie- The entrance to the castle, above the broad arch val town is very different in style to the initial of which is the statue of a king, possibly Ed- phase, for here we have massive polygonal ward II (1307-27), was originally reached via towers, including a triple-towered gatehouse a drawbridge. Then one proceeded through a that even in its ruined state is a wonder of passage heavily defended by murder holes, medieval construction. The exterior of the tow- doorways and two portcullises before reaching ers is remarkable for the chequerboard decora- an octagonal vaulted hall framed by the three tion of different coloured sandstones. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE61 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29: 2015-16 CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh 11 1 10 2 3 9 5 4 8 6 7 Fig. 4. Denbigh Castle from the north-east. Samuel and Nathaniel Buck, 1742. (Detail). Clockwise: 1. Triple-towered Great Gatehouse. 2. St. Mary’s Chapel. 3. Lord Leicester’s church. 4. Burgess Gate. 5. North-eastern Tower. 6. Countess Tower. 7. Salient and Goblin Tower. 8. Postern. 9. Bastion Tower. 10. White Chamber Tower. 11. Great Kitchen Tower. towers. In order to reach the courtyard one had Past the Green Chambers is one of the towers to pass through another door with a portcullis. of the first phase, and this was incorporated Although the upper floors of the three towers into a more sophisticated upper gate with a and the area over the entrance hall provided a staggered and well-defended approach after number of private rooms, one of the two outer 1294. The 1280s curtain wall continues round towers of the gatehouse was named the Prison to the main front of the castle via three small Tower, since its ground-floor chamber and the towers, meeting the large polygonal Red Tow- basement below were used for the incarcera- er. Following the castle's recapture from the tion of felons. Welsh in 1294, a thin outer wall known as a The eastern side of the castle has two great mantlet was built as part of the upper gate’s polygonal towers, the Great Kitchen and the new defences; another mantlet paralleled the White Chamber towers, and running along the curtain wall running south from the Red Tow- inner face of the curtain wall here lay the er. A feature of interest in this latter section is chapel (site of), the great hall and a block of the postern or sally port provided with its own apartments called the Green Chambers. Be- small portcullis, as well as murder holes. tween the latter and the White Chamber Tow- The Town Walls er was a small doorway or postern leading out The town wall runs from the Red Tower, soon to the town walls. The existence of the site of meeting the Exchequer Gate, the foundations a sink, together with various drains, suggest of which are visible. It appears to have been that the basement of the Green Chambers was similar to the Burgess Gate, rectangular in plan used to store wine and meat, while above at ground-floor level, but round fronted on the would have been a fine suite of chambers for upper floors. The town wall continues without accommodation. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE62 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29: 2015-16 CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh Fig. 5. View of the Great Gatehouse from the north-west. Alan Sorrell’s atmospheric 1961 reconstruction drawing showing the conjectural appearance of the castle in the early 14th century. towers, and largely hidden by houses, to the that Parliament’s artillery was directed in 1646 Burgess Gate, the upper part of which shows in order to deprive the royalists of water. the same marvellous chequerboard stonework N.B. Recent work by Cadw has not been seen at the castle. The gate originally had a incorporated into the above text, but as Will drawbridge, a portcullis, a doorway, murder Davies explained, it is likely that the later work holes and arrowslits. The two rooms above - [defined as ‘continued or begun after 1295’] one with a latrine, the other with a fireplace - did commence at the same time as the definite were linked to the town wall on either side. 1282 work. So, much like Caernarfon, that part The eastern section of the town wall is the best of the castle enclosed by the south curtain and preserved. A locked gate (key from the castle) town walls at Denbigh had the foundations laid gives access to the wall, which leads to a tower and upper courses built (great gatehouse etc), at the north-eastern corner, and on to the Coun- with work being completed post-1295. tess Tower. From here the 1280s wall runs Further Reading back up to the castle, the only mural tower being the Bastion Tower not far from the cas- L. A. S. Butler, Denbigh Castle, Denbigh town tle. However, the defences were enlarged to the walls, Lord Leicester’s Church, St Hilary’s south of the Countess Tower after 1294 to Chapel, Denbigh Friary. Revised edition. Car- create a salient that incorporated an important diff: Cadw, 2007. supply of water, augmenting the well in the J. A. A. Goodall, 'The baronial castles of the Welsh castle. The focal point of this stretch is the conquest', in D. Williams and J. R. Kenyon Goblin Tower in which the well is situated. It (eds.), The Impact of the Edwardian castles in was against this section of the town's defences Wales, 155-65. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL THENO 29: CASTLE63 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29: 2015-16 CSG Annual Conference - Wrexham - April 2015 - Denbigh - The Gatehouse ABOVE: Fig. 6. Edward Blore’s view of the Denbigh gatehouse with its Prison Tower on the right. Pencil on paper, 1870 Shelfmark: Additional MS 42023 Item number: f87 © British Library Board. The drawing highlights how much has been lost, especially to the Porter’s Lodge Tower (left), prior to the intervention of the Ministry of Works, c. 1920 onwards. BELOW: Fig. 7. One of a number of Office of Works survey plans and drawings, c. 1919 drawn up in advance of consolidation/rebuilding. It has now become obvious just how much necessary intervention was involved to shore up the building, much of which work was, and still is, camou- flaged.
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