Assessment date 2 May 2017

Luziola subintegra Central And South Answer Score

1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? unk 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to 's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 10 South Zone: suited to Zone 10 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 1 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation 50-70 inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches 1 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range n -2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed unk 3.03 Weed of agriculture unk 3.04 Environmental weed unk 3.05 Congeneric weed unk 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic n 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals n -1 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens y 1 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems unk 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle unk 0 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North & unk Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 0 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets unk 0 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally unk -1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic y 1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation unk -1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 1 1 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally ( growing in heavily trafficked unk areas) -1 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal unk -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed unk -1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed unk -1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) unk -1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) unk -1 8.01 Prolific seed production n -1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides unk 1 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation unk -1 8.05 ? Total Score 11 Implemented Pacific Second Screening no Risk Assessment Results High section satisfy # questions answered minimum? A 9 yes B 7 yes C 13 yes total 29 yes Assessment date 2 May 2017

Luziola subintegra North Answer Score

1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 10 South Zone: suited to Zone 10 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation 50-70 inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches 1 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? n 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range n 0 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed unk 3.03 Weed of agriculture y 4 3.04 Environmental weed 3.05 Congeneric weed y 2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic n 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens unk 0 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans unk 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle unk 0 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North & n Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 0 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets 5.01 Aquatic y 5 5.02 Grass y 1 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally unk -1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic unk -1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation y 1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) unk -1 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y areas) 1 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people unk -1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant unk -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal unk -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed y 1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed unk -1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) unk -1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) unk -1 8.01 Prolific seed production n -1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y 1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides unk 1 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation y 1 8.05 ? Total Score 11 Implemented Pacific Second Screening no Risk Assessment Results High section satisfy # questions answered minimum? A 9 yes B 7 yes C 13 yes total 29 yes Reference Source data

1.01 No evidence of domestication or selection for reduced weediness 1.02 Skip to 2.01 1.03 Skip to 2.01 2.01 1. Global Plant Hardiness Zones for Phytosanitary Risk Analysis. 1. Figure 3. Florida North Zone: Hardiness zones 8 and 9. Central http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/36586/PDF (Accessed: 27 Zone: Hardiness zones 9 and 10. South Zone: Hardiness zone 10. March 2017) 2. US National Plant Germplasm System. Native to USDA climate zones 6 through 12. 2. Native to Mexico, https://npgsweb.ars- , , Domincan Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?450982 (Accessed: 27 Tobago, , El Salvador, , , March 2017) 3. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Nicaragua, Panama, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, http://www.gbif.org/species/4125429 (Accessed: 27 March , , , , Ecuador, and Peru 3. See 2017) 4. Martínez-y-Pérez, J. L., T. Mejía-Saulés, and V. Sosa. distribution and records 4. Luziola subintegra is native to the 2008. A taxonomic revision of Luziola (: ). Americas, from Mexico southward through and Systematic Botany 33(4):702-718. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5. into as far south as Brazil, Bolivia, and . USDA Weed Risk Assessment fo Luziola subintegra Swallen. It is (Poaceae) – Tropical American watergrass. also indigenous to several countries throughout the Caribbean. 5. