The Analysis Of Language Style On The Campaign Speech Of Barack Obama
Rahel Sion Ayu Tarihoran, Tiara K Pasaribu
Abstract
This reasearch analysed the language style of campaign speeches of Barrack Obama which were taken from internet data and published on 10 Feberuary 2007 and 03 November 2008. The writer applied Martin Joos’ theory (1976) of language styles, which are divided into five categories language styles. They are frozen or oratorical, formal or deliberative, consultative, casual and intimate styles. In analyzing the data, the writer using descriptive method that is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of event or occurence. In analyzing the language style, based on the characteristics given by language styles the writer found out data three language style they are frozen style is 5, formal style 27, casual style is18. Through the analysis the writer found the most dominant of languagee style in speech of Barrack Obama that is formal style. The findings of this analysis the writer hopes this the study will be useful for linguist and someone to improve their knowledge about language styles and know how to choose style to get the audince’s interest.
Key Words : language styles, speech, deliberative.
1. Introduction .
Marthin Joss recognized different language styles in his book the five clocks(1967), there are five language styles namely : Frozen style or oratorical style, Formal Style or Deliberative Style, Consultative Style, Casual Style and Intimate Style.
In case, language styles in speech have many variation, the writer interested to analyze the language style proposed by Martin Joos that used in speech, especially the campaign speech of Barack Obama. is answer what language styles are found in campaign speech of Barack Obama, and to find out which language style is the most dominant used in his speech
The scope of is in sociolinguistics, It is very wide so the writer limits the data to be analyzed by choosing two campaign speeches of Barack Obama. Each speech the writer will focuse on twenty five sentences, which related to the five language styles proposed byMartin Joss namely: Frozen or Oratorical, Formal or Deliberative, Consultative, Casual and Intimate Styles.
2. Style of Language
Style language is the form of language that the speakers used that are usually measured among a formal-informal scale. The styles of language are used differently depend on the context in terms of subject matter, our audiences, the mode of discourse ( speaking or writing ) , and the formality of the occasion. When someone converses informally with a friend, he / she uses a different style than that used in an interview for a job. Frozen Style or Oratorical Style.
Frozen style is for people who are to remain social strangers. Our direct compensation for remaining strangers is consultative style. By comparison, frozen style lacks two things, participation and intonation.
Formal Style or Deliberative Style
The feedback of response and encouragement characteristic consultative style is not possible. The speaker, therefore, left on his own to maintain the proper pace of delivery. He can no longer proceed freely adjusting momentarily to the observed response. Instead, he must plan ahead, framing whole sentence before they are delivered. It is this advanced planning which gives the style its name.
Consultative Style
Pattern clause connections are generally simple. From the viewpoint of literary standards, they are usually monotonous. And is used very heavily. Connectors of greater range, like nevertheless, moreover, alternatively, are very rare; they are practically used by many, including some who would write these frequently and who would employ them regularly in more formal speech. Furthermore, the pronunciation may be clear but words and sounds may run together. So the rate of the pronunciation is faster.
Example : I see now, he told me that.
Casual Style
According to Martin Joss in his book Five Clocks (1967: 23) states that, Casual style is for friends, acquaitances, insiders; addressed to a stranger, it serves to make him as insider. Negatively, there is absence of background information and noreliance on listeners’ participation.
Casual style is characterized by the use of first name even nicknames rather than little and last name in addressing one another. The pronunciation is rapid and often slurred. Beside that, that use of slang. This is a prime indication of in-group relationship. It is used only with insiders, and it a assumed to know only by members of the group. For example: to teenagers or to some clique among adolescents.
Intimate Style
According to Martin Joss in his book Five Clocks (1967: 29) states that, Intimate style, this role is not merely weakeened; rather, it is positively abolished. Intimate speech excludes public information. Intimate style tolerates nothing of the system of any other style : no slang, no background information, an so on.
The Society and Its relationship to Language
According to the explanation of relationship between language and society above it can be concluded Knowledge about language and society may enable people to make choices in their language use that make them feel better about themselves. People can also find knowledge, so they are not perceived as unfairness in society.
Language has potential for making communication successful and establishing social togetherness if it is used well. On the other hand, it will be a handicap for communication and interaction if it is used unwell.
Speech
It is controversial how far human speech is unique in that other animals also communicate with vocalizations. While none in the wild uses syntax nor compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities of language trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi raises the possibility that they might have these capabilities.
3. The Research Design
This research will be conducted by using descriptive method with quantitative approach. “Descriptive research is also called statistical research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristic about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, average, and other statistical calculations. Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation.
Source of the Data
Source of the data is the subject from where we can gets the data. The writer get the data of this research to be analyzed from internet data and article text especially campaign speech of Barrack Obama.
The population of this study is two campaign speeches of Barrack Obama in general election. In this research, the writer takes fifty sentences to be analyzed ( 25sentences each speech of Barack Obama’s campaign). The two speeches are campaigned on 10 february 2007 and 3 November 2008. The data are selected with randomly choosen.
