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Kings of the Third Dynasty

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THE PYRAMID AGE OLD KINGDOM dynasties III-VIII CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES Nabil Swelim KINGS OF THE THIRD DYNASTY OLD KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS AND SUGGESTED LENGTH OF REIGNS1 # Horus Name Contemp Names Nomen Nebty Reigns 1 Khaba Nebka, Hornub Iretdjetef Nebka ? 19 years 2 Sa? Sadjeser Wersakhenum Djesernub 19 years 3 Ba? Teti ? ? 07 years 4 Sanakht King W of the Palermo Stone ? ? 17 years 5 Netjerykhet King X of the Palermo Stone Netjerykhetranub Netjerykhetranub, Bity Senwy 30 years 6 Sekhemkhet Djsertyankh ? Djsertyankh 16 years 7 Tjehnuneb? Netjeryneb? Nebtawi Nebkara ? 03.5 y. 8 Nebhedjet? Nebnubhedjet; Neferka Neferka ? 02.5 y. 9 Qahedjet? Huni Huni ? 24 years NEW KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Abydos Saqqara Turin Turin Reigns 1 # 15 Nebka Om # 3-4 Nebka 19 years 2 # 16 Djeser sa (Setesh) # 12 Djeser # 3-5 Djeserit (in red ink) 19 years 3 # 17 Teti Om Om Om 4 # 18 Sedjes2 Om Om Om 5 # 18 Sedjes Om Om Om 6 # 18 Sedjes # 13 Djeserteti # 3-6 Djeserty 6 monthes 7 # 18 Sedjes # 14 Nebkara # 3-7 Hudjefa3 Within 6 y. of Hudjefa 8 # 19 Neferkara Om # 3-7 Hudjefa Within 6 y. of Hudjefa 9 Om # 15 Huni # 3-8 Huni 24 years MANETHO’S NAMES AND LENGTHS OF REIGNS OF KINGS # Manetho Af. Af.’s Reigns Manetho Eu. Manetho Er. Er’s Reigns 1 # 1 Necherophis 28 years Nechrochris Om Om 2 # 2 Tosorthros 29 years Sesorthos Om Om 3 # 3 Tyreis 07 years Om Om Om 4 # 4 Mesochris 17 years Om # 6 Momcheiri 79 years 5 # 5 Soyphis 16 years Om # 7 Stoichos 06 years 6 # 6 Tosortasis 19 years Om # 8 Gosormies 30 years 7 # 7 Akhes 42 years Om # 9 Mares 26 years 8 # 8 Sephuris 30 years Om # 10 Anoyphis 20 years 9 # 9 Kerpheris 26 years Om Om Om 1 In my History of the Third Dynasty, 224 2 A lacuna covering 4 reign 3 , a lacuna covering 2 reign KINGS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY OLD KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Horus Name Contemp Names Nomen Nebty Golden Horus Wadi Hammamt 1 Nebmaat or Nebmaatsnofru Snofru Snofru Nebmaat Snofru -- 2 Medjedu Khenumkhufu Medjedr Medjedr Khufu # 1 Khufu 3 Kheper Djedefra Djedefra Kheperem Djedefra # 2 Djedefra 4 Userib Khafra Khafra Userem ? # 3 Khafra 5 Horus? ? ? ? ? # 4 Hordjedef 6 Horus? ? ? ? ? # 5 Bafra 7 Kakhet Menkaura ? Ka ? -- 8 Shepseskhet Shepseskaf Shepseskaf Shepses ? -- 9 Horus? ? ? ? ? -- 10 Horus? ? ? ? ? -- NEW KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Abydos Saqqara Turin Turin Reign 1 # 20 Snofru # 16 Snofru # 3-9 Snofru 24 years 2 # 21 Khufu # 17 Khufu # 3-10 Lost 23 years 3 # 22 Djedefra # 18 Djedefra # 3-11 Lost 8 years 4 # 23 Khafra # 19 ..f.. # 3-12 Khafra Lost 5 Om # 20 Lost # 3-13 Lost Lost 6 Om Om Om Om 7 # 24 Menkaura # 21 Lost # 3-14 Lost 18 or 28 y 8 # 25 Shepseskaf # 22 Lost # 3-15 Lost 4 years 9 Om # 23 Lost # 3-16 Lost 2 years 10 Om # 24 Lost Om Om MANETHO’S NAMES AND LENGTHS OF REIGNS OF KINGS # Manetho Af. Af.’s Reigns Maneto Er. Er.’s Reigns 1 # 1 Soris 29 years # 11 Sirius 18 years 2 # 2 Suphis 63 years # 12 Chnumbos, or # 15 Saophis I 22 or 29 years 3 # 5 Ratoises 25 years # 13 Rayosis 13 years 4 # 3 Suphis 66 years # 16 Saophis II 27 years 5 Om Om Om Om 6 # 6 Bicheris 22 years # 14 Biyres 10 years 7 # 4 Mencheres 63 years # 17 Mencheres I 31 years 8 # 7 Sebercheres 07 years # 18 Mencheres II 33 years 9 # 8 Thamphthis 09 years # 19 Pammes 35 years 10 Om Om Om Om KINGS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY OLD KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Horus name Contemp names Nomen Nebty Golden horus 1 Irmaat Userkaf Userkaf Irmaat Netjernubnefer 2 Nebkhau Sahura Sahura Nebkhau Netjerwinub 3 Userkau Neferirkara-Kakai Kakai Userkhau Sekhemunub 4 Sekhemkhau Shepseskara-Isi, Usernetjeru Isi ? ? 