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weed "The map for L. subintegra represents the joint distribution of s/downloads/wra/Luziola_subintegra_WRA.pdf (Accessed: 27 Plant Hardiness Zones 9-13" March 2017) 2.02 Native range well known. 2.03 1. The University of Melbourne. Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the Wolrd. http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/mpeel/koppen.html 1. Native or naturalized to Köppen-Geiger Climate Zones: 2. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. US National Plant Native to Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Domincan Republic, Haiti, Germplasm System. https://npgsweb.ars- Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Costa Rica, El Salvador, grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?450982 Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, French Guiana, (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 3. Global Biodiversity Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Information Facility. http://www.gbif.org/species/4125429 Ecuador, and Peru 3. See distribution and records 4. Luziola (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 4. Martínez-y-Pérez, J. L., T. subintegra is native to the Americas, from Mexico southward Mejía-Saulés, and V. Sosa. 2008. A taxonomic revision of Luziola (Poaceae: Oryzeae). Systematic Botany 33(4):702- through Central America and into South America as far south as 718. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5. USDA Weed Risk Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina. It is also indigenous to several Assessment fo Luziola subintegra Swallen. (Poaceae) – countries throughout the Caribbean. 5. "the following Köppen- Tropical American watergrass. Geiger climate classes: tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/we humid subtropical, and steppe" eds/downloads/wra/Luziola_subintegra_WRA.pdf (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2.04 1. Climate Charts. World Climate Maps. http://www.climate- charts.com/World-Climate-Maps.html#rain (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. US National Plant Germplasm System. 1. Native to areas with rainfall within these ranges. 2. Native to https://npgsweb.ars- Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Domincan Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?450982 (Accessed: 27 Trinidad and Tobago, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, March 2017) 3. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, French Guiana, Guyana, http://www.gbif.org/species/4125429 (Accessed: 27 March 2017) Suriname, Venezuela, Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and 4. Martínez-y-Pérez, J. L., T. Mejía-Saulés, and V. Sosa. 2008. A Peru 3. See distribution and records 4. Luziola subintegra is taxonomic revision of Luziola (Poaceae: Oryzeae). Systematic native to the Americas, from Mexico southward through Central Botany 33(4):702-718. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5. USDA America and into South America as far south as Brazil, Bolivia, Weed Risk Assessment fo Luziola subintegra Swallen. (Poaceae) and Argentina. It is also indigenous to several countries – Tropical American watergrass. throughout the Caribbean. 5. "areas with 10-100+ inches of https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/d annual precipitation" ownloads/wra/Luziola_subintegra_WRA.pdf (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2.05 1. EDDMapS. http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/uscounty.cfm?sub=56732 No evidence outside of Florida 1. See US distribution. Introduced (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Kunzer, J. M., and M. J. Bodle. to Florida. 2. US introduction is the first known outside of native 2008. Luziola subintegra (Poaceae: Oryzea), new to Florida and the United States. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of range 2(1):633-636. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 3.01 1. EDDMapS. http://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/uscounty.cfm?sub=56732 (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Kunzer, J. M., and M. J. Bodle. 1. See US distribution. Introduced to Florida. 2. US introduction is 2008. Luziola subintegra (Poaceae: Oryzea), new to Florida and the first known outside of native range the United States. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1):633-636. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 3.02 3.03 1. Fischer, A. 1997. Manejo integrado de malezas del arroz. Pages 31-50 in A. Pantoja, A. Fischer, F. Correa-Victoria, L. R. Sanint, and A. Ramirez, (eds.). Manejo Integrado de Plagas en 1. In its native range, it is a weed of rice and dominates paddies Arroz, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 3.04 Evidence of Environmental weed is from Florida, therefore this 1. FLEPPC. 2013. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council’s 2013 list of data cannot be used for a postive answer. 1. The Florida Exotic invasive plant species. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council Pest Plant Council placed this species in Category 1 of their list of (FLEPPC), U.S.A. 2 pp. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. SFWMD. invasive species. Category 1 corresponds to “[i]nvasive exotics 2014. Plant treated report for Luziola subintegra for the period: 01 Jul 2006 to 30 Jan 2014. South Florida Water Management that are altering native plant communities by displacing native District (SFWMD), West Palm Beach, FL. 1 pp. (Accessed: 27 species, changing community structures or ecological functions, March 2017) 3. Fischer, A. 1997. Manejo integrado de malezas or hybridizing with natives.” 