There are some steps for collecting the data in this study, such as searching for data, in this case the writer read the text of campaign speech of Barrack Obama in internet. choose the data to be analyzed. After choosing the speech as the data of this research, the writer print out the data. At last, the writers take out fifty sentences as the data and analyzed by applying Martin Joss theory.
The Data of this research is the campaign speech texts of Barack Obama that taken from internet. The data were published on 10 February 2007 and 3 November 2008. The writer put the data on a table, the writer takes fifty sentences to be analyzed 25sentences each speech of Barack Obama’s campaign from two speeches randomly chosen. The following are the list of the data that will be analyzed.
No. The Time The Sentence of The Speech of The Speech
1. 10 1. Let me begin by saying thanks to all you who've traveled, from far and February wide, to brave the cold today. 2007 2. We all made this journey for a reason. 3. but in my heart I know you didn't come here just for me, you came here because you believe in what this country can be. 4. As most of you know, I am not a native of this great state. 5. that I might play a small part in building a better America. 6. It was here, in Springfield, where I saw all that is America converge - farmers and teachers, businessmen and laborers, all of them with a story to tell, all of them seeking a seat at the table, all of them clamoring to be heard. 7. and that so long as we're willing to listen to each other, we can assume the best in people instead of the worst. 8. I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States. 9. I know I haven't spent a lot of time learning the ways of Washington. 10. Each and every time, a new generation has risen up and done what's needed to be done. 11. All of us know what those challenges are today. 12. a war with no end dependence on oil that threatens our future... 13. Each of us, in our own lives, will have to accept responsibility. 14. Let us begin this hard work together. 15. Let us transform this nation. 16. Let us be the generation that reshapes our economy to compete in the digital age. 17. Let's be the generation that makes future generations proud of what we did here. 18. we can work together to keep our country safe. 19. I know there are those who don't believe we can do all these things. 20. That is why this campaign can't only be about me. 21. It must be about us. 22. He tells us that there is power in hope. 23. Not just to hold an office, but to gather with you to transform a nation. 24. I want to win that next battle - for justice and opportunity. 25. Together, starting today, let us finish the work that needs to be done, and usher in a new birth of freedom on this Earth.
2 3 26. Thank you for Virginia. November 27. Let me start by noting. 2008 28. Virginia that this is our last rally. 29. This is the last rally of a campaign that began nearly 2 years ago. 30. We've gone to every corner of this country, from here in Northern Virginia to the rocky coasts of Maine. 31. I just want to say that whatever happens tomorrow, I have been deeply humbled by this journey. 32. You have welcomed Michelle and me and the girls into your homes. 33. You have shared your stories of struggle, you have spoken of your dreams, along the way, talking with all of you about your own lives. 34. You have enriched my life. 35. You have inspired me. 36. Sometimes when I have been down you have lifted me up. 37. You filled me with new hope for our future and you have reminded me about what makes America so special. 38. Virginia, I have just one word for you, just one word. Tomorrow. 39. Tomorrow, at this defining moment in history,you can give this country the change that we need. 40. It starts here in Virginia. It starts here in Manassas. 41. This is where change begins. 42. Our campaign has not been perfect. 43. We are all one nation. 44. All of us proud. 45. we're calling us to serve the United States of America. 46. your voice can change the world tomorrow. 47. And if a voice can change a room, it can change a city, and if it can change a city, it can change a state, and if it can change a state, it can change a nation, and if it can change a nation, it can change the world. 48. Virginia Are you fired up? 49. Ready to go? 50. Virginia, let's go change the world. God bless you and God bless the United States of America.
4. The Data Analysis
The writer analyzed the language styles of speech of Barack Obama applied by Martin Joos’s theory.
1. “Let me begin by saying thanks to all of you who've traveled, from far and wide, to brave the cold today” That sentence is a kind of frozen style or oratorical style it can be seen in “Let me begin by saying thanks to all of you who've travelled, from far and wide, to brave the cold today” it is hyperformal sentence, because the wording of the sentence are careful and elaborate structuring. And the sentence tends to be monologue. 2. “We all made this journey for a reason” This sentence is a kind of formal or deliberative style.The word”we all” are audience and “for a reason “designed to inform. This sentence is formal because there are indicate serious situation and “We all made this journey for a reason” is addressing audiance.
2. “but in my heart I know you didn't come here just for me, you came here because you believe in what this country can be” That sentence is a kind of formal style, it can be seen an “I know you didn't come here just for me” it is formal and the sentence indicate addressing audience.”you came here because you believe in what this country can be” is addressing audience. 3. “As most of you know, I am not a native of this great state” Barack Obama used formal style because he said “As most of you know” the wording of sentence using to inform. And “I am not a native of this great state” is the serious situation and also includes introductions of between strangers.
4. “that I might play a small part in building a better America” The sentence shows a kind of formal or deliberative style because there is an expression of serious situation and to inform the audiences. That is”I might play a small part in building a better America ”And the word might here means a wish. 5. “It was here, in Springfield, where I saw all that is America converge - farmers and teachers, businessmen and laborers, all of them with a story to tell, all of them seeking a seat at the table, all of them clamoring to be heard” Based on the words that used in the speech “where I saw all that is America converge - farmers and teachers, businessmen and laborers, all of them with a story to tell, all of them seeking a seat at the table, all of them clamoring to be heard” the sentence is a kind of formal style. He tried to explain the serious situation such as a their story . and the sentence designed to inform.
