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Právnická Fakulta Masarykovy Univerzity Obor Právo Katedra Obchodního Práva Právnická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity Obor Právo Katedra obchodního práva Vybrané právní problémy sdílené ekonomiky Diplomová práce David Rotrekl Brno 2019 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Vybrané právní problémy sdílené ekonomiky zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použil k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvedeny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury. V Brně dne 26. března 2019 ……............................. David Rotrekl Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval prof. JUDr. Josefu Bejčkovi, CSc., za odborné vedení, cenné rady a čas, který mi při psaní této práce věnoval. Rovněž chci poděkovat svojí rodině a přítelkyni, kteří mi byli oporou a motivací v celém průběhu studia. Abstrakt Diplomová práce poskytuje výčet právních problémů, které s sebou přináší sdílená ekonomika. Nejprve jsou rozebrány úskalí definice sdílené ekonomiky, dále dochází k vymezení subjektů sdílené ekonomiky a zjištění kdo je poskytovatelem služby sdílené ekonomiky. Následuje kapitola věnující se právním problémům sdílené ekonomiky, se zaměřením na problematiku nekalé soutěže, problematiku pracovního práva a spotřebitelského práva. Dále je v práci rozebrána reakce České republiky a několika dalších států na právní problémy, které sdílená ekonomika přináší. V poslední části práce, jsou pak obsaženy návrhy de lege ferenda. Klíčová slova Sdílená ekonomika, Uber, Airbnb, Couchsurfing, Zonky, BlaBlaCar, Taxislužby, Digitální platformy, Podnikatel, Zaměstnanec Abstract This thesis provides a list of legal issues which come together with the phenomenon of sharing economy. Firstly, the thesis deals with the problems of the definition of sharing economy. Then it specifies the subjects of sharing economy and it ascertains who the provider of the service of sharing economy is. The next chapter is concerned with legal issues of sharing economy, focusing most on the problem of unfair competition on the problems in the area of labour law and consumer law. It is followed by the chapter about the reaction of the Czech Republic and some other countries to the legal issues connected with sharing economy. The last part includes some suggestions how to regulate sharing economy by law. Key words Sharing economy, Uber, Airbnb, Couchsurfing, Zonky, BlaBlaCar, Taxi services, Digital platforms, entrepreneur, employee Obsah 1 Seznam zkratek ................................................................................................ 1 2 Úvod ................................................................................................................. 2 3 Definice sdílené ekonomiky ............................................................................. 4 4 Status poskytovatelů služeb sdílené ekonomiky .............................................. 7 4.1 Samostatnost ............................................................................................. 7 4.2 Živnostenským nebo obdobným způsobem ............................................. 8 4.3 Soustavnost ............................................................................................... 9 4.4 Za účelem dosažení zisku ....................................................................... 10 4.5 Na vlastní účet a odpovědnost ................................................................ 10 4.6 Dílčí závěr .............................................................................................. 13 5 Diferenciace mezi komerčním a nekomerčním sdílením ............................... 14 5.1 Platformy patřící ke spoluspotřebitelství ................................................ 14 5.1.1 BlaBlacar ............................................................................................ 14 5.1.2 Vodvoz ................................................................................................ 15 5.1.3 Wingly ................................................................................................ 15 5.1.4 Couchsurfing ....................................................................................... 15 5.2 Sdílená ekonomika vytvářená digitální platformami ............................. 16 5.2.1 Uber/Taxify ......................................................................................... 16 5.2.2 Hoppygo.............................................................................................. 16 5.2.3 AJO.cz................................................................................................. 16 5.2.4 Airbnb ................................................................................................. 16 5.2.5 Doggini/Hlídačky/Lidskásíla.cz ......................................................... 17 5.2.6 Transferwise........................................................................................ 17 5.2.7 Zonky .................................................................................................. 17 5.3 Dílčí závěr .............................................................................................. 18 6 Právní problémy sdílené ekonomiky .............................................................. 19 6.1 Pracovní právo ........................................................................................ 20 6.1.1 Definice závislé práce ......................................................................... 21 6.1.2 Rozhodnutí zahraničních soudů .......................................................... 24 6.2 Ochrana spotřebitele ............................................................................... 27 6.3 Nekalá soutěž digitálních platforem ....................................................... 30 6.3.1 Definování služby digitálních platforem ............................................ 30 6.3.2 K definičním znakům nekalé soutěže ................................................. 31 6.3.3 Rozhodovací praxe českých soudů ..................................................... 33 7 Reakce na sdílenou ekonomiku v různých státech světa ............................... 35 7.1 Česká republika ...................................................................................... 35 7.2 Slovensko ............................................................................................... 39 7.3 Německo ................................................................................................. 40 7.4 USA ........................................................................................................ 41 7.5 Belgie ...................................................................................................... 43 7.6 Itálie ........................................................................................................ 44 7.7 Dílčí závěr .............................................................................................. 45 8 Úvahy de lege ferenda .................................................................................... 46 8.1 Vztah řidičů, ubytovatelů a dalších podobných aktérů s digitální platformou ......................................................................................................... 46 8.2 Taxislužby .............................................................................................. 47 8.3 Krátkodobé ubytování ............................................................................ 50 9 Závěr .............................................................................................................. 52 Seznam použité literatury ...................................................................................... 55 Monografie ........................................................................................................ 55 Články ................................................................................................................ 56 Judikatura........................................................................................................... 61 Právní předpisy .................................................................................................. 63 Ostatní ................................................................................................................ 65 Příloha číslo 1: Platformy sdílené ekonomiky ......................................................... I Dopravní platformy .............................................................................................. I Uber ................................................................................................................... I Taxify ............................................................................................................... II BlaBlaCar ......................................................................................................... II Deliveroo ........................................................................................................ III Vodvoz ........................................................................................................... III AJO.cz ............................................................................................................ IV Hoppygo ......................................................................................................... IV Wingly ............................................................................................................ IV Ubytovací platformy ............................................................................................ V Airbnb .............................................................................................................
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