2. "Populations at all three sites are del arroz. Pages 31-50 in A. Pantoja, A. Fischer, F. Correa- being controlled and monitored by the South Florida Water Victoria, L. R. Sanint, and A. Ramirez, (eds.). Manejo Integrado Management District, which has already spent approximately de Plagas en Arroz, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. $631,000 in control costs since the species’ discovery in Lake (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 4. Kunzer, J. M., and M. J. Bodle. Okeechobee" 3. impedes the flow of water where native 4. In the 2008. Luziola subintegra (Poaceae: Oryzea), new to Florida and the United States. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of United States, L. subintegra creates dense mats on the water Texas 2(1):633-636. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) surface that change habitat structure and crowd out native species 3.05 1. Holm, L. G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. 391 pp. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 2. Poonai, P. 1960. Weed control in rice fields [Abstract]. Fmrs' Leafl. Brit. Guiana Dep. Agric. 12(3):5. (Accessed: 29 March 1. Luziola spruceana is a principal weed in Surinam 2. Luziola 2017) 3. Antigua, G. 1993. Integrated weed management of rice spuceana is a significant weed of rice in British Guiana 3. Luziola in Cuba. Pages 129-135 in J. L. Armenta Soto, ed. Proceedings of spuceana is a significant weed of rice in Cuba 4. Luziola pittieri (a a monitoring tour and workshop on integrated pest management of rice in the Caribbean, held in Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago, synonym of L. peruviana) is considered a significant weed of rice October 7-11, 1991. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical in Venezuela, possibly because it is very tolerant of herbicides (CIAT), Cali; Colombia. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 4. Castrillo, W. A., M. Acevedo, G. Torrealba, D. Medina, and W. Martinez. 2005. Malezas en zonas arroceras de Venezuela. INIA Divulga 5:1-3. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 4.01 No evidence 4.02 No evidence and unlikely because this is an aquatic plant 4.03 No evidence 4.04 4.05 1. Santos, S. A., C. Costa, G. da Silva e Souza, A. Pott, J. M. Alvarez, and S. R. Machado. 2002. Composição botânica da dieta de bovinos em pastagem nativa na sub-região da Nhecolândia, 1. Not described as toxic in a study examining cattle preference Pantanal [Botanical composition of cattle diet on rangelands in the for different feed Pantanal wetland, Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 31(4):1648-1662. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 4.06 No evidence 4.07 No evidence 4.08 No evidence, but unlikely as it is an aquatic plant 4.09 No evidence 4.10 1. UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences CAIP. https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/luziola-subintegra/ (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Kunzer, J. M., and M. J. Bodle. 2008. Luziola subintegra (Poaceae: Oryzea), new to Florida and 1. "aquatic and terrestrial forms" 2. floating and emergent aquatic the United States. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of plant 3. An obligate aquatic plant in Peru growing in Amazonian Texas 2(1):633-636. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 3. Leon, B., and River floodplains K. R. Young. 1996. Aquatic plants of Peru: Diversity, distribution and conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:1169-1190. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 4.11 1. Martínez-y-Pérez, J. L., T. Mejía-Saulés, and V. Sosa. 2008. A taxonomic revision of Luziola (Poaceae: Oryzeae). Systematic 1. floating or emergent plant of small ponds and rivers Botany 33(4):702-718. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 1. Bodle, M. J. 2012. Incoming! New plants find their ways into 4.12 Data is from Florida. 1. In Lake Okeechobee, it forms dense mats Florida. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm that are impenetrable, except by airboat Beach, FL. 33 pp. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5.01 1. UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences CAIP. https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/luziola-subintegra/ (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Kunzer, J. M., and M. J. Bodle. 2008. Luziola subintegra (Poaceae: Oryzea), new to Florida and 1. "aquatic and terrestrial forms" 2. floating and emergent aquatic the United States. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of plant 3. An obligate aquatic plant in Peru growing in Amazonian Texas 2(1):633-636. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 3. Leon, B., and River floodplains K. R. Young. 1996. Aquatic plants of Peru: Diversity, distribution and conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:1169-1190. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5.02 1. Florida Natural Areas Inventory. http://fnai.org/Invasives/Luziola_subintegra_FNAI.pdf (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Wunderlin, R. P., and P. F. Hansen. 2014. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. University of South Florida, 1. "Robust emergent or submergent grass." 2. Grass Department of Biology, Institute for Systematic Botany. http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Default.aspx. (Archived at PERAL). (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5.03 1. Martin, P. G., and J. M. Dowd. 1990. A protein sequence study of the dicotyledons and its relevance to the evolution of the 1. Not woody and no evidence of nitrogen fixation legumes and nitrogen fixation. Australian Systematic Botany 3:91- 100. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 5.04 No evidence of these specialized structures 6.01 No evidence 6.02 1. Cayon, S. G., and D. Aristizabal. 