After analyzing those sentence the list of the data from fifty sentence ( 25sentences each speech of Barack Obama’s campaign)., the writer make them into table which shows the appearance of the five language style.
No. The Oratorical sentences Num Language ber Style
1 Frozen or 1) “Let me begin by saying thanks to all you who've traveled, 9from 5 Oratorical far and wide, to brave the cold today” style 2) “Thank you for Virginia”
3) “Let me start by noting”
4) “We are all one nation”
5) “Virginia, let's go change the world. God bless you and God bless the United States of America”
2 Formal or 1) “We all made this journey for a reason” 27 Deliberative style 2) “but in my heart I know you didn't come here just for me, you came here because you believe in what this country can be”
3) “As most of you know, I am not a native of this great state”
4) “that I might play a small part in building a better America”
5) “It was here, in Springfield, where I saw all that is America converge-farmers and teachers, businessmen and laborers, all of them with a story to tell, all of them seeking a seat at the table, all of them clamoring to be heard”
6) “I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States”
7) “I know I haven't spent a lot of time learning the ways of Washington”
8) “Each and every time, a new generation has risen up and done what's needed to be done”
9) “All of us know what those challenges are today”
10) "a war with no end dependence on oil that threatens our future...”
11) “Each of us, in our own lives, will have to accept responsibility”
12) “we can work together to keep our country safe”
13) “It must be about us”
14) “Not just to hold an office, but to gather with you to transform a nation”
15) “I want to win that next battle - for justice and opportunity”
16) “Virginia that this is our last rally”
17) “This is the last rally of a campaign that began nearly 2 years ago”
18) “We've gone to every corner of this country, from here in Northern Virginia to the rocky coasts of Maine”
19) “I just want to say that whatever happens tomorrow, I have been deeply humbled by this journey”
20) “You have welcomed Michelle and me and the girls into your homes”
21) “Virginia, I have just one word for you, just one word. Tomorrow”
22) “Tomorrow, at this defining moment in history,you can give this country the change that we need”
23) “It starts here in Virginia. It starts here in Manassas”
24) “This is where change begins” 25) “Our campaign has not been perfect”
26) “your voice can change the world tomorrow”
27) “And if a voice can change a room, it can change a city, and if it can change a city, it can change a state, and if it can change a state, it can change a nation, and if it can change a nation, it can change the world”
3 Consultative - style
4 Casual style 1) “and that so long as we're willing to listen to each other, we can 26 assume the best in people instead of the worst”
2) “Let us begin this hard work together”
3) “Let us transform this nation”
4) “Let us be the generation that reshapes our economy to compete in the digital age”
5) “Let's be the generation that makes future generations proud of what we did here”
6) “I know there are those who don't believe we can do all these things”
7) “That is why this campaign can't only be about me”
8) “He tells us that there is power in hope”
9) “Together, starting today, let us finish the work that needs to be done, and usher in a new birth of freedom on this Earth”
10) “You have shared your stories of struggle, you have spoken of your dreams, along the way, talking with all of you about your own lives”
11) “You have enriched my life”
12) “You have inspired me”
13) “Sometimes when I have been down you have lifted me up”
14) “You filled me with new hope for our future and you have reminded me about what makes America so special”
15) “All of us proud”
16) “we're calling us to serve the United States of America”
17) “Virginia Are you fired up?”
18) “Ready to go?”
5 Intimate style - Total 50
Based on the analysis above, the writer presents the finding. From the analysis, the writer has answered the questions from the problem, the writer found three language styles they are Frozen or Oratorical style, Formal or Deliberative style, and Casual style. And the most dominant style used in the speech campaign of Barack Obama is Formal style.
5. Conclusions
Based on the results of the research, some conclusions are mentioned as follows. There are fifty sentence to be analyzed. From five language styles applied Martin Joss theory, in the campaign speech of Barrack Obama used three of language styles. There are Frozen or Oratorical, Formal or Deliberative, Casual styles. From fifty sentences data found Frozen style is 5, Formal style 27, Casual style is18. And the most dominant that used in his speech is a formal style.
In relation to the conclusions above, the writers hope that this study could be useful for politician and linguist to improve their knowledge about language styles.
REFERENCES
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Fishman, Joshua. (1972). The Sociology Of Language, USA: Newburg house publisher Inc.
Joss, Martin. (1967). The Five Clocks, Newyork: Harcourt, Brace and world Inc.
Nazir.(1998:64). Method of Research.
Noam Chomsky. (1979) Language and Mind.
Siahaan, Sanggam. (2008). Issues In Linguistics,Yogyakarta.
Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams (2005,3). Introduction of Language. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/feb/10/barackobama http://obamaspeeches.com/E-Barack-Obama-Speech-Manassas-Virgina-Last-Rally-2008-Election.htm