5 Neferkhau Raneferef Raneferef Neferem Netjernubnefer 6 Isetibtawi Nyusera-Ini Ini Isetib Beknubnetjer 7 Menkhau Menkauhor, Horikau Menkauhor ? Beknubhedj 8 Horus ? ? ? ? ? 9 Djedkhau Djedkara- Isisi Isisi Khau Beknubdjed 10 Wadjtawi Unas Unas Wadjem Beknubwadj NEW KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Abydos Saqqara Turin Turin reigns 1 # 26 Userkaf # 25 Userkaf # 3-17 ....ka 07 years 2 # 27 Sahura # 26 Sahura # 3-18 Lost 12 years 3 # 28 Kakai # 27 Neferirkara # 3-19 Lost Lost 4 Om # 28 Shepseskara # 3-20 Lost 07 years 5 # 29 Raneferef # 29 Raneferef # 3-21 Lost Lost 6 # 30 Nyuserra Om # 3-22 Lost 11 years 7 # 31 Menkauhor # 30 Menkauhor # 3-23 Menkahor 08 years 8 Om # 31 Maakara Om Om 9 # 32 Djedkara Om # 3-24 Djedwi 28 years 10 # 33 Unas # 32 Unas # 3-25 Unas 30 years MANETHO’S NAMES AND LENGTHS OF REIGNS OF KINGS # Manetho Af. Af.’s Reigns 1 # 1 Usercheres 28 years 2 # 2 Sephres 13 years 3 # 3 Nephercheres 20 years 4 # 4 Siseris 07 years 5 # 5 Cheres 20 years 6 # 6 Rathures 44 years 7 # 7 Mencheres 09 years 8 Om Om 9 # 8 Tancheres 44 years 10 # 9 Onnus 33 years KINGS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY OLD KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Horus Name Contemp Names Nomen Nebty Golden Horus 1 Horus Sheteptawi Teti Teti Hetep or Sehetep Beknubsama or Beknub 2 ? ? ? ? ? 3 Horus Merytawi Meryra, Nefersahor Pepi Merykhet Bekunub 4 Horus Ankhkhau Antiemsaf Merenra Ankhkhau Bekwinub 5 Netjerkhau Neferkara Pepi Netjerkhau Beksekhemnub 6 ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? Nitokherty ? ? ? NEW KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Abydos Saqqara Turin Turin Reigns 1 # 34 Teti # 33 Teti # 4-1 Lost Lost 2 # 35 Usekara Om # 4-2 Lost Lost 3 # 36 Meryra # 34 Pepi # 4-3 Lost 20 years 4 # 37 Merenra # 35 Merenra # 4-4 Lost 44? years 5 # 38 Neferkara # 36 Neferkara # 4-5 Lost 90+x years 6 # 39 Merenraantiemsaf Om # 4-6 Lost 01 7 # 41 Menkara? Om # 4-7 Lost Lost MANETHO’S NAMES AND LENGTHS OF REIGNS OF KINGS # Manetho Af. Af.’s reigns 1 # 1 Othoes 30 years 2 Om Om 3 # 2 Phius 53 years 4 # 3 Methusuphis 07 years 5 # 4 Phiops 99 years 6 # 5 Menthusuphis 01 year 7 # 6 Nitocris 12 years KINGS OF THE SEVENTH TO THE ELEVENTH DYNASTYS Many difficlties are encountered while trying to sort out a better understanding of this period. UNPLACED NAMES OF KINGS OF THE 06-10 DYN: Ity, Imhotep, Khuwi, Sekhemkara Hotep, Isu, and Ithenu MANETHO Dyn According to Number of kings Reign duration King’s origin 07 Africanus 70 70 days Memphite 07 Eusebius 05 75 days Memphite 08 Africanus 27 146 years Memphite 08 Eusebius 05 100 years Memphite 09 Africanus 19 409 years Heracleoplitan 09 Eusebius 19 100 years Heracleoplitan 10 Africanus 19 185 years Heracleoplitan 10 Eusebius 19 185 years Heracleoplitan NEW KINGDOM KING LISTS AND HÄK Dyn. Abydos Saqqara Turin HÄK 07 Om Om Om Om 08 17 kings (#40-56) Om 06 kings (#4-08 to 4-13) 17 kings 09-10 Om Om 18 kings (#4-18 to 4-26 and 5-01 to 5-09) 09 kings KINGS OF THE EIGHTH DYNASTY CONTEMPORARY AND NEW KINGDOM NAMES OF KINGS # Horus Name Contemp Name Nomen Abydos Turin Turin Reigns 1 Horus? ? ? # 40 Netjerbaw # 4-08 Lost Lost 2 Horus? ? Nitochris? # 41 Menkara Om Om 3 Horus? ? ? # 42 Neferkara # 4-09 Neferka Lost (child) 4 Horus? Neferkara ? # 43 Neferkaranebi # 4-10 Nefer 2 y, 1 m and 1 d 5 Horus? ? ? # 44 Djedkarashema Om Om 6 Horus? Khendu ? # 45 Neferkarakhendu Om Om 7 Horus? ? ? # 46 Merenhor Om Om 8 Horus? ? ? # 47 Seneferka Om Om 9 Horus? Nykara ? # 48 Nykara Om Om 10 Horus? Tereru ? # 49 Neferkaratereru Om Om 11 Horus? ? ? # 50 Neferkahor Om Om 12 Horus? ? ? # 51 Om Om Neferkarapepiseneb 13 Horus? Seneferankhrapepi, ? # 52 Seneferkaanu Om Om Neferkamin 14 Kha....or Kakara Ibi # 53 Kakaura # 4-11 Ibi 4 y and 2 m Kha(baw) 15 Horus? ? ? # 54 Neferkaura # 4-12 Lost 2 y, 1 m and 1 d 16 Netjerbaw Neferkahor, ? # 55 Neferkauhor # 4-13 Lost 1 y and ½ d? Kapuibi, Khuwihap 17 Demedjibtawi? ? ? # 56 Neferirkara Om Om .
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    Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig
  • Analyses Concerning the Impossibility of Fixing a Date for Building the Great Pyramid of Khufu the Eruption

    Analyses Concerning the Impossibility of Fixing a Date for Building the Great Pyramid of Khufu the Eruption

    ANALYSES CONCERNING THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF FIXING A DATE FOR BUILDING THE GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU THE ERUPTION الجيزة تختار عيدها القومي يوم بناء هرم خوفو الجيزة ترجئ اﻻحتفال بعيدها القومي الجديد.. ولجنة من "اﻵثار" وجامعة القاهرة للتأكد من التاريخ الجيزة تلغى اﻻحتفال بعيدها القومى »الجديد« بعد هجوم اﻷثريين على تاريخ بناء الهرم ‘......good for amateurs' speculations’ Regardless of all the above said; THE MAGNIFECENCE OF THE GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU, IS AN IMPUTUS: FOR DEEPER RESEARCH SIMPLY By analyzing the procedure in the press releases we can see: Assuming that the building project started on the first day of the flood during year one of Khufu’s reign IS SPECULATION And from available chronologies a date for Khufu’s accession CAN NEVER BE PRECISE Accordingly the heliacal rising of Sirius, (of that year), was interpolated from astronomical data by adding 30 days the river rose on DATE = 23 AUGUST BP 4479 THIS IS A CONCLUSION BASED ON UNRELIABLE EVIDENCE CONSEQUENTLY, IN MY OPENION, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO FIX A DATE FOR BUILDING THE GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU HOWEVER, I HAVE BEEN INFORMED THAT FURTHER RESEARCH IS UNDERWAY AIMING AT THE POSSIBILITY OF A DATE ARGUMENTS DID THE EGYPTIANS START BUILDING ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE FLOOD ? OR WERE THERE OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ? LET US REVIEW SOME HINTS ON THE GREAT PYRAMID MAGNIFISENCE It is logical to consider that a pyramid project is born with a DECISION followed by PREPARATIONS before starting. THE DECISION was made following a tradition of the royal ancestors and the capability to undertake But building the Great pyramid was more ambitious Pyramids built before king Snofru used small limestone blocks quarried locally and could be transported on donkey back At his Bent and Red pyramids building blocks became bigger and were possibly dragged on long sloping ramps.