1990. Luziola subintegra Sw. and its control. / Paja blanca (Luziola subintegra Sw.) y su control 1. reproduces through vegetative fragmentation and by seed [Abstract]. Arroz 39(366):31-36. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 6.03 No evidence 6.04 No evidence 6.05 1. Martínez-y-Pérez, J. L., T. Mejía-Saulés, and V. Sosa. 2008. A taxonomic revision of Luziola (Poaceae: Oryzeae). Systematic Botany 33(4):702-718. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Zomlefer, 1&2. very likely wind pollinated W. B. 1994. Guide to Families. The University of Press, Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A. 430 pp. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 6.06 1. Cayon, S. G., and D. Aristizabal. 1990. Luziola subintegra Sw. and its control. / Paja blanca (Luziola subintegra Sw.) y su control 1.reproduces through vegetative fragmentation and by seed [Abstract]. Arroz 39(366):31-36. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 6.07 No evidence 7.01 1. Tascon, E., and A. Fischer. 1997. Malezas especificas y guia de manejo. Pages 99- 116 in A. Pantoja, A. Fischer, F. Correa- 1. spread unintentionally by people planting rice or moving Victoria, L. R. Sanint, and A. Ramirez, (eds.). Manejo Integrado contaminated equipment. Luziola subintegra plants are easily de Plagas en Arroz, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. confused and transplanted with rice plants 2. A secondary colony (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. USDA Weed Risk Assessment for of L. subintegra was found in a disturbed area of Miami-Dade Luziola subintegra. Bodle, M. J. 2009. Luziola subintegra. County. Mike Bodle believes that it was likely transported there as Personal communication to A. L. Koop on December 16, 2009, a contaminant on contractor equipment; this contractor works in from Michael Bodle, South Florida Water Management District. both areas where the plant is established (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 7.02 No evidence 7.03 1. Tascon, E., and A. Fischer. 1997. Malezas especificas y guia de manejo. Pages 99- 116 in A. Pantoja, A. Fischer, F. Correa- 1. Luziola subintegra plants are easily confused and transplanted Victoria, L. R. Sanint, and A. Ramirez, (eds.). Manejo Integrado with rice plants de Plagas en Arroz, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 7.04 No evidence 7.05 1. Martínez-y-Pérez, J. L., T. Mejía-Saulés, and V. Sosa. 2008. A taxonomic revision of Luziola (Poaceae: Oryzeae). Systematic Botany 33(4):702-718. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 2. Piepenbring, M., and P. Stein. 2000. Morphology and ecology of 1&2. seeds spread by water 3. This species colonized a section of fruit release of Luziola subintegra (Poaceae). Beitraege zur the Caloosahatchee River when the Army Corp of Engineers Biologie der Pflanzen 72(2):253-264. (Accessed: 27 March 2017) opened water gates that drain Lake Okeechobee 3. USDA Weed Risk Assessment of Luziola subintegra. Bodle, M. J. 2009. Luziola subintegra. Personal communication to A. L. Koop on December 16, 2009, from Michael Bodle, South Florida Water Management District (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 7.06 1. USDA Weed Risk Assessment fo Luziola subintegra Swallen. (Poaceae) – Tropical American watergrass. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/d 1. seeds may be consumed by waterfowl or stick to their feathers ownloads/wra/Luziola_subintegra_WRA.pdf (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 7.07 1. USDA Weed Risk Assessment fo Luziola subintegra Swallen. (Poaceae) – Tropical American watergrass. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/d 1. seeds may stick to animal fur ownloads/wra/Luziola_subintegra_WRA.pdf (Accessed: 27 March 2017) 7.08 No evidence 8.01 1. USDA Weed Risk Assessment of Luziola subintegra. Bodle, M. J. 2009. Luziola subintegra. Personal communication to A. L. 1. Plants produce about 20-30 seeds per panicle, with a maximum Koop on December 16, 2009, from Michael Bodle, South Florida of about 100-200 seeds per square meter Water Management District (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 8.02 1. Seeds can remain viable for 2.5 years under flooded conditions, with some likely persisting for up to 6.5 years; “Seed 1. Hutchinson, J., and K. Langeland. 2012. Seed bank viability was reduced by 51% for dry, ambient stored seeds regeneration in Tropical American watergrass (Luziola compared to seeds under flooded conditions for seeds 30.0 subintegra). Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Institute of months. This indicates that it may take approximately 2 years to Food and Agricultural Services, University of Florida Gainesville, exhaust the seed bank of this species under dry conditions Fl. 13 pp. (Accessed: 29 March 2017) provided no new seedlings are allowed to reach maturity and produce seeds” 8.03 1. Herbicide treatments are fairly effective, except in some cases 1. USDA Weed Risk Assessment of Luziola subintegra. Bodle, M. it does not appear to translocate down the rhizome all the way. J. 2009. Luziola subintegra. Personal communication to A. L. However, Mike Bodle with the South Florida Water Management Koop on December 16, 2009, from Michael Bodle, South Florida district is concerned plants may develop herbicide resistance Water Management District (Accessed: 29 March 2017) because they have been using the same herbicide to control this plant over the last few years. 8.04 1. Kunzer, J. M., and M. J. Bodle. 2008. Luziola subintegra (Poaceae: Oryzea), new to Florida and the United States. Journal 1. likely to respond well to mutilation by regrowing from cut of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1):633-636. fragments (Accessed: 29 March 2017) 8.05 No evidence